Keywords:
Continental shelf - Simulation methods.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This is the first book to summarize the state of the art in modeling and simulation of the transport, evolution and fate of particles in the coastal ocean. It is an invaluable book for advanced students and researchers in oceanography, geophysics, marine and civil engineering, computational science and environmental science.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (570 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781316076699
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1801968
DDC:
551.46/18
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half-title -- Dedication -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of acronyms -- Definitions and notation -- Introduction and scope -- Part I Background -- 1 The Coastal Ocean -- 1.1 Typical Motions and Scales -- 1.2 Particle Simulation -- 1.2.1 Motion -- 1.2.2 Rates -- 1.2.3 Gather, Scatter -- 1.2.4 Simulation -- 1.2.5 Aggregation and Identity -- 2 Drifters and Their Numerical Simulation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Drifter Technology -- 2.2.1 Design -- 2.2.2 Communication -- 2.2.3 Quality Control -- 2.3 Particle Tracking -- 2.3.1 Basic Lagrangian Model -- 2.3.2 Practical Issues -- 2.4 Model Validation with Drifters -- 2.4.1 Field Experience -- 2.5 Drifter Applications -- 2.5.1 Drifter Assimilation -- 3 Probability and Statistics - A Primer -- 3.1 Basics - Random Numbers -- 3.1.1 Continuous Distributions: f and F -- 3.1.2 Properties: Survival, Hazard Rate -- 3.1.3 Properties: Mean, Variance, Moments -- 3.1.4 Properties: Median, Mode, Quartile -- 3.1.5 Properties: Other Means -- 3.1.6 Bounding Theorems -- 3.1.7 Discrete Distributions: P< -- sub> -- i< -- sub> -- and F< -- sub> -- j< -- sub> -- -- 3.2 Some Common Distributions -- 3.2.1 Continuous Distributions -- 3.2.2 Discrete Distributions -- 3.2.3 Importance of G, U, B, Pois -- 3.2.4 The Central Limit Theorem -- 3.3 Generating Random Numbers -- 3.3.1 General Methods -- 3.3.2 Some Specific Deviates -- 3.4 Sampling -- Finite N -- 3.4.1 Sample Statistics -- 3.4.2 Sample Mean -- 3.4.3 Sample Variance -- 3.4.4 Recap -- 3.5 Covariance -- 3.5.1 Definitions -- 3.5.2 Correlation and Autocorrelation -- 3.5.3 Autocorrelated Time Series -- 3.5.3.1 Separation-Based Covariance and Correlogram -- 3.5.3.2 Correlogram and Impulse Response -- 3.5.4 Autocorrelated Eulerian Fields -- 3.5.5 Generating Covariance.
,
3.5.6 Summary - Covariance -- 3.6 Particles in a Box -- 3.6.1 Individual Residence Time -- 3.6.2 Aggregate Properties: Relaxation of Initial Condition -- 3.6.3 Export Rate -- 3.6.4 Long-Run Balance -- 3.6.5 Summary - Steady State -- 3.6.6 Exit Paths -- 3.6.7 Input Paths -- 3.6.8 Autocorrelation -- 3.6.9 Example - Branch Point -- 3.6.10 A Network of Boxes -- 3.6.10.1 Transfer Rate -- 3.6.10.2 Steady State -- 3.6.11 Closing Ideas - Particles in Boxes -- 3.7 Closure -- 3.8 General Sources -- 4 Dispersion by Random Walk -- 4.1 Introduction: Discrete Drunken Walk -- 4.2 Continuous Processes -- 4.2.1 Resolved and Subgrid Motion -- 4.2.2 A Hierarchy -- 4.3 The AR0 Model - Uncorrelated Random Walk and Simple Diffusion -- 4.3.1 The Displacement Process -- 4.3.2 Correspondence to Diffusion -- 4.3.3 Multi-Dimensions -- 4.3.4 Inhomogeneous Diffusion -- 4.3.5 Anisotropic Diffusion -- 4.3.6 Shear and Convergence -- 4.3.7 Metrics of Resolution -- 4.3.8 Stepsize and the Need for Autocorrelation -- 4.4 The AR1 Model - Autocorrelated Velocity -- 4.4.1 AR1: Continuous Form and Its Discretization -- 4.4.2 AR1: Discrete Canonical Form -- 4.4.3 AR1: Displacement -- 4.4.4 Some Summary Observations about the AR1 Model -- 4.5 The AR2 Model - Autocorrelated Acceleration -- 4.5.1 Discrete Canonical Forms -- 4.5.2 AR2 Velocity -- 4.5.3 AR2 Displacement and Link to Diffusion -- 4.6 The AR1-s Model - Spinning Walk -- 4.6.1 AR1-s Complex Velocity -- 4.6.2 AR1-s Displacement -- 4.6.3 AR1-s Results -- 4.6.4 Vorticity Sources -- 4.7 Summary - Four Random Walk Models -- 4.7.1 AR0 Model -- 4.7.2 AR1 Model -- 4.7.3 AR2 Model -- 4.7.4 AR1-s Model -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks - Random Motion -- 5 Boundary Conditions, Boundary Layers, Sources -- 5.1 Boundary Layers: Continuum and Discretization -- 5.2 Discretized Boundaries -- 5.2.1 Particle Motion and Change -- 5.2.2 States and Transitions.
,
5.2.3 Boundary Types -- 5.2.4 Basic Needs for Boundary Particles -- 5.2.5 Boundary Sources -- 5.3 The Law of the Wall -- 5.4 A Repellant Boundary Layer -- 5.4.1 Boundary Particles -- 5.4.2 The Gaussian Case -- 5.4.3 Pelagic Particles -- 5.4.4 The Steady State -- 5.5 Examples -- 5.5.1 Oiling the Coast -- 5.5.2 Bioaccumulation -- 5.5.3 Wetland Harvesting -- 5.6 Beyond the Boundary - Exogenous Sources -- 5.7 Summary Comments -- 6 Turbulence Closure -- 6.1 Reynolds Stresses and the Gradient Flux Relation -- 6.1.1 The Gradient Flux Relation -- 6.2 Vertical Closure -- 6.2.1 Early Models -- 6.2.2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy -- 6.2.3 Turbulent Length Scale -- 6.3 Vertical Closure Examples -- 6.3.1 Level 2.5 Formulation -- 6.3.1.1 Governing Equations -- 6.3.1.2 Vertical Boundary Conditions -- 6.3.2 Level 2.0 Formulation -- 6.3.3 The Point Model -- 6.3.4 Steady-State Point Model, Level 2 Closure -- 6.3.4.1 Wind Only -- 6.3.4.2 Wind and Gravity -- 6.3.4.3 Rotation and Wind - The Ekman Layer -- 6.3.5 Some Implementations -- 6.4 Horizontal Closure -- 6.5 The Main Points -- Part II Elements -- 7 Meshes: Interpolation, Navigation, and Fields -- 7.1 The Horizontal Mesh -- 7.1.1 Triangles -- 7.1.2 Geometry -- 7.1.3 Triangle Basics -- 7.1.4 Depth -- 7.1.5 Spherical-Polar Coordinates -- 7.1.6 Horizontal Interpolation -- 7.1.6.1 Higher Order Interpolation -- 7.1.7 Gradient -- 7.1.8 Location and Navigation -- 7.1.8.1 Global and Local Coordinates -- 7.1.8.2 Is a Particle in an Element? -- 7.1.8.3 Motion within an Element -- 7.1.8.4 When Does a Particle Leave an Element? -- 7.2 Vertical Discretization -- 7.2.1 Separation of Variables -- 7.2.2 Special Functions and Global z-Interpolation -- 7.2.3 Piecewise Local z-Interpolation. -- 7.2.4 Vertical Interpolation -- 7.3 3-D Location, Interpolation, Navigation -- 7.3.1 Interpolation on a Single Element.
,
7.3.2 Is a Particle in an Element? -- 7.3.3 Motion within an Element -- 7.3.4 When Does a Particle Leave an Element? -- 7.3.5 Summary: An Overlay of Horizontal Meshes -- 7.4 Meshes -- 7.4.1 The Union of Elements -- 7.4.2 Essential Data Structures -- 7.4.3 Example -- 7.4.4 Subsidiary Data Structures -- 7.4.5 The Galerkin Projection -- 7.4.6 Mesh Generators -- 7.4.7 Some Mesh Generation Packages -- 7.4.8 Mesh Diagnostics -- 7.4.9 Graphics -- 7.5 Quadrilateral Elements -- 7.5.1 Local Coordinates and Interpolation -- 7.5.2 Jacobian -- 7.5.3 Locating -- 8 Particles and Fields -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Scattering among Elements -- 8.3 Scattering within an Element -- 8.3.1 Triangles -- 8.3.1.1 Uniform Distribution on a Triangle -- 8.3.1.2 Linear Distribution on a Triangle -- 8.3.1.3 Examples -- 8.3.2 Quadrilaterals -- 8.4 Projections: The Density of a Set of Particles -- 8.4.1 Simple Fixed Mesh Projections -- 8.4.2 The Least Squares Projection -- 8.4.3 Mass Conservation -- 8.4.4 Example: Particles on a Mesh -- 8.4.5 Convergence - The Small [Delta]x Problem -- 8.4.6 Kernel Methods -- Part III Applications -- 9 Noncohesive Sediment - Dense Particles -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Three States: P, M, B -- 9.3 Sediment Particles -- 9.4 Settling Velocity -- 9.5 Bottom Boundary Layer -- 9.6 Entrainment -- 9.6.1 The Threshold of Motion - The Shields Parameter -- 9.6.2 Entrainment Rate -- 9.6.3 Initial Vertical Position - Entrainment Lift -- 9.7 Vertical Motion: The Rouse Number and z< -- sub> -- e< -- sub> -- -- 9.8 Profiles -- 9.9 Flight Simulations -- 9.10 Saltation -- 9.11 Burial -- 9.12 Theoretical Extensions -- 9.13 A Simple Particle Model -- 9.14 2-D -- 9.14.1 Bed-Load - Suspended Load Transport -- 9.14.2 Bed-Load Particle Velocity -- 9.14.3 Suspended Load Particle Velocity -- 9.14.4 Sediment Dispersion Coefficients -- 9.14.5 A Generic Scheme.
,
9.14.6 Results -- 9.15 Summary of Notation -- 10 Oil - Chemically Active Particles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Composition -- 10.1.2 Motion -- 10.1.3 Weathering -- 10.1.4 Subsurface Releases -- 10.2 Oil as Parcels -- 10.2.1 Surface and Subsurface Parcels -- 10.2.2 Generic Model Needs -- 10.3 Surface Parcels -- 10.3.1 Spreading -- 10.4 Weathering Processes -- 10.4.1 Evaporation -- 10.4.2 Emulsification -- 10.4.3 Density and Viscosity -- 10.4.4 A Simple Weathering Model -- 10.4.5 Entrainment -- 10.5 Motion -- 10.5.1 Stokes Drift and Surface Velocity -- 10.5.2 Random Walk Models -- 10.5.3 Droplet Rise Velocity -- 10.5.4 Droplet Size Distribution -- 10.6 Density and Crowding -- 10.6.1 Mass Field -- 10.6.2 Crowding -- 10.7 Submerged Parcels -- 10.7.1 Surface Source - Entrainment -- 10.7.2 Shear Dispersion -- 10.7.3 Subsurface Source - Blowout -- 10.7.4 Dissolution -- 10.8 Field Tests -- 10.8.1 Surface Releases -- 10.8.2 Subsurface Releases -- 10.8.3 The Deepwater Horizon Incident -- 10.9 Impact Assessment -- 11 Individual-Based Models - Biotic Particles -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Diversity in the Cohort -- 11.3 Individual-Based States -- 11.3.1 Mixing and Aggregation -- 11.3.2 Life Histories -- 11.3.3 Eulerian and Lagrangian Quantities -- 11.3.4 Continuous and Logical States -- State Transitions -- 11.4 Vital Rates -- 11.4.1 Growth Rate Distribution - Analytic Example -- 11.4.2 Growth Rate Distribution: Simulation -- 11.4.3 Multiple Equilibria -- 11.4.4 Rate Estimation -- 11.5 Mortality -- 11.5.1 Simulations: Individual-Based Mortality -- 11.5.2 Individual Survivorship Probability: Geometric Distribution -- 11.5.3 Lifetime Distribution -- 11.5.4 Cohort Abundance: Binomial Distribution -- 11.5.5 Cohort Death Rate -- 11.5.6 Example: Growth, Mortality, Motion -- 11.6 Stage Progression -- 11.6.1 Example: Three Stages.
,
11.6.2 Stage Completion Rate, Residence Time - Constant [alpha].
Permalink
