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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The history and decay of a Mediterranean salt lens (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 333 (1988), S. 649-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The life of Meddies is of interest to oceanographers for at least two different reasons. One reason for tracking Meddies is to assess their role in the lateral dispersion of heat and salt2'7'8. The high-salinity Mediterranean outflow spreads into the North Atlantic to form a 'tongue' which can be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333649a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Large Lenses of Highly Saline Mediterranean Water (1984)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14 (10). pp. 1560-1576.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Isolated compact anticyclonic eddies or salt lenses were found in the Canary Basin. Hydrographic surveys of three such lenses show large anomalies of salinity and temperature (∼0.8, 2.5°C). They are centered at ∼1100 m, have a vertical extent of up to 900 m and radii of ∼50 km. Current meter records indicate anticyclonic velocities up to 29 cm s−1. Fine structure with vertical scales of ∼20 m and less, possibly due to intrusive decay, appears at the outer edges of the lenses whereas the centers are free of such structure. The probability of finding a salt lens at any station in the Canary Basin is fairly high (∼0.08).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014〈1560:LLOHSM〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Meddies and decadal changes at the Azores Front from 1980 to 2000 (2005)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52 (3-4). pp. 583-604.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Twenty years of time series observations from the deep-sea mooring KIEL276 are used to obtain information on the frequency and propagation of meddies (Mediterranean Water eddies), on long-term changes in flow properties, and on a possible relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The mooring was set at the nominal position 33°N, 22°W at a water depth of more than 5200 m in the northern Canary Basin. It is located near the southern boundary of the Azores Current (AC), which is part of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, and also in the large-scale Mediterranean Water (MW) tongue originating from the Strait of Gibraltar. The amplitudes of time-varying vertical quasi-geostrophic modes and the correlation of current and temperature changes at levels in the MW and the North Atlantic Central Water above are used to identify meddies. A total of 10 meddies passed the mooring during the period 1980–2000. Half of the events can be related to earlier observations. Directional changes in meddy-related velocities are used to estimate speeds and directions of meddy propagation. Directions of propagation are very homogeneous, with all the 10 meddies observed propagating with a southward velocity component within a sector of 90°, and typical speeds are 2–3 cm/s. Meddy occurrence was uneven in time, with six meddies found during the first four years and only four meddies during the remaining 16 years. Decadal changes show the annual-mean and the fluctuating kinetic energy levels at the site changing from lower values in the 1980s to high values in the 1990s. This change appears to be correlated with variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, with a delay in oceanic response of about 3 years. A conceptual model of AC meanders is used to identify meander signals in the upper-layer time series. The AC axis appears to be closer to the site during the 1990s than during the preceding decade and indicates a southward or southwestward displacement of the AC with increasingly positive values of the NAO index. Meddy frequency is lower when the AC gets closer from the north. A reduction in meddy occurrence in the region just south of the AC is possibly caused by the shear-induced blocking of some meddies crossing the front from the north.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.12.010
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86 (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year-long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32°N, 24°W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24°N to 37°N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a Meddy, a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. In October, 1985, seven additional floats were launched, four in three different Meddies, one of which was tracked during year 1. This report describes the second year of the floats launched in 1984 and the first year of the ones launched in 1985. Approximately 41 years of float trajectories were produced during the first two years of the experiment. One of the striking accomplishments is the successful tracking of one Meddy over two full years plus the tracking of two other Meddies during the second year.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32N, 24W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24N to 37N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. Slightly over twenty years of float trajectories were p reduced during the first year of the experiment. In this report we briefly describe the 1984 field operations and show the first year's SOFAR float data. Perhaps the most striking result is that westward flow within the Mediterranean salt tongue was found to be confined to a rather narrow jet {roughly 150 km in meridional extent) which had a mean speed of roughly 2 em s -l. To the north or south of this jet the mean flow was much weaker and eastward. This suggests that currents associated with the salt tongue itself {rather than the gyre scale circulation) may be most important for determining the salt distribution.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    Effects of variations in eddy diffusivity on property distributions in the oceans (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 37 (1979): 515-529
    Description: The hypothesis that variations in eddy diffusivity may be responsible for some of the observed distributions of oceanic scalars is explored. A gradient in eddy diffusivity affects property distributions much as would an additional velocity field from regions of high to low eddy diffusivity. In support of such an interpretation, the cross-isopycnal distribution of density is compared with an eddy diffusivity prescribed by the combination of boundary mixing and isopycnal exchange. Since the surface area available for boundary mixing varies with depth, similar variations are reflected in property distributions. For isopycnal distributions, an eddy diffusivity field inferred from the eddy potential energy field description of Dantzler (1977) is compared with the salinity distribution from the Mediterranean Outflow.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
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    Flow structures of the benthic ocean (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (1980): 469-484
    Description: Three-dimensional structure of the near-bottom density field was observed with a towed yo-yoing profiler and a fixed current/temperature measuring array on the Hatteras abyssal plain. A great variety of structures were seen. Immediately above the bottom a well-mixed bottom layer extends vertically 5-60 m, with less than 1 m°C potential temperature change. This mixed layer is often capped by a region of strong vertical potential temperature gradient, with up to 100-m°C potential temperature change in -10 m. The boundary layer may be uniform for 10 km or exhibit a bottom temperature gradient of up to 20 m°C/ km. Interior layers of nearly constant potential temperature and horizontal extent of 2-100 km are seen -25% of the time above the bottom mixed layer. When an interior layer is present, the bottom mixed layer is thinner. On many occasions an interior layer was seen to be horizontally continuous with the bottom mixed layer, suggesting formation of interior layers by detachment of the bottom mixed layer. A benthic front was observed. Differential horizontal advection is required to explain the observed structures. Velocity fluctuations above I cph increase in energy near the bottom, presumably a signature of turbulence in the mixed layer;these fluctuations are modulated by the passage of structures observed in the moored record.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190 ,
    Keywords: Hydraulics ; Ocean bottom
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    The benthic boundary layer experiment on the Hatteras Abyssal Plain : current and temperature observations (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The near bottom density and velocity fields above the Hatteras abyssal plain were observed with a current/temperature measuring array and a towed-yo-yoing profiler. This report describes the array data and includes details of calibration and data quality. Sources of direction error were diagnosed from vane and compass performance and bearing direction .
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190 and for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Ocean temperature
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Some evidence for boundary mixing in the deep ocean (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 83 (1978): 1971-1979
    Description: Profiles of salinity and potential temperature in the deep ocean are presented which suggest the characteristic signature of two complementary mixing processes: vertical mixing within ~50-m-thick layers at boundaries and topographic features and lateral advection and eventual smearing of these mixed layers along iopycnal surfaces. The combined effect of these two processes is often parametrically disguised as a vertical eddy diffusivity in one-dimensional models. An estimate shows that the two processes can account for all the vertical mixing in the deep ocean without any vertical diffusion in the interior.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190.
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Turbulent boundary layer
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 10
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    The dynamics of the bottom boundary layer of the deep ocean (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Proceedings of the 8th International Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, 19?7, pp. 153-164
    Description: Profiles of salinity and temperature from the center of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain have a signature that is characteristic of mixing up a uniformly stratified region: a well-mixed layer above the bottom, bounded by an interface. The penetration height of the mixed-layer varies from about 10 m to 100 m and has been correlated by Armi and Millard (1976) with the one day mean velocity, inferred from current meters located above the bottom boundary layer. Here the dynamics of such layers is discussed. A model of entrainment and mixing for a flat bottom boundary layer is outlined; this model is however incomplete because we find too little known of the structure of turbulence above an Ekman layer. An alternate model is suggested by the estimate, from the correlation of penetration height with velocity of the internal Froude number of the mixed layer, F~1.7. This value indicates that the large penetration height may be due to the instability of the well-mixed layer to the formation of roll waves.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004 and for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation under Grant GX 29054.
    Keywords: Bottom water ; Boundary layer
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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