Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Dedication to Hans Oeschger -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 The Antarctic Ozone Hole, a Human-Caused Chemical Instability in the Stratosphere: What Should We Learn from It? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Ozone Hole -- 1.3 Conclusions -- 1.4 Epilog: And Things Could Have Been Much Worse -- REFERENCES -- PART ONE. THE ANTHROPOGENIC PROBLEM -- 2 Feedbacks and Interactions between Global Change, Atmospheric Chemistry, and the Biosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The "Simplest" Case: Anthropogenic Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 2.3 A More Complex Case: CO2 -- 2.4 Trace Gases with Very Complex Source and Sink Patterns: CH4, N2O -- 2.5 Indirect Sources and Sinks of Climatically Active Gases: CO, O3 -- 2.6 Aerosols: Complex Spatiotemporal Distributions and Radiative Interactions -- 2.7 Climate-Chemistry Feedbacks and the Arctic "Ozone Hole" -- 2.8 Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 3 AtmosphericCO2 Variations:Response toNatural and Anthropogenic Earth System Forcings -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Evidence for a Land Sink -- 3.3 Global CO2 Variations -- 3.4 Hemispheric CO2 Variations -- 3.5 Seasonal CO2 Variations -- 3.6 Processes Associated with Terrestrial Carbon Uptake Variability -- 3.7 The Human Dimension -- 3.8 Implications for the Future -- REFERENCES -- 4 Modeling and Evaluating Terrestrial Biospheric Exchanges of Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen in the Global Climate System -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Water Cycle -- 4.3 Exchanges of Carbon Dioxide -- 4.4 Exchanges of Oxygen and Its Isotopes -- 4.5 Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 5 Carbon Futures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Atmosphere-Ocean Partitioning -- 5.3 Atmosphere-Terrestrial Biosphere Partitioning -- 5.4 Ocean Research -- 5.5 Terrestrial Research -- 5.6 The Next Century -- 5.7 Summary -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , PART TWO. THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE -- 6 Global Climate Change in the Human Perspective -- 6.1 Can a Forecast Climate Signal Be Detected in the Climate Record? -- 6.2 Overview of Climate Modeling Fundamentals -- 6.2.1 Modeling the Climate System -- 6.2.2 Grids and Parameterization -- 6.2.3 The Greenhouse Effect -- 6.2.4 Model Validation -- 6.2.5 Transient Versus Equilibrium Simulations -- 6.2.6 Transients and Surprises -- 6.2.7 Subjective Probability Estimation -- 6.3 Assessing the Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climatic Change Projections -- 6.4 Policy Implications -- 6.4.1 What Are Some Actions to Consider? -- 6.4.2 Environment and (or Versus) Development? -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- 6.5.1 Hierarchy of Models -- 6.5.2 Sensitivity Studies Are Essential -- 6.5.3 Validation and Testing Are Required -- 6.5.4 Subjective Probability Assessment -- 6.5.5 Rolling Reassessment -- 6.5.6 Consider Surprises and Irreversibility -- 6.5.7 Win-Win Strategies -- REFERENCES -- PART THREE. MODELING THE EARTH'S SYSTEM -- 7 Earth System Models and the Global Biogeochemical Cycles -- 7.1 Scientific Challenges -- 7.1.1 Where Does the Carbon Go? -- 7.1.2 What Will Happen to Future Terrestrial Carbon Storage? -- 7.1.3 How Will Carbon Respond As the Oceans Change? -- 7.1.4 Chemistry, Biogeochemistry, and Climate -- 7.2 Next Steps for Earth System Models -- REFERENCES -- 8 The Role of CO2, Sea Level, and Vegetation During the Milankovitch-forced Glacial-Interglacial Cycles -- 8.1 The Astronomical Theory of Paleoclimates -- 8.2 CO2 and Insolation Thresholds -- 8.3 Sea Level and Vegetation Changes -- 8.4 Impact of Sea Level Change in the LLN Model -- 8.5 Sea Level and Vegetation-Snow Feedbacks -- 8.6 Conclusions -- 8.7 Recommendations -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Nonlinearities in the Earth System: The Ocean's Role -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Multiple Equilibria in the Earth System -- 9.3 The North-South Seesaw -- 9.4 How Well Are Rapid Transitions Modeled? -- 9.5 Conclusions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 10 Simulations of the Climate of the Holocene: Perspectives Gained with Models of Different Complexity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historical Notes -- 10.3 Response of Climate to Orbital Forcing in Relation to Increasing Model Complexity -- 10.3.1 Atmospheric Models with Prescribed SST and Sea Ice -- 10.3.2 Atmospheric Models Coupled to Swamp Oceans or Mixed-Layer Oceans -- 10.3.3 Climate Models with Terrestrial Biosphere Interactions -- 10.3.4 Climate Models Coupled to Dynamical Ocean Models -- 10.3.5 Time-Dependent Simulations of Abrupt Climate Change -- 10.3.6 Decade/Century Variability as a Function of Mean Climate State -- 10.4 Conclusions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 11 Interactions of Climate Change and the Terrestrial Biosphere -- 11.1 Processes -- 11.2 Human Modifications -- 11.3 Models -- 11.4 The GAIM 6000 Yr BP Experiment -- 11.5 The Glacial World -- 11.6 Source or Sink of Carbon? -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- PART FOUR. INFORMATION FROM THE PAST -- 12 The Record of Paleoclimatic Change and Its Greenhouse Implications -- REFERENCES -- 13 Long-Term Stability of Earth's Climate: The Faint Young Sun Problem Revisited -- 13.1 The Faint Young Sun Problem -- 13.2 CO2 and the Carbonate-Silicate Cycle -- 13.3 Other Greenhouse Gases: CH4 -- 13.4 The Mystery of Low-Latitude Precambrian Glaciation -- 13.5 The Snowball Earth Hypothesis -- 13.6 Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 14 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Glacial Ocean -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Physical Properties and Circulation of the Glacial Ocean -- 14.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) -- 14.2.2 Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) -- 14.2.3 Density -- 14.2.4 Deep Water Flow Lines. , 14.2.5 Modeling the LGM Deep Water Circulation -- 14.3 Chemical Properties -- 14.3.1 pCO2 -- 14.3.2 pH -- 14.4 Changes within the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice System -- 14.4.1 Response of the Climatic System to the Insolation Forcing -- 14.4.2 Rapid Climatic Changes -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- 15 Ice Core Records and Relevance for Future Climate Variations -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Rapid Climatic Changes -- 15.3 Climate Variability During Warm Periods -- 15.4 The Last Millenium -- 15.5 Glacial-Interglacial Changes -- 15.6 Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- PART FIVE. HOW TO MEET THE CHALLENGE -- 16 Toward a New Approach to Climate Impact Studies -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The Nature of Climate Change: "Smooth" vs. "Abrupt" -- 16.3 From a "Pollution Pipe" to a "Systems" Approach -- 16.4 Technological and Societal Adaptability -- 16.5 Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 17 Research Objectives of the World Climate Research Programme -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The Overall Goal -- 17.3 Present Structure -- 17.4 Achievements -- 17.5 Research Objectives for the Coming Decade -- 18 Panel Discussion: Future Research Objectives -- 18.1 Methodological and Scientific Problems -- 18.2 Educational and Structural Problems -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Towards Understanding the Climate of Venus -- Foreword -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Part I What Do We Know About Venus? -- Chapter 2 History of Venus Observations -- 2.1 Knowledge of Venus Before the Space Age -- 2.2 Telescopic Observations -- 2.3 History of Spacecraft Observations -- References -- Chapter 3 The Surface and Atmosphere of Venus: Evolutionand Present State -- 3.1 Early Evolution of the Atmosphere -- 3.2 Geological and Climate Evolution -- 3.3 The Lower and Middle Atmosphere -- References -- Chapter 4 Radiative Energy Balance in the Venus Atmosphere -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Radiation Field: A Synthesis of Observations -- 4.2.1 A View From Space -- 4.2.1.1 Reflected Solar Radiation and Albedo -- 4.2.1.2 Thermal Emission from the Cloud Tops -- 4.2.1.3 Thermal Emission from the Lower Atmosphere -- 4.2.1.4 Variability of the Outgoing Radiation -- 4.2.2 Radiation Field Inside the Atmosphere -- 4.2.2.1 Scattered Solar Radiation -- 4.2.2.2 Thermal Fluxes in the Atmosphere -- 4.3 Radiative Energy Balance -- 4.3.1 Global Budget -- 4.3.2 Distribution of Sources and Sinks -- 4.4 Role of Radiation on The Climate and Evolution of Venus -- 4.4.1 Radiative Forcing of the Atmospheric Circulation -- 4.4.2 Global Balance of Radiative Entropy -- 4.4.3 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Evolution -- 4.5 Open Issues and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Circulation and Dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Meso-Thermosphere (Day-Night Circulation) -- 5.3 Transition Region -- 5.4 Horizontal Structure/Organization -- 5.5 Cloud Level Zonal Average Flow -- 5.6 Circulation: Varying Winds or Varying Cloud Height? -- 5.7 Transport of Momentum -- References -- Part II Modeling the Atmospheric Circulation of Venus -- Chapter 6 The Dynamics and Circulation of Venus Atmosphere -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Basic Equations and Cyclostrophic Balance -- 6.3 Angular Momentum and Hide's Theorems -- 6.3.1 Hide's Theorem I -- 6.3.2 Hide's Theorem II -- 6.4 Hadley Circulations -- 6.5 ``Classical'' and ``Non-classical'' Gierasch-Rossow- Williams Mechanisms -- 6.5.1 ``Classical'' GRW Mechanism -- 6.5.2 A ``Non-classical'' GRW Scenario -- 6.6 Waves and Eddies -- 6.6.1 Quasi-Horizontal Free Waves and Eddies -- 6.6.2 Vertically-Propagating Free Waves and Eddies -- 6.6.3 Instabilities and the Generation of Free Waves and Eddies -- 6.6.3.1 Large-Scale Barotropic/Baroclinic Instability -- 6.6.3.2 Inertial Instability -- 6.6.3.3 Convective and Shear Instability -- 6.6.4 Forced Waves and Thermal Tides -- 6.6.5 Eddy-Mean Flow Interactions -- 6.7 Atmospheric Interactions with the Surface -- References -- Chapter 7 Modeling Efforts -- 7.1 Venus Modeling Efforts and Historical Background -- 7.1.1 Early Two- and Three-Dimensional Venus Models -- 7.1.2 Three-Dimensional Modeling After Pioneer Venus -- 7.1.3 More Recent Venus Global Atmosphere Modeling -- 7.1.3.1 CCSR/NIES Model -- 7.1.3.2 Oxford and the Open University Models -- 7.1.3.3 EPIC Model -- 7.1.3.4 ARIES/GEOS and CAM Models -- 7.1.3.5 GFDL Model -- 7.1.3.6 LMD Model -- 7.2 Titan Global Atmosphere Modeling and its Relation to Venus -- 7.3 Key Issues Arising From Previous Studies -- References -- Chapter 8 Models of Venus Atmosphere -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Intercomparison Protocol -- 8.2.1 Dynamical Cores -- 8.2.2 Common Physical Parameterization -- 8.2.2.1 Thermal Forcing -- 8.2.2.2 Upper Boundary Conditions -- 8.2.2.3 Surface Friction and Vertical Eddy Diffusion -- 8.2.3 Sensitivity Simulations -- 8.2.3.1 Topography (topo) -- 8.2.3.2 Upper Boundary Conditions (spgl) -- 8.2.3.3 Lower Boundary Layer Scheme and Vertical Eddy Diffusion Coefficient (pbl) -- 8.2.3.4 Horizontal Resolution (lres and hres). , 8.2.3.5 Vertical Grid (vgrd) -- 8.2.3.6 Different Initial State (uini) -- 8.2.4 Other Published Works -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Spin-Up Phase and Total Angular Momentum -- 8.3.2 Zonal Wind Field: Baseline Runs -- 8.3.3 Related Fields: Temperature Contrasts, Stream Functions -- 8.3.4 Sensitivities -- 8.3.4.1 Upper Boundary Conditions -- 8.3.4.2 Vertical Grid -- 8.3.4.3 Topography -- 8.3.4.4 Lower Boundary Conditions -- 8.3.4.5 Horizontal Resolution -- 8.3.4.6 Different Initial States -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.4.1 Simplified Radiative Forcing: Implications -- 8.4.2 Role of Polar Regions -- 8.4.3 Key Questions, Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9 Comparing Earth and Venus -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Super-Rotation and the Qbo: The Role of Eddy Momentum Transfer -- 9.3 Polar Vortices on Venus and Earth -- 9.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Part III Outlook -- Chapter 10 Future Prospects -- 10.1 Major Questions -- 10.2 Prospects for the Next 20 Years -- 10.3 New Mission Studies and Proposals -- 10.3.1 The NASA Venus Flagship Mission Study -- 10.3.2 The NASA New Frontiers Programme -- 10.3.3 The NASA Discovery Programme -- 10.3.4 The NASA Planetary Decadal Survey 2010 -- 10.3.4.1 Venus Climate Mission -- 10.3.4.2 Venus Intrepid Tessera Lander -- 10.3.4.3 Venus Mobile Explorer -- 10.3.5 The ESA Cosmic Vision Programme -- 10.3.5.1 European Venus Explorer, EVE -- 10.3.6 The Russian Venera-D Mission -- 10.3.7 Missions to Venus by Other Nations -- 10.4 Advances in Earth Based Observations -- 10.5 Priorities -- References.

Note: Literaturverz. S. 27 - 29

Note: Literaturangaben

Note: AOGCM = Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model

Note: Literaturverz. S. 23 - 26