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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CURRENT TOPICS IN PRIMATE SOCIOENDOCRINOLOGY (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002), S. 45-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Socioendocrinology is the study of the effect of the social environment on the interactions between hormones and behavior. Individuals have evolved a physiological flexibility that enables them to respond to their social surroundings in a manner that maximizes reproductive success. We present evidence that (a) males who have evolved to participate in infant care have different endocrine profiles around offspring from males who have not evolved to regularly participate in infant care, (b) the energetic costs of reproduction in both males and females creates conditions conducive to elevated levels of both stress and sex hormones, (c) adolescent subfecundity among females evolved as a mechanism fostering mate choice, (d) some primate species are probably facultative ovulators, and (e) endocrine suppression of subordinate males probably does not contribute to delayed onset of reproduction but does contribute to reduced access to females, which hampers progeny production. Hormones and behavior are inextricably intertwined in a feedback relationship that regulates each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040202.105553
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive success in male savanna baboons (1987)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 21 (1987), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Different techniques have been utilized to ascertain male savanna baboon reproductive success based upon behavioral data. A 19 month field study of the reproductive behavior of savanna baboons in Kenya revealed a high degree of concordance among five different measures of male baboon reproductive success. The number of ejaculations showed the highest correlation with time spent in consort. Male reproductive success was not correlated with the number of females mated with because most males mated with most females. Female baboons regularly undergo multiple cycles prior to conception and the penultimate cycle showed no behavioral or physiological differences from the conception cycle. In nearly one-third of conception cycles a single consort partner was responsible for almost two-thirds of ejaculations during the four day optimal conception period. One may be able to reasonably infer paternity in these cases, but the available data are insufficient to support the idea that the variance in male baboon reproductive success is greater than the variance in female baboon reproductive success. The variance in male savanna baboon reproductive success will remain uncertain until genetic paternity studies are undertaken. It is suggested that mate selectivity, longevity, and stochastic factors are important components influencing male baboon reproductive success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life history costs and consequences of rapid reproductive maturation in female rhesus macaques (1993)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 32 (1993), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Life history theory suggests that reproduction at one point in time involves costs in terms of energy, reduced survival, or probability of reproduction at a future point in time. ln long-lived iteroparous organisms, initiating reproduction at a relatively young age may exact a cost in terms of reduced survivorship, but an early age of first reproduction could be beneficial if it lengthens the breeding lifespan. Data collected over 30 years from one population of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, were analyzed to determine the fertility and survivorship costs of initiating reproduction at a relatively young age. Low population density and high social status increased the chances of accelerating age at first parturition, but high dominance rank was not associated with greater lifetime reproductive success. Rapid reproductive maturation neither reduced short-term survivorship nor decreased lifespan. Fertility costs arose if young females reared a male, but not female, offspring. The fitness consequences of rapid reproductive maturation depend upon longevity, with age at death having a significantly greater impact on lifetime reproductive success than age at first parturition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164042
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominance rank, resource availability, and reproductive maturation in female savanna baboons (1993)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 33 (1993), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Dominance ; Puberty ; First birth ; Savanna baboons ; Food availability ; Nest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ten years of data collected from a population of savanna baboons, Papio cynocephalus anubis, residing near Gilgil, Kenya were analyzed to ascertain the extent to which social and ecological factors influence reproductive maturation in females. First sexual swelling occurred at an average age of 4.79 years and first birth occurred at an average age of 6.92 years. Age at first menses was significantly correlated with age at first sexual swelling, but age at first sexual swelling was not a good predictor of age at first birth. The amount of rainfall in the 6 months preceding first sexual swelling and resource availability were significantly correlated with age at first sexual swelling. When ecological factors were taken into account, dominant females had an earlier age at onset of puberty, but not an earlier age at first birth, than did subordinate females. We suggest that nutritional and social stress operate at the same physiological level to disrupt GnRH pulsatility and retard reproductive maturation in some females. Given that socioecological variables modify the timing of life history events related to fitness in female baboons, the task for the future is to unravel how socioecological factors influence different life history components and generate variation in lifetime reproductive success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172929
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power and limits of DNA-profiling in primate populations: Paternity assessment in rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago (1993)
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Oligonucleotides ; Paternity assessment ; Heterozygosity ; Rhesus monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paternity testing was performed in one social group (S) of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. In 11/15 cases, sires could be identified comparing the multilocus DNA profiles of 19 males to those of the corresponding mother/child dyads. All 19 males could be excluded from paternity in the remaining four cases. Decision making was partly based on likelihoods of DNA profiles, and the theoretical model underlying these calculation is described. In a second social group (M), held in captivity, paternity testing was impeded by a deficit of maternal bands and by an increased extent of band sharing of mothers and their infants. Some possible explanations for these findings, including increased homozygosity in group M, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382635
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques (1997)
    Springer
    Primates 38 (1997), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; Paternity ; Endurance rivalry ; Mate choice ; Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reproductive strategies incorporate a multitude of mechanisms that have evolved to promote the reproductive success of individuals. Evolutionary perspectives tend to emphasize the advantages of male-male competition and female choice as mediators of differential reproduction. Male rhesus macaques have not been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females, although they suffer more wounds during the mating season. An increased likelihood of attacks appears to coincide with male troop entry. Males who spend more time in consort and mate with more females tend to sire more offspring. Genetic analysis of paternity has pinpointed age and endurance rivalry, rather than agonistic competition, as key variables associated with variation in progeny production. Female rhesus macaques often copulate with multiple males during their ovulatory period, and tend to conceive on the first cycle of the mating season. Female reproductive success is more likely to be a function of offspring survivorship than the identity of particular male partners. The role of female choice as a direct mediator of male reproductive success is unresolved, but female mate selection seems to indirectly affect male reproductive success because female preference for mating with novel males seems to foster male dispersal. Evaluating whether mating preferences for particular male phenotypes affectsfemale reproductive success is a task for the future. A common denominator to the reproductive strategies of both female and male rhesus macaques is that feeding patterns affect body condition which influences reproductive output and regulates relative reproductive success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381613
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sequential analysis of female aggression in a group of lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis) (1978)
    Springer
    Primates 19 (1978), S. 505-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sequential analysis of behaviors preceding agonistic interactions between female lesser galagos demonstrated that aggression usually follows locomotor or interactive, as opposed to solitary, behavior. Leaping or leaving a nest box followed by mutual staring is a frequent component preceding both chases and displacements. The probability of predicting an agonistic interaction is improved when more behaviors are examined in sequence, although one cannot predict aggression with certainty due to the variability of preceding sequences. Mutual staring is suggested to be an evolutionary precursor to elaborate visual threat signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373312
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mate selection, consortship formation, and reproductive tactics in adult female savanna baboons (1991)
    Springer
    Primates 32 (1991), S. 437-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Mate selection ; Baboons ; Reproductive success ; Consortships ; Friendships ; Male-infant associations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mate selection is a proximate mechanism influencing the probability that two individuals will engage in reproductive activity. The degree to which mate selection by female savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) affects consortship formation and the characteristics of males that they prefer to mate with were analyzed based upon a 19-month study in Kenya. Sexual solicitations by females had a positive impact on the probability that males would establish consort relationships. The most preferred mating partners were young, high ranking, newcomer males, but these same males did not have the highest mating success. Friendships between male and female baboons almost always developed subsequent to conception cycles. Female savanna baboon reproductive tactics appear to be based upon maximizing the probability that males will provide care for offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381935
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of isosexual rearing on adult sexual behavior in captive male rhesus macaques (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 17 (1988), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: isosexual rearing ; heterosexual rearing ; heterosexual behavior ; Macaca mulatta ; male ; sexual competence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The sexual competence of males reared only with other males (isosexually reared) was compared to the sexual competence of males reared in mixedsex peer groups (heterosexually reared). All subjects were pair-tested with the same 11 females. Isosexually reared males tended to be less sexually active than heterosexually reared males, but the differences were not pronounced. Heterosexually reared males took less time to ejaculate than isosexually reared males, but their ejaculatory frequencies were comparable. Among one peer group of isosexually reared males, their level of sexual competence conformed with their dominance ranks when immature. These results suggest that growing up with female peers is not a prerequisite for the expression of adult sexual behavior among male rhesus macaques and that adult male sexual behavior may be influenced by relative dominance status when immature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01542479
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic determination of paternity and variation in male reproductive success in two populations of rhesus macaques (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 1701-1705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: DNA fingerprint ; Short tandem marker typing ; Paternity ; Differential reproduction ; Macaca mulatta ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fundamental framework for uncovering factors affecting the evolution of social behavior rests upon analyses of variation in reproductive success. In species where females mate with multiple males, paternity is invisible in the absence of genetic data. We determined paternity in two populations of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, using both single locus and multilocus techniques. One troop, Group R, is one of four troops living on a 15 ha island (Cayo Santiago) off the coast of Puerto Rico, while the other troop, Group M, was translocated from Cayo Santiago to the Sabana Seca Field Station (Puerto Rico) in 1984. About a dozen human-derived short tandem repeat (STR) markers have been found to be polymorphic in the study of populations and provide the initial paternity determination. Final evaluation of paternity is then confirmed by multilocus DNA fingerprinting using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Body condition, age, and dominance rank have an impact on male progeny production, while canine size does not. We suggest that nonagonistic competition in the form of sperm competition and endurance rivalry will modulate male reproductive success. A large body size among males provides them with an advantage in both sperm competition and endurance rivalry. Comparison of the two populations indicated that demographic, social, ecological, and morphological factors interact to regulate variation in reproductive success among male nonhuman primates.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150180939
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