Note: Front Cover -- Gap Junctions: Molecular Basis of Cell Communication in Health and Disease -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Part I: Channel Structure, Assembly, and Degradation -- Chapter 1. Gap Junction Structure: New Structures and New Insights -- I. Overview of Gap Junction Structure -- II. The Constituent Proteins of Gap Junctions: Size and Topology Models of the Connexin Family -- III. Isolation and Purification of Gap Junctions -- IV. Molecular Structure of Gap Junctions Determined by X-Ray Diffraction and Electron Microscopy -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2. Degradation of Gap Junctions and Connexins -- I. Most Connexins Turn Over Rapidly -- II. Ubiquitin Pathway and Pathways of Protein Degradation -- III. Ubiquitin Dependence of Cx43 Degradation -- IV. Membrane Protein Degradation -- V. Lysosomal and Proteasomal Degradation of Cx43 -- VI. Phosphorylation and Regulation of Connexin Degradation -- VII. Heat-Induced Degradation of Cx43 -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Channel Forms, Permeability, and Conductance -- Chapter 3. Homotypic, Heterotypic, and Heteromeric Gap Junction Channels -- I. Introduction -- II. Homotypic hCx37 and rCx43 Gap Junction Channels -- III. Hetcrotypic hCx37-rCx43 Gap Junction Channels -- IV. Co-transfection of hCx37 and rCx43: Heteromcric Gap Junction Channels -- V. Why Would a Cell Bother with Heteromeric Gap Junction Channels? -- References -- Chapter 4. Heteromultimeric Gap Junction Channels and Cardiac Disease -- I. Introduction -- II. Gap Junctions: Structure and Nomenclature -- III. Endogenous Expression of Multiple Connexins in Various Tissues -- IV. Experimental Formation of Heteromultimeric Channels in Exogenous Systems -- V. Molecular Regions Involved in Assembly. , VI. Physiological Implications of Heteromultimeric Channel Formation -- VII. Conclusions and Future Directions -- Rcferences -- Chapter 5. Ion Permeation through Connexin Gap Junction Channels: Effects on Conductance and Selectivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Theories of Electrodiffusion -- III. Gap Junction Channel Conductance and Permeability -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Phosphorylation of Connexins: Consequences for Permeability, Conductance, and Kinetics of Gap Junction Channels -- I. Introduction -- II. Connexin43 -- III. Connexin40 and -45 -- IV. Connexin26 and -32 -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7. Intercellular Calcium Wave Communication via Gap Junction-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms -- I. Introduction -- II. Two Routes for Intercellular Calcium Wave Propagation -- III. Some Features of Intercellular Ca2+ Waves Depend upon the Initiating Stimulus -- IV. Mechanisms for Intercellular Ca2+ Wave Propagation -- V. How Connexins Can Potentially Influence and Modulate the Propagation of Intercellular Ca2+ Waves -- VI. How the Extracellular Space May Influence Calcium Wave Propagation -- VII. Functional Roles of Intercellular Calcium Waves -- VIII. Prospects -- References -- Part III: Voltage Grating -- Chapter 8. Membrane Potential Dependence of Gap Junctions in Vertebrates -- I. Membrane Potential Dependence Is a Common Regulatory Mechanism among the Gap Junctions of Vertebrates -- II. One Mechanism of Vm Gating Resides in Each Hemichannel -- III. A Gating Model of Junctions with Combined Vj and Vm Dependence -- IV. Functional Role of Vm Dependence -- References -- Chapter 9. A Reexamination of Calcium Effects on Gap Junctions in Heart Myocytes -- I. Introduction -- II. The Calcium Hypothesis: Is Cell Coupling Regulated by Ca2+ Ions? -- III. Cytosolic Calcium Levels Correlating with Electrical Uncoupling. , IV. Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Chemical Grating -- Chapter 10. Distinct Behaviors of Chemical- and Voltage- Sensitive Gates of Gap Junction Channel -- I. Introduction -- II. CO2-Induced Gating at Different Vj's -- III. Channel Reopening in Response to Reversal of Vj Polarity -- IV. Kinetics of Unitary Transitions -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11. A Molecular Model for the Chemical Regulation of Connexin43 Channels: The "Ball-and-Chain" Hypothesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Connexin, the Gap Junction Protein -- III. pH Regulation of Connexins -- IV. Regulation of Cx43 by Protein Kinases -- V. Structure-Function Studies on pH Gating of Cx43 -- VI. The Particle-Receptor Concept Put in Practice: Peptide Block of pH Gating of Cx43 -- VII. Applicability of the Particle-Receptor Model to Gap Junction Regulation by Other Factors -- VIII. Cx43 Concatenants Do Not Function as the Simple Addition of Individual Subunits -- References -- Chapter 12. Mechanistic Differences between Chemical and Electrical Gating of Gap Junctions -- I. Introduction -- II. The Voltage Gating Mechanism -- III. Chemical Gating -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13. Behavior of Chemical- and Slow Voltage-Sensitive Gates of Connexin Channels: The "Cork" Gating Hypothesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Role of Cytosolic pH and Calcium in Channel Gating -- III. Potential Participation of Calmodulin in the Gating Mechanism -- IV. Connexin Domains Relevant to pH/Ca Gating -- V. Does Chemical Gating Require Connexin Cooperativity? -- VI. Is the Chemical Gate Voltage Sensitive? -- VII. Are There Intramolecular Interactions Relevant to Gating? -- VIII. The "Cork" Gating Model -- References -- Chapter 14. Molecular Determinants of Voltage Gating of Gap Junctions Formed by Connexin32 and 26 -- I. Introduction -- II. Vj-Dependent Gating. , III. Molecular Determinants of Vj Gating -- IV. Structural Implications -- V. Role of P87 Vj Gating -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Regulation of Connexin43 by Tyrosine Protein Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Regulation of Cx43 by Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases -- III. Regulation of Cx43 by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- IV. The "Particle-Receptor" Model of Phosphorylation- Induced Cx43 Channel Closure -- V. Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 16. Gating of Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels in the Lens: A Role in Cataract? -- I. Introduction -- II. The Lens Circulation System and Role of Gap Junction Channels -- III. Molecular Composition and Functional Properties of Lens Gap Junction Channels -- IV. pH-Sensitive Gating of Lens Fiber Gap Junctions -- V. Fiber Cell Currents Reminiscent of Gap Junction Hemichannels -- VI. A Role for Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels in Cataract? -- References -- Part V: Hemichannels -- Chapter 17. Biophysical Properties of Hemi-Gap-junctional Channels Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes -- I. Introduction -- II. Expression of Rat Cx46 in Xenopus Oocytes -- III. Single Channel Properties of Cx46 Hemichannels -- IV. Voltage Gating for Cx46 Hemichannels and Cx46 Hemichannels in Intercellular Channels -- V. Structure of Pore Lining Region of Cx46 Hemichannels Inferred from Cysteine Scanning Mutagenesis -- VI. Properties of Hemichannels Formed from Different Connexins -- VII. Heteromeric Association of Connexins Modifies Hemichannel Behavior -- VIII. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. Properties of Connexin50 Hemichannels Expressed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Procedures -- III. Electrophysiological Studies of Oocytes Expressing Connexin50 -- IV. Morphological Studies of Oocytes Expressing Connexin50 -- V. Conclusions -- References. , Part VI: Invertebrate Gap Junctions -- Chapter 19. Gap Junction Communication in Invertebrates: The lnnexin Gene Family -- I. Introductory Note -- II. Searching for Gap Junction Genes and Proteins in Invertebrates -- III. Innexins: Functional Connexin Analogues in Drosophila and C. elegans -- IV. Genetic Screens Unwittingly Identified Gap Junction Mutants -- V. Cloning Defined a New Gene Family with No Homology to the Vertebrate Connexins -- VI. Innexin Proteins -- VII. Functional Expression of Innexins in Heterologous Systems -- VIII. Distribution of Innexins -- IX. Innexins and the Study of Gap Junction Function in Invertebrates -- X. Looking Forward -- References -- Part VII: Diseases Based o n Defects of Cell Communication -- Chapter 20. Hereditary Human Diseases Caused by Connexin Mutations -- I. Introduction -- II. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis -- III. Mutations in Cx26 Lead to Nonsyndromic Deafness -- IV. Implications of Cx26 Mutations for Hearing -- V. Mutations in Cx31 Lead to Autosomal Dominant Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis or Deafness -- VI. Mutations in Cx32 Lead to an Inherited Peripheral Neuropathy -- VII. The Clinical Manifestations of CMTX -- VIII. Cx32 Expression in Schwann Cells and Pathogenesis of CMTX -- IX. Mutations in Cx43 Were Found in a Few Patients with Visceroatrial Heterotaxia -- X. Mutations in Cx46 and Cx50 Lead to Cataracts -- XI. Candidate Diseases for Other Connexins -- References -- Chapter 21. Trafficking and Targeting of Connexin32 Mutations to Gap Junctions in Charcot-Marie-Tooth X-Linked Disease -- I. Introduction -- II. Classification of Mutations in CMT-X -- III. Mechanisms Leading to the Intracellular Trapping of Mutant Protein -- IV. Gap Junction Targeting Determinants -- V. Mutations in Other Connexins and Disease -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 22. Molecular Basis of Deafness Due to Mutations in the Connexin26 Gene (GJB2).

Note: Front Cover -- Mechanosensitive Ion Channels, Part A -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Chapter 1: Structures of the Prokaryotic Mechanosensitive Channels MscL and MscS -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Conductances of MscL and MscS: General Considerations -- IV. Structure Determination of MscL and MscS -- A. General Considerations in Membrane Protein Crystallography -- B. Crystallographic Analysis of MscL and MscS -- V. MscL and MscS Structures -- VI. The Permeation Pathway in MscL and MscS -- VII. Disulfide Bond Formation in MscL -- VIII. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: 3.5 Billion Years of Mechanosensory Transduction: Structure and Function of Mechanosensitive Channels in Prokaryotes -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Discovery, Mechanism, and Structure of MS Channels in Prokaryotes -- A. Historical Perspective -- B. Conductance, Selectivity, and Activation by Membrane Tension of Bacterial MS Channels -- C. Cloning of MscL and MscS of E. coli -- D. Molecular Identification of MS Channels in Archaea -- E. Molecular Structure of Prokaryotic MS Channels -- F. Bilayer Mechanism and Gating by Mechanical Force -- G. Spectroscopic Studies -- H. Structural Models of Gating in MscL and MscS -- IV. Pharmacology of Prokaryotic MS Channels -- V. Families of Prokaryotic MS Channels -- A. MscL Family -- B. MscS Family -- VI. Early Origins of Mechanosensory Transduction -- A. Physiological Function of MS Channels in Prokaryotic Cells -- B. Function of MscS-Like Channels in Mechanosensory Transduction in Plants -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Activation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels by Forces Transmitted Through Integrins and the Cytoskeleton -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction. , III. Conventional Views of MS Channel Gating -- IV. Tensegrity-Based Cellular Mechanotransduction -- V. Force Transmission Through Integrins in Living Cells -- VI. Potential Linkages Between Integrins and MS Ion Channels -- VII. Conclusions and Future Implications -- References -- Chapter 4: Thermodynamics of Mechanosensitivity -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- A. General Equations -- III. Area Sensitivity -- A. Line Tension and Area Sensitivity -- B. Direct Observations of the Effect of Line Tension and Shape Transformation -- IV. Shape Sensitivity -- A. Experimental Observation of Shape Sensitivity -- V. Length Sensitivity and Switch Between Stretch-Activation and Stretch-Inactivation Modes -- A. Channel Activation by LPLs -- B. Other Parameters Regulating Switch Between Stretch-Activation and Inactivation Modes -- VI. Thermodynamic Approach and Detailed Mechanical Models of MS Channels -- A. Detailed Mechanical Models -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Flexoelectricity and Mechanotransduction -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Flexoelectricity, Membrane Curvature, and Polarization -- A. Flexoelectricity and Membrane Lipids -- B. Flexoelectricity and Membrane Proteins -- IV. Experimental Results on Flexoelectricity in Biomembranes -- A. Theoretical Remarks -- B. Experimental Data -- V. Flexoelectricity and Mechanotransduction -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Lipid Effects on Mechanosensitive Channels -- I. Overview -- II. Intrinsic Membrane Proteins -- III. Effects of Lipid Structure on Membrane Protein Function -- IV. How to Explain Effects of Lipid Structure on Membrane Protein Function -- A. The Lipid Annulus -- B. The Fluidity of a Lipid Bilayer and Its Consequences -- C. The Importance of Hydrophobic Thickness -- D. Curvature Stress -- E. Elastic Strain and Pressure Profiles. , F. General Features of Lipid-Protein Interactions -- V. What Do These General Principles Tell Us About MscL? -- References -- Chapter 7: Functional Interactions of the Extracellular Matrix with Mechanosensitive Channels -- I. Overview -- II. Mechanotransduction -- III. Mechanosensitive Channels in Connective Tissue Cells -- IV. The Extracellular Environment of Cells -- V. Force Transmission from Matrix to Cytoskeleton -- A. Focal Adhesions -- B. Selectins -- VI. Experimental Models of Force Application to Connective Tissue Cells -- VII. Effects of Force on Cell Surface Structures -- VIII. Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 8: MscL: The Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel of Large Conductance -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction and Historical Perspective -- A. The Discovery of MS Channels in Bacteria -- B. Proposing a Function -- C. The Identification of Multiple MS Channel Activities in E. coli -- D. Identification of the E. coli mscL Gene -- E. Early Mutagenesis Studies -- III. A Detailed Structural Model: An X-Ray Crystallographic Structure from an E.coli MscL Orthologue -- A. The Crystal Structure -- B. Fitting the Structure with the Findings from Mutagenesis Studies -- C. Comparing Tb-MscL with Eco-MscL -- IV. Proposed Models for How the MscL Channel Opens -- A. Opening the Channel: Twist and Turn -- B. Molecular Dynamic Simulations -- V. Physical Cues for MscL Channel Gating: Protein-Lipid Interactions -- A. Studies of the Energetic and Spatial Parameters for MscL Gating -- B. Does MscL Sense the Pressure Across the Membrane or the Tension Within It? -- C. Sensing the Biophysical Properties of the Membrane -- D. Specific Protein-Lipid Interactions -- VI. MscL as a Possible Nanosensor -- VII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: The Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel MscS: Emerging Principles of Gating and Modulation. , I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. MscS and Its Relatives -- A. A Brief Account of Bacterial Osmoregulation and the Discovery of MscS -- B. MscS Vs MscK: How to Interpret Early Functional Data? -- C. Purification and Reconstitution of MscS Showed Homo-Multimeric Channels Activated by Tension in the Lipid Bilayer -- IV. Structural and Computational Studies -- A. Structure of MscS and First Hypotheses About Its Gating Mechanism -- B. Computational Studies of MscS -- V. Functional Properties of MscS -- A. MscS Conduction and Selectivity -- B. Gating Characteristics of MscS In Situ -- C. Mutations That Affect MscS Activity -- D. MscS Inactivation -- VI. What Do the Closed, Open, and Inactivated States of MscS Look Like? -- A. Is the Crystal Structure a Native State? -- B. Closed State -- C. Open State -- VII. Emerging Principles of MscS Gating and Regulation and the New Directions -- References -- Chapter 10: StructureFunction Relations of MscS -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- A. Functional Overview -- III. The Structure of MscS -- A. The Membrance Domain -- B. The Cytoplasmic Domain -- C. Variations in Structure -- D. Twisting MscS Around the Pore -- E. MscS Is Small but Beautifully Formed -- IV. MscS Mutational Analysis -- V. Structural Transitions in MscS -- A. The Need for the Closed State -- B. The Crystal State -- C. The TM3 Pore -- D. The Closed-to-Open Transition -- VI. Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: The MscS Cytoplasmic Domain and Its Conformational Changes on the Channel Gating -- I. Overview -- II. MscL and MscS: Primary Gates and Similarities in Activation -- III. The MscL Cytoplasmic Regions and Functioning of the Channel -- IV. The MscS C-Terminal Chamber: The Cage-Like Structure and Kinetics -- V. Structural Alterations of the MscS Cytoplasmic Chamber on Gating. , VI. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Microbial TRP Channels and Their Mechanosensitivity -- I. Overview -- II. A History TRP-Channel Research -- III. The Mechanosensitivity of Animal TRP Channels -- IV. Distribution and the Unknown Origin of TRPs -- V. TRPY1: The TRP Channel of Budding Yeast -- VI. Other Fungal TRP Homologues -- VII. Sequence Information Does Not Explain TRP Mechanosensitivity -- VIII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 13: MscS-Like Proteins in Plants -- I. Overview -- II. Mechanosensation and Ion Channels in Plants -- A. Plants Cells and Turgor Pressure -- B. Mechanosensory Signal Transduction in Plants -- C. MS Ion are Present in Plant Cell Membranes -- III. The Eukaryotic Family of MscS_Like Proteins -- A. E. coil MscS -- B. The Eukaryotic Subfamily -- IV. The Arabidopsis MSL Genes -- A.Overview -- B. Subcellular Localization of MSL Proteins -- C. Control of MSL Gene Expression -- D. MSL2, MSL3, and the Control of Organelle Morphology -- V. Outstanding Questions -- A. How Have MscS-Like Proteins Evolved? -- B. What Roles Do MS Ion Channels Play in Plant Biology? -- C. Is Clustering of MS Ion Channels Important? -- V. Conculsion -- References -- Chapter 14: Delivering Force and Amplifying Signals in Plant Mechanosensing -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Focusing Force -- A. Force Experienced by a Plant Is Chiefly Borne by the Heterogeneous Wall System -- B. The Plasmalemmal Reticulum Carries Force to the Channels -- C. Implication of Heterogeneous Walls for Thigmotropic Reception -- D. Walls Are Only Half the Mechanical Story: Gravitropism, Like Plant Form, Depends on Force Generated Inside Cells -- E. Not Just Any Displacement Triggers Gravitropism -- F. Map of Mechanotropic Cells in the Root Cap -- IV. Transduction and Ensuing Events in Thigmotropism. , V. Early Events in Gravitropism.

Note: Front cover -- Free Radical Effects on Membranes -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Preface -- Part I. Overview -- Chapter 1. Structure and Functions of Biomembranes -- I. Cell Membrane Structure and Function -- II. Overview of Membrane Functions -- III. Calcium Signaling -- IV. Oxidative Stress and Organelle Dysfunction -- References -- Chapter 2. The Interaction of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Membranes -- I. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species -- II. Physical Interactions: Compartmentalizing Reactivity -- III. Chemical Effects: Lipid Peroxidation -- References -- Part II. Interaction of RONS with Channels and Pumps -- Chapter 3. Modulation of Lung Epithelial Sodium Channel Function by Nitric Oxide -- I. Introduction -- References -- Chapter 4. Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on Chloride Channels -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Regulation by Nitrogen Oxides of Swelling-activated Cl- Channels -- IV. Regulation of Calcium Activated Cl- Channels by Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) -- V. Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on CFTR -- VI. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5. A Mitochondria-AOS-Kv Channel Axis in Health and Disease -- New Insights and Therapeutic Targets for Vascular Disease and Cancer -- I. Introduction -- II. The Components of the Mitochondria-ROS-Kv Axis -- III. The Mitochondria-AOS-Kv Axis in Hypoxia: HPV -- IV. The Mitochondria-AOS-Kv Axis, Metabolism and Apoptosis -- References -- Chapter 6. Oxidative Modification of Ca2+ Channels, Ryanodine Receptors, and the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase -- I. Introduction -- II. Overview of Ca2+ Translocation Membrane Proteins -- III. Ca2+ Channels -- IV. SERCA -- V. PMCA -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7. Regulation of Na,K-ATPase by Reactive Oxygen Species -- I. Na,K-ATPase. , II. Na,K-ATPase in Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption -- III. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Signaling -- IV. Regulation of Na,K-ATPase and Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption by ROS -- V. Dopamine and beta-adrenergic Agonists Improve ROS-Mediated Decrease in Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption -- VI. Summary -- References -- Part III. RONS and Membrane Permeability -- Chapter 8. Reactive Oxygen Species and Endothelial Permeability -- I. Introduction -- II. Generation and Metabolism of ROS -- III. ROS Generating System in ECs (NADPH Oxidase) -- IV. Regulation of Adherens Junctions (AJs) by Phosphorylation and by Rho GTPase -- V. ROS-generating Stimulants which Regulate Endothelial Permeability -- VI. ROS Reducing Factors/Proteins which Block Endothelial Permeability -- VII. Molecular Targets of ROS Regulating Endothelial Permeability -- VIII. Mediators/Regulators of ROS-dependent Endothelial Permeability -- IX. Functional Significance of ROS-dependent Endothelial Permeability in Vivo -- X. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV. RONS and Signal Transduction -- Chapter 9. Cell Signaling by Oxidants: Pathways Leading to Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) and Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) -- I. Introduction -- II. MAPK Signaling -- III. Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases (MKPs) -- IV. Relationships between MAPK and Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. The Interaction of Mitochondrial Membranes with Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species -- I. Mitochondria as a Source of Reactive Species -- II. Effects of ROS and RNS on Mitochondrial Respiration -- III. Mitochondrial Membrane Lipids -- IV. ROS, RNS & -- Mitochondrial Ion Transport -- V. Complex Interactions & -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11. Oxidant Stress and Airway Epithelial Function -- I. Introduction. , II. Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species -- III. Antioxidant Defenses in Airway Epithelium -- IV. Oxidant-induced Airway Epithelial Responses -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Color Plate -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Current Topics in Membranes and Transport -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Yale Membrane Transport Processes Volumes -- Part I: Description of Ion Transport Systems in Activated Cells -- Chapter 1. Mitogens and Ion Fluxes -- I . Introduction and Historical Perspective -- II. Ion Transport and pH Regulation in Cells -- III. Changes in Cell Membrane Voltage-Role in the Action of Growth Factors -- IV. Effect of Mitogens on Ion Fluxes and Intracellular pH -- V. Modulation of the Mitogenic Response by Protein Kinase C -- VI. Summary and Perspectives -- VII. Appendix: Measurement of Intracellular pH -- References -- Chapter 2. Na+-H+ and Na+-Ca2+ Exchange in Activated Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Na+-Ca2+ Exchange -- III. Na+-H+ Exchange -- IV. Pharmacological Definition of the Na+-H+ and Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Systems -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Chloride-Dependent Cation Cotransport and Cellular Differentiation: A Comparative Approach -- I. Introduction -- II. General Properties -- III. Properties in Blood Cells at Various Stages of Differentiation -- IV. Properties in Differentiated Epithelial Cells -- V. Nonepithelial Cells as Models for Cotransport during Differentiation -- VI . Conclusion -- Note Added in Proof -- References -- Part II: Triggers for Increased Transport during Activation -- Chapter 4. External Triggers of Ion Transport Systems: Fertilization, Growth, and Hormone Systems -- I. Introduction -- II. Ionic Responses to Fertilization -- III. Serum and Growth Factor Activation of Ionic Transport Systems in Cultured Cells and Lymphocytes -- IV. Hormonal Stimulation of Ion Transport and Hormone Secretion -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5. Early Stimulation of Na+-H+ Antiport, Na+-K+ Pump Activity, and Ca2+ Fluxes in Fibroblast Mitogenesis -- I. Introduction. , II. Ionic Responses Elicited by Growth Factors in Quiescent Cells -- III. Protein Kinases and Ion Fluxes -- IV. Calcium Fluxes -- V. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6. Volume-Sensitive Ion Fluxes in Amphiuma Red Blood Cells: General Principles Governing Na-H and K-H Exchange Transport and Cl-HCO3 Exchange Coupling -- I. Introduction: The Role of Alkali Metal-H Exchange in Cell Regulatory Processes -- II. Thermodynamic Principles of lon Transport: Electroneutral versus Conductive Alkali Metal Ion Fluxes -- III. Volume-Sensitive Ion Fluxes in Amphiuma Red Blood Cells -- IV. Ca2+-Dependent Alkali Metal Ion Flux in Amphiuma Red Blood Cells -- V. The Nature of Net Na Flux by Amphiuma Red Blood Cells in Hyperosmotic Media -- VI. Cl-HCO3 Exchange and Its Functional Relationship to Alkali Metal-H Exchange, Alkali Metal-Cl Cotransport, and Parallel Alkali Metal and H or Cl Conductance Pathways -- VII. Activation and Control of Alkali Metal-H Exchange in Amphiuma Red Blood Cells -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Part III: Consequences of the Alterations in Ion Transport Observed during Activation -- Chapter 7. Intracellular Ionic Changes and Cell Activation: Regulation of DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. DNA Synthesis -- III. RNA Synthesis -- IV. Protein Synthesis -- V. Posttranslational Events Influencing Intracellular Traffic and Cell Surface Expression of Proteins -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Energy Metabolism of Cellular Activation, Growth, and Transformation -- I. Introduction -- II. Control of Energy Metabolism in Adult Cells That Maintain a Relatively Constant Metabolic Rate -- III. Control of Energy Metabolism of Adult Cells That Can Be Rapidly Activated -- IV. Energy Metabolism of Cells in Culture -- V. Energy Metabolism of Malignant Cells -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Developmental Biology of Membrane Transport Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Part I: Molecular Biology of Transport Proteins and Membrane Protein Sorting -- Chapter 1. Molecular Biology of Membrane Transport Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. The Coding of Membrane Protein Structure -- III. Model Structures -- IV. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2. Biogenesis and Sorting of Plasma Membrane Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Biogenesis of Membrane Proteins -- III. Sorting and Epithelial Polarity -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development -- Chapter 3. Electrical Characteristics of Oocytes and Eggs -- I. Introduction -- II. Ion Channels in Oocytes and Mature Eggs -- III. Electrical Characteristics of Oocytes -- IV. Fertilization -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Ion and Solute Transport in Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos -- I. Introduction -- II. Ion Transport -- III. Fluid Transport -- IV. Sugar Transport -- V. Protein Transport -- VI. Amino Acid Transport -- VII. Summary and Prospects -- References -- Part III: Developmental Biology of Ion and Solute Co- and Counter-Transport -- Chapter 5. Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics of Enterocyte Differentiation -- I. Introduction -- II. Markers of Enterocyte Differentiation -- III. Fetal Development -- IV. Enterocyte Differentiation in Adult Intestine -- V. Enterocyte Differentiation in Vitro -- VI. Disease Effects on Enterocyte Differentiation -- VII. Barrier Function and Enterocyte Development -- VIII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6. Ion Transport and Adenylyl Cyclase System in Red Blood Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Hormone-Sensitive Adenylyl Cyclase System -- III. Effects of cAMP on Ion Channels and Transport. , IV. Adenosine Influence on Ion Movements -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Ion Channel Development -- Chapter 7. Development, Maintenance, and Modulation of Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel Topography in Nerve Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties of Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels -- III. Localization and Maintenance of Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels -- IV. Differentiation of the Axon Membrane: Localization of Sodium Channels in Developing Nerve -- V. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8. Biogenesis of the Mouse Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- I. Introduction -- II. Subunit Structure and Processing -- III. Assembly -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Note Added in Proof -- Chapter 9. Functional Properties of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels -- I. Introduction -- II. Ca2+ Selectivity -- III. Voltage-Dependent Activation -- IV. Inactivation -- V. Facilitation and Gating Modes -- VI. Different Types of Ca2+ Channels -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Potassium Channels in Developing Excitable Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. K+ Channels in Developing Neurons -- III. Smooth Muscle Cells and K(Ca) Channels -- IV. K+ Channels in Developing Drosophila -- V. Cell Interaction and Ion Channel Development -- VI. Recapitulation and Coda -- References -- Chapter 11. Potassium Channels in Development, Activation, and Disease in T Lymphocytes -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties of K+ Channels in Lymphocytes -- III. Molecular Basis of K+ Channel Diversity -- IV. Voltage-Gated K+ Channels in Development -- V. K+ Channels and T Cell Function -- VI. Voltage-Gated K+ Channels in Autoimmune Diseases -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Development of Epithelial Na+ Channels and Regulation by Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory (G) Proteins and Phospholipids -- I. Introduction. , II. Developmental Expression of Epithelial Na+ Channels -- III. Regulation of Na+ Channel Activity -- IV. Conclusions and Perspective -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels Physiology and Functional Diversity -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Previous Volumes in Series -- PART I: Structure-Function Relations of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels -- Chapter 1. Mapping Structure/Function Relations in αbENaC -- I. Introduction -- II. Cloning and Expression of αbENaC -- III. The C Terminus of αbENaC: A Kinetic Switch? -- IV. A Region in the Extracelular Loop Influences Gating, Ion Selectivity, and Amiloride Affinity -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2. Membrane Topology, Subunit Composition, and Stoichiometry of the Epithelial Na+ Channel -- I. Introduction -- II. Topology of ENaC -- III. Subunit Composition of hENaC -- IV. Stoichiometry of hENaC -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3. Subunit Stoichiometry of Heterooligomeric and Homooligomeric Epithelial Sodium Channels -- I. Introduction -- II. Stoichiometry of Heterooligomeric αβγ Na+ Channels -- III. α-Subunit Stoichiometry -- IV. β-Subunit and γ- Subunit Stoichiometry -- V. Stoichiometry of Homooligomeric α-Subunit Na+ Channels -- References -- PART II: Regulation of Sodium Channels -- Chapter 4. Cell-Specific Expression of ENaC and Its Regulation by Aldosterone and Vasopressin in Kidney and Colon -- I. Introduction -- II. Cell-Specific Expression -- III. Regulation of ENaC Expression by Aldosterone and Vasopressin -- References -- Chapter 5. Regulation of ENaC by Interacting Proteins and by Ubiquitination -- I. Introduction -- II. Proline-Rich Regions in ENaC and Their Interacting Proteins -- III. Nedd4: Its Domains and Mode of Interaction with ENaC -- IV. Regulation of ENaC Stability and Function by Ubiquitination -- V. Role of the C2 Domain of Nedd4 in Ca2+-Dependent Membrane Targeting -- VI. Summary -- References. , Chapter 6. Role of G Proteins in the Regulation of Apical Membrane Sodium Permeability by Aldosterone in Epithelia -- I. Introduction -- II. Control of Basal Na+ Transport by G Proteins -- III. GTP-Dependent Methylation of Membrane Proteins -- IV. Control of Basal Na+ Permeability by Methylation -- V. Aldosterone-Dependent Methylation of Membrane Proteins -- VI. Aldosterone-Dependent Membrane GTPase Activity -- VII. The Effect of Pertussis Toxin on Membrane Na+ Transport and GTPase Activity -- VIII. The Effect of Aldosterone on G-Protein Expression -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. The Role of Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins in the Cellular Mechanism of Action of Aldosterone -- References -- Chapter 8. Regulation of Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in the Renal Collecting Duct -- I. Introduction -- II. Vasopressin Can Act as an Antinatriuretic as Well as an Antidiuretic Hormone -- III. Autacoids That Limit the Actions of Aldosterone and Vasopression in the CCD -- IV. Trafficking and the Regulation of the Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channel -- V. A Challenge for Integrative Physiology-The Link between Na+ Retention and Hypertension -- References -- Chapter 9. CAMP-Mediated Regulation of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels: Channel Activation or Channel Recruitment? -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence for cAMP-Mediated Activation of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels -- III. Evidence for cAMP-Mediated Recruitment of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels -- IV. Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10. Human Lymphocyte Ionic Conductance -- I. Introduction -- II. Lymphocyte Potassium Channels and Cell Cycle Regulation -- III. Cell-Cycle-Dependent Expression of Chloride Channels by Human Lymphocytes -- IV. CD20: A B-Lymphocyte-Specific Unique Calcium Conductor -- V. Lymphocyte Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Conductance -- References. , Chapter 11. Regulatory Aspects of Apx, a Novel Na+ Channel with Connections to the Cytoskeleton -- I. Sodium Channels of A6 Epithelial Cells -- II. Apx, an Actin-Regulated Sodium Channel -- III. Sodium Transport in Proximal Tubular Cells -- IV. Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- PART III: Sodium Channels in the Lung -- Chapter 12. Species-Specific Variations in ENaC Expression and Localization in Mammalian Respiratory Epithelium -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure/Function of the Respiratory Tract -- III. Regional ENaC Expression in the Respiratory Tract -- IV. Developmental Expression of ENaC in the Lung -- V. Expression Patterns and ENaC Function -- References -- Chapter 13. Inhibition of Vectorial Na+ Transport across Alveolar Epithelial Cells by Nitrogen-Oxygen Reactive Species -- I. Introduction -- II. Interaction of *NO with Biological Targets: Signal Transducer and Pathophysiological Mediator -- III. Modulation of Ion Transport across the Adult Alveolar Epithelium by Redox States of *NO -- IV. Inhibition of Na+ Transport across Freshly Isolated ATII Cells by Redox States of *NO -- V. Does *NO Modulate Alveolar Epithelial Fluid Transport in Vivo? -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Induction of Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Expression and Sodium Transport in Distal Lung Epithelia by Oxygen -- I. Introduction -- II. Physiologic Increase in Oxygen Augments Na+ Transport in FDLE -- III. Oxygen Induction of Na+ Transport Is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species -- IV. Increase in ENaC mRNA Expression Is Associated with NF-KB Activation -- V. Possible Sites of ROS Generation for Oxygen Induction of Na+ Transport in FDLE -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15. Catecholamine Regulation of Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Transport in the Fetal Rat Alveolar Epithelium -- I. Introduction. , II. Characteristics of Amiloride-Sensitive Na+-Permeable Channels -- III. Catecholamine Action -- IV. Switching Mechanism of FDLE to the Absorptive from the Secretory Tissue by Catecholamine -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16. Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels Contribute to Sodium Absorption in Lung: Role of Nonselective Cation Channels -- I. Nonselective Cation Channels in Epithelia -- II. Analogues of Amiloride Block Multiple Types of Cation Channels -- III. The Role of ENaC and Other Channels in Transepithelial Transport in Lung -- IV. Nucleotide-Gated Nonselective Cation Channels (αCNC1, αCNC2, αCNC3, βPCNCab) -- V. Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in the Lung -- References -- PART IV: Sensory and Mechanical Transduction -- Chapter 17. C. elegans Members of the DEG/ENaC Channel Superfamily: Form and Function -- I. Introduction -- II. C. elegans Proteins Related to ENaC Channels Define Two Subfamilies -- III. C. elegans Degenerins Have Been Implicated in Mechanotransduction -- IV. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 18. Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Taste -- I. Introduction and Historical Background -- II. The Frog Sodium Taste Channel -- III. Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Rodent Tongue -- IV. ENaC Expression in the Lingual Epithelium (LE) -- V. ENaC Expression in Taste Buds -- VI. Development and Plasticity of the Channel -- VII. Outlook -- References -- PART V: Clinical Relevance -- Chapter 19. The involvement of Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Human Genetic Hypertension: Liddle's Syndrome -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Mechanism of ENaC-Gated Function: Increased Surface Density or Increased Single-Channel Open Probability, or Both -- III. Summary -- References -- Chapter 20. Epithelial Sodium Channels in Cystic Fibrosis -- I. Introduction -- II. Na+ Hyperabsorption in CF -- III. ENaCs and CFTR. , IV. CFTR-Induced Inhibition of ENaCs and Cell Regulatory Machinery -- V. Alpha, Beta, or Gamma? -- VI. Mutations of CFTR Found in CF and Inhibition of αβγ-ENac -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Membrane Permeability: 100 Years since Ernest Overton -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Tribute -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Chapter 1. Charles Ernest Overton's Concept of a Cell Membrane -- I. A Brief Biography of Ernest Overton -- II. The Exchange of Solutes across the Cell Boundary -- III. Meyer-Overton Theory of Narcosis -- IV. Role of Cations in the Excitability Process -- V. Overton's Scientific Personality -- References -- Chapter 2. Structure and Physical Properties of the Lipid Membrane -- I. Bilayers in Biological Membranes -- II. Phase Behavior of Membrane Phospholipids -- III. Structure of Phospholipid Bilayers -- IV. Stability and Mechanical Properties of Bilayers -- V. Interbilayer Interactions -- VI. Roles of Specific Lipids in Membrane Bilayers -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Insights from Computer Simulations into the Interactions of Small Molecules with Lipid Bilayers -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods of Simulation -- III. Distribution of Solutes in a Bilayer -- IV. Membrane Permeability of Small Molecules -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Membrane Permeability Barriers to Ionic and Polar Solutes -- I. Introduction -- II. Overton's Concept of Membrane Permeability -- III. Permeation by the Solubility-Diffusion Mechanism -- IV. Permeation through Transient Pores -- V. Proton Permeation -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Water Permeation across Membranes -- I. Introduction -- II. Biophysics of Water Transport -- III. Water Transport across Lipid Membranes -- IV. Water Transport across Biological Membranes: Water Channels -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Membrane Events Involved in Volume Regulation -- I. Introduction: Biological Role -- II. Membrane Transport Mechanisms in Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD). , III. Membrane Transport Systems Involved in Volume Regulatory Increase (RVI) -- IV. Volume Sensing and Signal Transduction -- V. Cytoskeleton and Cell Volume Regulation -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. Interaction of Natural and Model Peptides with Membranes -- I. Introduction -- II. Free Energy of Peptide Binding to Membranes -- III. Factors Influencing Peptide Structure and Orientation in Membranes -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Lateral Diffusion of Lipids and Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. The Key Question -- III. Theoretical Developments -- IV. Factors Controlling Lateral Diffusion -- V. Applications to Membranes -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. A Short History of Ion Channels and Signal Propagation -- I. Introduction -- II. Ionic Currents in Axons -- III. Carriers, Pores, Gates, and Selectivity before Cloning -- IV. The Age of Cloning -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Lipid Membrane and Ligand-Gated Ion Channels in General Anesthetic Action -- I. Introduction -- II. The Meyer-Overton Hypothesis and the Evolution of Lipid-Based Theories of Anesthesia -- III. The Rise of Protein-Based Theories of Anesthetic Action -- IV. Future Directions -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 11. Plasma Membrane-Localized Signal Transduction -- I. Introduction -- II. Membrane Receptor-Mediated Signaling: Biochemical Mechanisms -- III. Signal Amplification -- IV. The Plasma Membrane as an Integration Site for Signal Transduction -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 12. Active Transport and Pumps -- I. Introduction -- II. Pumps -- III. Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Cell Biology and Membrane Transport Processes -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Previous Volumes of Membranes and Transport -- Part I: The Multidrug Resistance Family of Transporters -- Chapter 1. The Multidrug Transporter: Mechanistic Considerations -- I. Introduction: The Problem of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer -- II. General Structural Features of the Multidrug Transporter -- III. Evidence Indicating That P-Glycoprotein Is Not a Classical Transmembrane Transporter Suggests a New Model for Drug Efflux -- IV. Identification of Photolabeled Sites in P-Glycoprotein -- V. Substrate Recognition Regions and Labeling Sites Are Different -- VI. ATP Is the Preferred Energy Source for in Vitro Transport -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. A Novel Mechanism for Transmembrane Translocation of Peptides: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE6 Transporter and Export of the Mating Pheromone a-Factor -- I. Introduction -- II. Yeast a-Factor Export Requires an ABC-Type Transporter -- III. STE6 Transporter Is an Integral but Unglycosylated Plasma Membrane-Associated Protein -- IV. Level and Localization of STE6 Transporter Are Regulated -- V. Mammalian Mdr Transporters Expressed in Yeast Can Mediate a-Factor Export -- VI. Multiple Dedicated Transporters for Peptide Export and Intercompartmental Protein Trafficking in Eukaryotic Cells -- VII. Conclusions and Prospectus -- References -- Part II: Structure-Function Relationships in Ion Pumps -- Chapter 3. Structural Requirements for Subunit Assembly of the Na,K-ATPase -- I. Regulation of the Na,K-ATPase -- II. Subunit Assembly as a Critical Step for Regulatory Control of the Na,K-ATPase -- III. Assembly Assay by Coprecipitation with Subunit-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies -- IV. Kinetics of Subunit Assembly: Why They May Be Complex. , V. Transfection Experiments for Studies of Subunit Assembly -- VI. Topology Models and Insights into Assembly Requirements -- VII. β-Subunit Features Required for Assembly with α-Subunits -- VIII. Chimeras for Studies of Assembly Requirements of the α-Subunit -- IX. The Isoforms Issue in Assembly -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Structure-Function Relationship of Na,K-ATPase: The Digitalis Receptor -- I. Introduction -- II. General Properties of Cardiac Glycosides -- III. Physiological Role and Heterogeneity of the Digitalis Receptor -- IV. Structure-Function Relationship of the Digitalis Receptor -- V. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part III: Sorting of Ion Transport Proteins and the Creation of Polarized Membrane Domains -- Chapter 5. Subcellular Targeting and Regulation of Glucose Transporters -- I. Introduction -- II. Intracellular Targeting of GLUT4 Is Isoform-Specific and Independent of Cell Type -- III. The Structural Requirements for GLUT4 Targeting Are under Investigation -- IV. The Mechanism of GLUT4 Targeting Is Unknown -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Plasticity in Epithelial Polarity -- I. Introduction -- II. Two Types of Intercalated Cell with Reversed Polarity -- III. Plasticity in Epithelial Polarity -- IV. The Apical and Basolateral Cl/HCO3 Exchangers Are Both AE1 -- V. Plasticity of Epithelial Polarity in Vitro -- VI. Potential Mechanisms by Which ECM Proteins Determine Polarity in Intercalated Cells -- References -- Chapter 7. Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Development of Epithelial Cell Surface Polarity -- I. Perspective -- II. Regulation of Cell Adhesion -- III. The Cadherin Family of Cell Adhesion Proteins -- IV. Interactions between Cadherins and Cytoplasmic (Cytoskeletal) Proteins -- V. Role of Cadherins in Cell Surface Remodeling of Membrane Proteins. , VI. Regulation of Na,K-ATPase Distribution during Formation of Polarized Epithelial Cells -- VII. Regulation of Membrane-Cytoskeleton Assembly -- VIII. Regulation of Development of Cell Surface Polarity of Other Membrane Proteins -- IX. Mechanisms of Induction of Cell Morphogenesis by Cadherins -- References -- Chapter 8. Synthesis and Sorting of Ion Pumps in Polarized Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Sorting Signals: Ion Pumps in Polarized Epithelial Cells -- III. Epithelial and Neuronal Sorting: Similarities and Differences -- IV. Sorting Machinery: A Genetic Approach -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Eye's Aqueous Humor -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Chapter 1: Formation of the Aqueous Humor: Transport Components and Their Integration -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Structure of Ciliary Epithelium -- IV. Unidirectional Secretion of Aqueous Humor -- V. Potential Unidirectional Reabsorption of Aqueous Humor -- VI. Regulation of Net Aqueous Humor Secretion -- VII. Summary of Current Views, Recent Advances, and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 2: Ocular Aquaporins and Aqueous Humor Dynamics -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Aquaporins are assembled as four homomeric subunits -- IV. Ocular Distribution of Aquaporins -- V. Aquaporins and Aqueous Humor Dynamics -- VI. Ion Channel Activity of AQP1 -- VII. Aquaporin and Ion Channel Interactions -- VIII. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 3: The Role of Gap Junction Channels in the Ciliary Body Secretory Epithelium -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. General Properties of Connexins Including Those Composing the Ciliary Body Epithelium Gap Junctions -- IV.Modeling of Fluid Transport by the Ciliary Epithelium -- V.Animal Models Support a Role for Gap Junctions in Fluid Transport by Ocular Epithelia -- References -- Chapter 4: Regional Dependence of Inflow: Lessons from Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Review of Electron-probe X-ray Microanalysis -- IV. Total Inflow -- V. Topography of Inflow -- VI. A New Model for Aqueous Humor Production -- VII. Effect of Timolol on Inflow -- VIII. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Functional Modulators Linking Inflow with Outflow of Aqueous Humor -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Sources of Neuropeptides and Peptide Hormones in the AqH. , IV.Neuroendocrine Characteristics of the Bilayered CE -- V.Neuroendocrine Phenotype of the TM -- VI. Regulation of Neuroendocrine Signals: The Potential Role of Neutral Endopeptidase 24.11 (Neprelysin) -- VII. Neuroendocrine Signaling in the CE and TM -- VIII. Putative Glutamatergic System in the Inflow-Outflow Axis: Glutamate as a Functional Endocrine/Paracrine Signal Between -- IX. Implications of a Neuroendocrine Signaling in the Anterior Segment of the Eye -- X. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Aqueous Humor Outflow Resistance -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. The Aqueous Humor -- IV. Regions of Low Outflow Resistance -- V. Regions of Potential Significant Outflow Resistance -- VI. Endothelial Lining of Schlemm's Canal -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Aqueous Humor Dynamics I -- I. Overview -- II. Components of Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Measurement Techniques -- III. Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Research Animals -- IV. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8: Aqueous Humor Dynamics II -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Normal Values of Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Humans -- IV. Clinical Syndromes -- V. Drugs Affecting Aqueous Humor Dynamics -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of Circulatory Events on Aqueous Humor Inflow and Intraocular Pressure -- I. Overview -- II. IOP Effects on Ocular Blood Flow -- III. Ocular Blood Flow Effects on IOP -- IV. Ciliary Blood Flow and Aqueous Production -- V. Episcleral Venous Pressure and IOP -- VI. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Retinal Ganglion Cells and Glaucoma: Traditional Patterns and New Possibilities -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Influences on Glaucomatous Damage to Ganglion Cells -- IV. Mechanisms of Ganglion Cell Death -- V. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 11: What is Functional Genomics Teaching us about Intraocular Pressure Regulation and Glaucoma? -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. Functional Genomics: Microarrays, Proteomics and Protein Modification -- IV. Tissues Involved in the Development of Glaucoma. Survey of Microarray Studies -- V. The Trabecular Meshwork Tissue: Expressed Genes (CDNA) and Proteins Obtained by Direct Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry -- VI. The Trabecular Meshwork Tissue: In Search of Genes Responding to Glaucomatous Insults -- VII. Proposed Molecular Signature of Human Glaucoma -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Molecular Approaches to Glaucoma: Intriguing Clues for Pathology -- I. Overview -- II. Transforming Growth Factor-B -- III. Thrombospondin-1 -- IV. Connective Tissue Growth Factor -- V. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 -- VI. Myocilin -- VII. Optineurin -- VIII. WD Repeat Domain 36 -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Outflow Signaling Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Strategies for the Control of Intraocular Pressure -- I. Overview -- II. Introduction -- III. New Approaches for IOP Lowering -- IV. Future Therapeutic Opportunities -- References -- Index -- Color Plate.

Note: Front Cover -- The Eye's Aqueous Humor From Secretion to Glaucoma -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Previous Volumes in Series -- Chapter 1. Transport Components of Net Secretion of the Aqueous Humor and Their Integrated Regulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure of Ciliary Epithelium -- III. Overview of Net Secretion by Ciliary Epithelium -- IV. Unidirectional Secretion -- V. Unidirectional Absorption -- VI. Coordinated Effects on Secretion and Absorption -- References -- Chapter 2. Molecular Approaches to the Study of the Na+,K+-ATPase and Chloride Channels in the Ocular Ciliary Epithelium -- I. Introduction -- II. Na+,K+-ATPase -- III. Regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase -- IV. Molecular Characterization of the Chloride Channel CIC-3 and the Chloride Channel Regulator, PICln in the Ocular Ciliary Epithelium -- V. Additional Transporter Genes Identified in the Ocular Ciliary Epithelium -- References -- Chapter 3. Chloride Channels in the Ciliary Epithelium -- I. Introduction -- II. Volume-Activated Chloride Channels -- III. Agonist- Activated Chloride Channels -- IV. Anion-Selective Channels -- V. Nonselective Channels -- VI. Role of Chloride Channels -- References -- Chapter 4. Identification of Potassium Channels in Human Lens Epithelium -- I. Introduction -- II. Electrophysiological Characterization -- III. Molecular Biological Characterization -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Aquaporin Water Channels in Eye and Other Tissues -- I. Introduction -- II. Discovery of the Aquaporins -- III. Molecular Structure -- IV. Genetic Origins of the Aquaporins -- V. Distribution and Physiology -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Gap Junctions and Interlayer Communication in the Heterocellular Epithelium of the Ciliary Body -- I. Introduction -- II. The Gap Junction -- III. Gap Junctions of the Ciliary Body. , IV. Functional Studies of Junctional Communication -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. The Trabecular Meshwork and Aqueous Humor Reabsorption -- I. Introduction -- II. Electrophysiology of Cultured Trabecular Meshwork Cells -- III. Intracellular Calcium -- IV. Regulation of Intracellular pH -- V. Direct Measurement of Contractility of Isolated Trabccular Meshwork and Ciliary Muscle Strips -- VI. Measurement of Contraction of Cultured Trabecular Meshwork Cells -- VII. The Perfused Anterior Segment -- VIII. Summary of Channels, Transporters, and Receptors in the Trabecular Meshwork Cell -- IX. Functional Synergism/Antagonism Between Trabecular Meshwork and Ciliary Muscle -- X. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Circadian Rhythms in Aqueous Humor Formation -- I. Historical Summary of Investigations -- II. Methods -- III. Homologous Desensitization of Circadian Aqueous Flow -- IV. Do Gap Junctions Participate in the Circadian Rhythm of Aqueous Flow? -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. Clinical Measurements of Aqueous Dynamics: Implications for Addressing Glaucoma -- I. Clinical Components of Aqueous Dynamics -- II. Fluorescein Washout Method of Measuring Aqueous Flow -- III. Observations Based on Clinical Measurements in Volunteers -- IV. Observations in Clinical Syndromes -- V. Effects of Pharmaceutical Agents -- VI. Noninvasive Measurement of Other Parameters of Aqueous Humor -- VII. Summary and Future Challenges -- References -- Index.