Note: ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Biological Free Radicals -- 1 Introduction and Scope of Review -- 2 Metal Ions -- 2.1 Iron -- 2.2 Copper -- 2.3 Chromium -- 2.4 Other Metal Ions -- 3 Hydroperoxides -- 3.1 Alkyl/Aryl Hydroperoxides -- 3.2 Amino Acid, Protein and Nucleic Acid Hydroperoxides -- 4 Protein-derived Radicals -- 5 Veratyl Alcohol -- 6 Beta-amyloid Protein -- 7 Ozone -- 8 Nitric Oxide -- 9 Peroxynitrite(ONOO‾) -- 10 Asbestos, Mineral Fibres and Diesel Particles -- 11 Cigarette Smoke -- 12 Paraquat -- 13 Halogenated Compounds -- 14 Ethanol -- 15 Retinoic Acid -- 16 Quinones -- 17 Phenols and Related Compounds -- 18 Thiols, Disulfides and Related Compounds -- 19 Ascorbate -- 19.1 Clinical Studies -- 19.2 Animal Studies -- 19.3 In Vitro Studies -- 20 Toxins -- 21 Hydroxylamines and Hydrazines -- 22 Diazonium and Tetrazolium Compounds -- 23 Nitro Compounds and Nitrogen Heterocycles -- 24 Photochemistry -- 24.1 UV-generated Radicals -- 24.2 Radical Generation from Exogenous Photosensitisers -- 24.3 Other Photochemical Studies -- 25 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 25.1 Heart and Vasculature -- 25.2 Brain -- 25.3 Liver, Kidney and Other Organs -- 26 Radiation Dosimetry -- 27 Spin Trap Artifacts and Misassignments -- References -- Chapter 2 Time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies in Organic Photochemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Mechanisms of CIDEP -- 3 Theoretical Developments -- 4 TREPR Experiments -- 4.1 The TR (CW) EPR Experiment -- 4.2 TREPR at Multiple Microwave Frequencies -- 4.3 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) -- 4.3.1 RYDMR -- 4.3.2 FDMR -- 4.3.3 ADMR -- 4.4 Quantum Beats -- 4.5 Fourier Transform EPR -- 5 Applications in Organic Photochemistry -- 5.1 Fullerenes -- 5.2 Photosynthetic Model Systems -- 5.3 Radical Pairs in Micelles -- References. , Chapter 3 Radiation Damage to DNA and Related Biomolecules -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of this Report -- 1.2 Significance of the Field of Research -- 1.3 Symbols Used -- 2 DNA Constituents -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pyrimidines -- 2.2.1 Single Crystal Studies -- 2.2.2 Frozen Aqueous Solutions and Glasses -- 2.3 Purines -- 2.3.1 Single Crystals -- 2.3.2 Glasses -- 2.4 Mixed Crystal Systems -- 2.5 Multi-base Investigations -- 2.5.1 Frozen Aqueous Solutions and Glasses -- 2.5.2 Peroxyl and Sulfoxyl Radicals -- 3 DNA, Polynucleotides and Oligonucleotides -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Symbols for DNA Radicals -- 3.1.2 The Direct, Quasi-direct and Indirect Effects -- 3.2 Radical Yields in DNA -- 3.2.1 Radical Distributions at Low Temperatures -- 3.2.2 Deconvolution of Complex Spectra: Important Confirmatory Results -- 3.2.3 Where are the Sugar Radicals in Irradiated DNA? -- 3.2.4 Evidence for Sugar Radicals in High LET Irradiated DNA -- 3.2.5 Recombination: An Important Fundamental Process in Radiation Damage to DNA -- 3.3 Radical Transfer in DNA -- 3.3.1 Electron Transfer Distances in DNA -- 3.3.2 Hole Transfer from the DNA Hydration Layer: Yields of Hydroxyl Radicals -- 3.4 DNA-Thiol Systems -- 3.5 Irreversible Protonation of Electron-gain Centers in DNA -- 3.6 Radiation Damage to DNA by Heavy-ion Beams -- 3.7 Spin Trapping of DNA Intermediates -- 3.8 New Techniques -- References -- Chapter 4 Spin-trapping: Recent Developments and Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Spin-traps -- 2.1 New Nitrones -- 2.2 New Isotopically-labelled Spin-traps -- 3 Applications in Organic Solvents -- 3.1 Spontaneous Formation of Spin Adducts -- 3.1.1 Inverted Spin-trapping -- 3.1.2 Other Mechanisms -- 3.2 Spin-trapping of Various Radicals -- 3.3 Miscellaneous -- 4 Applications in Aqueous Solutions -- 4.1 Superoxide -- 4.2 Hydroxyl Radical -- 5 Trapping of Nitric Oxide. , 6 Miscellaneous -- References -- Chapter 5 EPR and ENDOR Studies of Metalloproteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Copper -- 2.1 'Blue'Copper Sites -- 2.2 Type 2 Copper Sites -- 2.3 Binuclear Sites and Multi-centered Copper Proteins -- 3 Iron -- 3.1 Non-heme Iron Proteins -- 3.2 Heme-Iron Proteins -- 3.3 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 4 Nickel -- 5 Molybdenum and Tungsten -- 6 Vanadium -- 7 Manganese -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Pulsed ESR of Microporous and Mesoporous Oxide Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Organic Radicals -- 3 Transition Metal Ions -- 3.1 Cu(II) Systems -- 3.2 Ni(I) Systems -- 3.3 Pd(I) Systems -- 3.4 Fe(III) Systems -- 3.5 Mn(II) Systems -- 3.6 Ti(III) Systems -- 3.7 Cr(V), Mo(V) and V(IV) Systems -- 3.8 Paramagnetic Silver Clusters -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Advanced EPR in Millimetre Bands and Very High Fields -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Techniques -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 Molecular Structure Studies -- 3.1.1 Single-electron Spin Systems -- 3.1.2 Multi-electron Spin Systems -- 3.2 Molecular Mobility Studies -- 4 High-field Low-temperature Effects -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Electron Transfer Kinetics Studied by EPR/ESR and Related Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bibliography -- 3 Marcus Theory of Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution -- 4 Intermolecular Electron Transfer Rate Constants from EPR Measurements -- 4.1 Time-resolved EPR at Constant Magnetic Field -- 4.2 Dynamic ESR Line-broadening Measurements -- 4.2.1 Homogeneous Electron Self-exchange Reactions -- 4.2.2 Degenerate Intramolecular Electron Exchange Reactions -- 4.3 Electron Self-exchange Rates from Other Magnetic Resonance Methods -- 4.3.1 Fluorescence-detected Magnetic Resonance Measurements -- 4.3.2 Time-resolved CIDNP and CIDEP Measurements -- 4.3.3 FT-EPR Measurements. , 4.3.4 RYDMR and MARY Methods -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Author Index.

Note: Electron Spin Resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Organic Radical Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bibliography -- 3 Radical Cations -- 3.1 Experimental Methods -- 3.2 π-Systems -- 3.2.1 Hydrocarbons -- 3.2.2 Non-hydrocarbons -- 3.3 Alkanes -- 3.4 Heteronuclear Radical Cations -- 4 Radical Anions -- 4.1 Formation of Radical Anions -- 4.2 π-Systems -- 4.2.1 Predominantly C-Centred -- 4.2.2 Quinones -- 4.2.3 Heteronuclear Radical Anions -- 4.3 Ion Pairs and Solvent Effects -- 4.4 Reactions Involving Radical Anions -- References -- Chapter 2 Time Resolved ESR Studies of Free Radicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Methods -- 2.1 Continuous-wave Sampling Techniques -- 2.2 Pulse Techniques -- 2.3 Comparison of the Methods -- 2.4 Other Methods -- 3 Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Polarization -- 3.1 Polarization in the Triplet State -- 3.2 The Triplet Mechanism -- 3.3 The ST0 Radical Pair Mechanism -- 3.4 ST-1 RPM Polarization -- 3.5 Polarization in the Spin-correlated Pair -- 3.6 Interpretation of Spectra Which Exhibit Both TM and RPM Polarization -- 3.7 The Radical-Triplet Pair Mechanism -- 3.8 Polarization by Cross-relaxation -- 4 Polarization in Secondary Radicals -- 4.1. Polarization in Nuclearly-correlated Secondary Radicals -- 4.1.1 Proton-transfer Reactions -- 4.2 Polarization in Nuclearly-uncorrelated Secondary Radicals -- Electron Transfer Reactions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 High-field ESR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Techniques -- 2.1 Magnetic Field -- 2.2 Microwave Equipment and Probe Heads -- 2.3 Pulsed ESR Experiments -- 2.4 ENDOR Experiments -- 2.5 ESR Imaging -- 3 Applications: Molecular Structure -- 3.1 Free Radicals -- 3.2 Paramagnetic Ions, Triplets, and Solid State Defects -- 3.3 Delocalized Electron Centers, Organic Semiconductors, Metals, etc. -- 3.4 Spin Probes and Spin Labels -- 4 Applications: Dynamics Studies. , 4.1 Fast Motion Regime -- 4.2 Dynamics Studies in Slow Motion Regime -- 4.3 Chemical Reactivity vs Molecular Mobility -- 5 Thermal Spin Polarization Effects -- 5.1 VHF ESR of Triplet Radical Pairs -- 5.2 Signs of Spin-Spin Coupling -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Transition Metals in Inorganic Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Books and Reviews -- 3 EPR Techniques and Their Applications -- 4 Spectrum Simulation Methods -- 5 The Calculation of Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters -- 6 Monomeric Compounds -- 6.1 Single Crystals -- 6.2 Powders and Frozen Solutions -- 6.3 Matrix Isolated Species -- 7 Discrete Polymeric Species -- 7.1 Dimers -- 7.2 Trimers -- 7.3 Higher Oligomers -- 8 Extended Lattices -- 9 Microporous Materials -- References -- Chapter 5 Radiation Damage in DNA -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of This Report -- 1.2 The Primary Workers in the Field -- 1.3 Symbols Used -- 2 DNA Constituents -- 2.1 Pyrimidines -- 2.1.1 Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature -- 2.1.2 Single Crystal Studies -- 2.1.3 Frozen Aqueous Solutions and Glasses -- 2.2 Purines -- 2.2.1 Single Crystals -- 2.2.2 Glasses -- 2.3 Redirection of Anion Protonation by Small Cations -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 DNA -- 3.1 The Radicals Present in DNA -- 3.1.1 Identification of DNA Ion Radicals at Low Temperatures -- 3.1.2 Ion Radical Stabilization by Proton Transfer between Complementary Bases -- 3.1.3 Effects of Added Salts on Radical Yields -- 3.1.4 Questions about Deconvolution of Complex Spectra -- 3.1.5 Other Primary and Secondary Radicals Formed in DNA -- 3.1.6 The Fate of the Electron Adduct in DNA -- 3.2 Hydration and Absolute Yields of Radicals in DNA -- 3.2.1 Hydration and Yields of Total Primary Radicals -- 3.2.2 The Destruction Constant k and Models for DNA Damage -- 3.2.3 Volume of a Trapped Radical Ion Cluster. , 3.2.4 Yields of Individual Ion Radicals as a Function of Hydration -- 3.3 Radical Transfer in DNA and DNA Complexes -- 3.3.1 Electron Transfer Distances in DNA -- 3.3.2 Long Range Hole Transfer -- 3.3.3 Hole Transfer from Backbone to Base -- 3.3.4 Hole Transfer from Hydration Layer to DNA -- 3.3.5 Radical Transfer from Histones and Protein Complexes with DNA -- 3.4 Spin Trapping of DNA Radicals -- 3.5 ESR of High LET Irradiated DNA Components -- References -- Chapter 6 Spin Labelling in Biological Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Progressive CW Saturation and Saturation Transfer Intensities -- 3 Saturation with Spin Exchange -- 4 Accessibility to Paramagnetic Relaxation Agents -- 5 Site-directed Spin Labelling -- 6 Dipolar Induced Paramagnetic Relaxation -- 7 Molecular Dynamics and Saturation -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 EPR Studies of Photosynthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 EPR on Photosynthetic Systems -- 2.1 Plant Photosynthesis -- 2.1.1 Primary Donor and Acceptors of PS I -- 2.1.2 Donor Side of PS II -- 2.1.3 Mn Water Splitting Complex of PS II and Mn Model Clusters -- 2.1.4 Acceptor Side of PS II -- 2.1.5 Cytochromes -- 2.2 Bacterial Photosynthesis -- 2.2.1 Primary Donor in Bacterial RC's -- 2.2.2 Quinone Acceptors in Bacterial RC's -- 2.2.3 Correlated Radical Pairs in Bacterial RC's -- 2.2.4 Cytochromes -- 2.3 Model Systems -- 2.3.1 Carotenoids -- 2.3.2 Chlorophylls, Porphyrins, and Novel Porphyrinoids -- 2.3.3 Quinones -- 2.3.4 Porphyrin-Quinone Donor-Acceptor Systems -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Biological Spin Trapping -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Superoxide -- 3 Hydroxyl Radical -- 3.1 Iron -- 3.2 Copper -- 3.3 Vanadium -- 3.4 Chromium -- 3.5 Cobalt -- 3.6 Nickel -- 3.7 HOC1 -- 3.8 Peroxynitrite -- 3.9 Quinones -- 3.10 Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers -- 4 Hydroperoxides -- 4.1 Organic Hydroperoxides. , 4.2 Lipid Hydroperoxides -- 5 Thiyl Radicals -- 6 Hydrazines -- 7 Lignin Peroxidase -- 8 Alcohol -- 9 Sulfur Dioxide, Bisulfites, and Sulfites -- 10 Halocarbons -- 11 Smoke- and Ozone-mediated Free Radicals -- 12 Protein Radicals -- 12.1 Myoglobin -- 12.2 Hemoglobin -- 12.3 Other Proteins -- 13 Arene Diazonium Compounds -- 14 DNA, RNA, and Sugars -- 15 Reperfusion Injury -- 15.1 Heart -- 15.2 Brain -- 15.3 Kidney -- 15.4 Transplant -- 15.5 Models -- 16 Nitrones as Drugs -- 16.1 Radical Scavengers -- 16.2 Shock Effects -- 16.3 Heart Effects -- 16.4 Brain Effects -- 16.5 Miscellaneous Effects -- 17 Spin Trap Decomposition -- 18 New Instrumental Techniques -- 18.1 State of the Art Instrumentation -- 18.1.1 Mass Spectroscopy/EPR -- 18.1.2 Loop Gap Resonator EPR -- 18.2 Instrumental Conditions -- 18.3 Interpretation of Hyperfine Coupling Constants -- 18.4 Fluorescence Detection -- 18.5 Microdialysis -- 18.6 Microcarrier Beads -- 18.7 Low Frequency EPR -- 18.8 Designer Spin Traps -- 18.9 Ex Vivo Radical Adduct Formation -- 19 Radical Adduct Impostors, Misidentifications, and Artifacts -- 20 Reviews on Spin Trapping -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Author Index.

Note: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance -- Contents -- ESR Imaging Beyond Phantoms: Application to Polymer Degradation -- 1 Introduction and Motivation -- 1.1 Polymer Degradation -- 1.2 Polymer Stabilization by Hindered Amines -- 1.3 Motivation for ESRI Studies of Polymer Degradation -- 2 ESR Imaging and Applications to Polymer Systems -- 2.1 ESR Spectra in the Presence of Magnetic Field Gradients -- 2.2 ESR Imaging of Polymeric Systems -- 2.3 ESR Imaging of Polymers Stabilized by Hindered Amines -- 3 Experimental Details -- 3.1 Hardware for ESRI -- 3.2 Intensity Profiling from 1D ESRI -- 3.3 Line-Shape Profiling from 2D Spectral-Spatial ESRI -- 3.4 The Polymers Studied -- 4 ESR Spectra of Nitroxides Derived From Hindered Amine Stabilizers in Heterophasic Polymers -- 5 1D and 2D Spectral-Spatial ESRI of Heterophasic Polymers Stabilized by Hindered Amines -- 5.1 Thermal Treatment -- 5.2 Photodegradation -- 5.3 Advantages of ESRI Compared to FTIR and to Destructive Methods of Study -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Advances in Spin Trapping -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Principles -- 3 New Nitrones for Spin Trapping -- 4 Spin Trapping Studies of Superoxide Radicals -- 4.1 Use of Cyclodextrins -- 4.2 Formation of Diastereoisomer Spin Adducts -- 4.3 Kinetic Studies -- 4.4 Chemical Exchange in Alkylperoxyl and Superoxide Radical Adducts of β-Phosphorylated Nitrones -- 5 Theoretical Calculations -- 6 Immuno Spin Trapping of Proteins -- 7 Separation and Identification of Spin Adducts -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Site-Directed Spin-Labelling (SDSL) Applications in Biological Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soluble Proteins -- 3 Integral Membrane Proteins -- 4 Membrane-Associated Proteins -- 5 Fibril-Forming Proteins -- 6 Nucleic Acids -- 7 Substrates -- 8 Distance Measurements -- 9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Quantum Chemical Approaches to Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Aspects -- 2.1 General Theory -- 2.2 Spin-Free Approaches -- 2.3 Two-Component Approaches -- 2.4 The Spin-Orbit Coupling Operator -- 3 Application to EPR Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters -- 3.1 g-Tensor -- 3.2 Hyperfine Couplings -- 3.3 Zero-Field Splittings -- 3.4 Quadrupole Couplings -- 3.5 Functional and Basis Set Effects -- 3.6 Environment Effects -- 4 Application Studies -- 4.1 Small Molecules -- 4.2 Organic and Biological Radicals -- 4.3 Transition Metals -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Getting an Inside View of Nanomaterials with Spin Labels and Spin Probes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Structures -- 3 Polymers -- 4 Mesoporous Materials -- 5 Adsorption in Mesopores -- 6 Adsorption on Surfaces -- 6.1 Planar Surfaces -- 6.2 Rough Surfaces -- 7 Au Nanoparticles -- 8 Dendrimers -- 9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- EPR, ENDOR and EPR Imaging of Defects in Diamond -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Use of EPR and Related Techniques in the Study of Defects in Diamond -- 3 Intrinsic Defects in Diamond -- 4 Paramagnetic Nitrogen Defects in Diamond -- 5 Transition Metal Defects in Diamond -- 6 Paramagnetic Defects Incorporating Hydrogen in Diamond -- 7 EPR Imaging of Paramagnetic Defect Distributions in Diamond -- 8 Conclusions and Further Work -- References -- EPR of Exchange Coupled Oligomers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 p-Block -- 3 d-Block -- 4 Mixed p/d-Block Radicals -- 5 Mixed d/f-Block Radicals -- 6 Biological Systems -- 6.1 Methods -- 6.2 Nitrogenases -- 6.3 Copper -- 6.4 Manganese (Excluding Photosystems) -- 6.5 Diiron (Including 2Fe-2S) -- 6.6 Other Iron-Sulfur Centres -- 6.7 Photosystems -- 6.8 Nickel -- 6.9 Miscellaneous -- References. , Biological Free Radicals and Biomedical Applications of EPR Spectroscopy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reactive Oxygen Species -- 2.1 Superoxide Radicals -- 2.2 Hydroxyl Radicals -- 3 Reactive Nitrogen Species -- 3.1 Nitric Oxide -- 3.2 Principles of ∙NO Measurement by EPR -- 3.3 Metal Chelate Complexes -- 3.4 Haemoglobin -- 3.5 Nitroxides as Spin Traps for ∙NO -- 3.6 Simultaneous Measurement of ∙NO and O2 -- 3.7 Other Endogenous Paramagnetic Products of ∙NO -- 4 Enzyme-Mediated Free Radical Production -- 4.1 Cytochrome c -- 4.2 Cytochrome P450 -- 4.3 NADPH Oxidase -- 5 Antioxidant Defences -- 5.1 Superoxide Dismutase -- 5.2 Catalase -- 5.3 Glutathione Peroxidase -- 5.4 Ascorbate (Vitamin C) -- 5.5 Vitamin E -- 5.6 Phenolic Antioxidants -- 6 Consequences of Free Radical Reactions with Biomolecules -- 6.1 Damage to Lipids -- 6.2 Damage to DNA -- 6.3 Damage to Proteins -- 6.4 Damage to Carbohydrates -- 7 Free Radicals and Disease -- 7.1 Cancer -- 7.2 Diabetes -- 7.3 Sepsis -- 7.4 Cardiovascular Disease -- 7.5 Oxidative Stress in other Disease Settings -- 7.6 Exercise and High Altitude Stress -- 7.7 Brain Injury -- 7.8 Other Systems -- 8 Apoptosis -- 9 Free Radicals in Plants -- 9.1 Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Plants -- 9.2 The Measurement of ROS in Plants by EPR -- 9.3 The Production of Nitric Oxide by Plant Cells -- 9.4 The Measurement of ∙NO in Plants by EPR -- 9.5 Other Processes in Plants Studied by EPR -- 10 Selected Biomedical Techniques -- 10.1 In vivo EPR -- 10.2 EPR Oximetry -- 10.3 EPR Imaging -- References -- Progress in High-Field EPR of Inorganic Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials Research -- 2.1 Fullerenes -- 2.2 Semiconductors -- 2.3 Catalysis -- 2.4 Ferroelectrics -- 2.5 Transition Metal and Rare Earth Ions -- 2.6 Molecular Magnetic Clusters -- 2.7 Low-Dimensional Solids -- References.

Note: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 ESR Dating, Dosimetry and Microscopy for Terrestrial and Planetary Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle and General Scope of ESR Dating and Dosimetry -- 2.1 Principle and Procedures of ESR Dating: Natural Radiation Effect -- 2.2 Scopes and Materials of ESR Dosimetry and Dating -- 3 Recent Development of ESR Dating in Terrestrial Materials -- 3.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3): Speleothem, Shell and Coral -- 3.2 Sulfate (Anhydrite and Gypsum): Evaporite on Mars and Sulfate on Europa -- 3.3 SiO2 Igneous Rocks, Fault Gauge, Impact Craters and Sediment -- 3.4 Bones and Teeth: Hydroxyapatite -- 4 ESR Radiation Dosimetry -- 4.1 Accident Dosimetry Using Tooth Enamel -- 4.2 Development of Dosimeter Materials -- 5 Future ESR Dating and Assessment of Environment Using Ices -- 5.1 Solid H2O, CO2, SO2 for Space and Environmental Sciences -- 5.2 Radicals in Solid H2O -- 5.3 Solid CO2 and SO2 -- 5.4 Solid CH4 on Triton and Terrestrial Methane Hydrate -- 6 Environmental Studies -- 7 ESR Imaging and Microscopes -- 7.1 Apparatus -- 7.2 Materials Imaged by Scanning Microwave ESR -- 7.3 Other ESR Apparatus -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix: Symposia and Proceedings from 1981 to Early 2000s -- References -- Chapter 2 Biomedical Aspects of Free Radicals:Recent Developments Through The Application of EPR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metal Ions -- 2.1 Iron -- 2.2 Copper -- 2.3 Other Metals -- 3 Peroxidases and Pseudo-peroxidases -- 3.1 Myeloperoxidase -- 3.2 Myoglobin -- 3.3 Cytochrome c and Cytochrome c Oxidase -- 4 Nitric Oxide Synthase -- 4.1 Nitric Oxide -- 4.2 Peroxynitrite -- 4.3 Carbonate Anion Radical -- 5 NADPH Oxidase -- 6 Semiquinones -- 6.1 Quinones -- 6.2 Quinone Imines -- 6.3 Hydroquinones -- 7 Nitroaromatics -- 8 Aromatic N-Oxides -- 9 Organic Hydroperoxides -- 10 Hydrazines. , 11 Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines -- 12 N-Hydroxyguanidines -- 13 Particulate Matter -- 14 Photosensitizers -- 14.1 Endogenous Sensitizers -- 14.2 Simple Quinones -- 14.3 Anthraquinones -- 14.4 Hypocrellin Derivatives -- 14.5 Helianthrone Derivatives -- 14.6 Ketones -- 14.7 Other Agents -- 15 Miscellaneous Xenobiotics -- 15.1 Ethanol -- 15.2 Paraquat -- 15.3 Anatoxin B1 -- 15.4 Hydroxyurea -- 15.5 Phenylbutazone -- 15.6 Ethyl Carbamate -- 15.7 Acrylonitrile -- 15.8 Clozapine -- 16 Radical Damage to Biomolecules -- 16.1 Proteins -- 16.2 Nucleic Acids -- 16.3 Lipids -- 16.4 Carbohydrates -- 17 Antioxidants -- 17.1 Thiols -- 17.2 Ascorbate -- 17.3 Vitamin E -- 17.4 Polyphenolic Compounds -- 18 Radicals in Selected Clinical Settings -- 18.1 Cardiovascular System -- 18.2 Endotoxaemia -- 18.3 Nervous System -- 18.4 Lung Injury -- 18.5 Kidney Disease -- 18.6 Diabetes Mellitus -- 18.7 Muscle Injury -- 18.8 Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract -- 19 Developments in Methodology -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 Organic Radical Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radical Cations -- 2.1 Matrices -- 2.2 Short-lived Species in Fluid Solution -- 2.3 Aqueous Solution -- 2.4 Radical cations with Delocalised π Systems -- 2.5 Reactions -- 2.6 Unusual Bonding -- 2.7 Materials -- 2.8 Radical Cations with Biological Relevance -- 3 Radical Anions -- 3.1 Structures -- 3.2 Reactivity of Radical Anions -- 3.3 High-Spin States and Materials -- 3.4 Radical Anions of Quinones and of Molecules with Biological Relevance -- 4 Brief Notes on Techniques and Methods -- 4.1 Electrodes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 EPR and ENDOR of Metalloproteins:Copper and Iron -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Copper -- 2.1 'Blue' Copper Sites -- 2.2 Type 2 Copper Sites -- 2.3 Binuclear Sites and Multi-Centred Copper Proteins -- 3 Iron. , 3.1 Non-Heme Iron Proteins: Nitrogen and/or Oxygen Coordination -- 3.2 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 3.3 Heme-Iron Proteins -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 EPR in Photosynthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bacterial Reaction Centres and Antenna Systems -- 2.1 The Primary Donor -- 2.2 The Intermediate Acceptor -- 2.3 The Quinone Acceptor -- 2.4 Radical Pair States -- 2.5 Metal Ions in Bacterial Reaction Centres -- 2.6 Light Harvesting Systems in Bacterial Photosysnthesis -- 2.7 Miscellaneous bRC -- 3 Oxygenic Photosynthesis: Photosystem I -- 3.1 The Primary Donor -- 3.2 The Intermediate Acceptor A-0 -- 3.3 The Quinone Acceptor A-1 -- 3.4 Radical Pairs in PSI -- 3.5 The Iron-Sulfur Clusters -- 4 Oxygenic Photosynthesis : Photosystem II -- 4.1 The Primary Donor -- 4.2 The Intermediate Acceptor -- 4.3 The Quinone Acceptors -- 4.4 Other Paramagnetic Species in PS II -- 4.5 Radical Pairs in PS II -- 4.6 The Tyrosine Radicals -- 4.7 The Oxygen Evolving Complex (OEC) -- 4.8 Miscellaneous Applications of EPR to PS II -- 5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 ESR Studies of Radiation Damage to DNA and Related Biomolecules -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of This Report -- 1.2 Trends in DNA Radiation Chemistry -- 1.3 Symbols Used -- 2 DNA Constituents -- 2.1 Single Crystal Studies -- 2.2 Pyrimidines -- 2.3 Purines -- 2.4 Summary -- 2.5 Base Radicals in d(CGCG)2 -- 2.6 Mixed Crystal Systems -- 2.7 FT EPR ofShort-Lived Radicals in Aqueous Solution -- 2.8 High LET Effects -- 3 DNA -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Identity and Yields of DNA Radicals at Low Temperatures -- 3.3 Sugar Radicals in DNA -- 3.4 Ion Beam Irradiation Studies of DNA and Sugar Radicals -- 3.5 Electron and Hole Transfer from the Hydration layer to DNA -- 3.6 DNA - a Molecular Wire or an Insulator?. , 3.7 Electron and Hole Transfer from Trapped Ion Radical Species of DNA to Intercalators or Modified Bases -- 3.8 Spin Transfer From Histones to DNA -- 3.9 The Effect of Temperature -- 3.10 Electron and Hole Transfer to Oxidized Guanine Sites -- 3.11 Electron Transfer in DNA: Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 EPR of Paramagnetic Centres on Solid Surfaces -- 1 Introduction -- 2 S Block Metal Oxides -- 2.1 Group 2 Metal Oxides -- 3 Transition Metal Oxides -- 3.1 TiO2 -- 3.2 ZrO2 -- 3.3 CeO2 -- 3.4 V2O5 Oxides -- 3.5 Chromium Oxides -- 3.6 MoOx -- 3.7 Iron Oxides -- 3.8 Copper Oxides -- 3.9 ZnO -- 3.10 Supported Nano-particles -- 4 p-Block Metal Oxides -- 4.1 A2O3 -- 4.2 SiO2 -- 4.3 SnO2 -- References -- Chapter 8 Measurements of Interspin Distances by EPR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distance Between Two Slowly Relaxing Centres -- 2.1 Method Development -- 2.2 Applications to Small Molecules -- 2.3 Applications to Biological Samples -- 2.4 Applications to Polymers -- 3 Measurements Based on Relaxation Times -- 3.1 Biological Samples -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 Progress in High Field EPR:Inorganic Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials Research -- 2.1 Carbon, Silicon and Boron Materials -- 2.2 Oxygen -- 2.3 Catalysis -- 2.4 Radiation Dosimetry -- 2.5 Transition-Metal Ions -- 2.6 Rare Earth Ions -- 2.7 Polymers -- 2.8 Theory of HFEPR Relaxation -- 2.9 Molecular Magnetic Clusters -- 2.10 Low-dimensional Solids -- 2.11 Magnetically Ordered Materials -- 3 Techniques -- 3.1 Sources -- 3.2 Magnet Systems -- 3.3 Detection Schemes -- 3.4 Resonator Systems -- 3.5 High Power Pulse Systems -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 EPR of Exchange-coupled Oligomers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 p-Block -- 3 d-Block -- 4 Mixed d/p-Block -- 5 Biological Systems -- 5.1 Methods -- 5.2 Nitrogenase -- 5.3 Copper. , 5.4 Manganese (Excluding Photosystems) -- 5.5 Diiron Including Fe2S2 -- 5.6 Other Iron-sulfur Centres -- 5.7 Photosystems -- 5.8 Miscellaneous -- References.

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