Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part One: Continental Analysis -- 1: Introduction to Neotropical Freshwaters -- Geological Features -- Landscape and Ecological Features -- Earth History Effects -- Brief History of Biogeographic Studies -- 2: Major Biogeographic and Phylogenetic Patterns -- The Neotropical Ichthyofauna -- Major Biogeographic Patterns -- Phylogenetic Patterns -- Why So Many Species? -- Conclusions -- 3: Geological Development of Amazon and Orinoco Basins -- Amazonia through Time -- A Cratonic Amazonian River Runs Westward (Cretaceous-Oligocene: 112-24 Ma) -- Wetland Development and Amazon Reversal (Early-Middle Miocene: 24-11 Ma) -- The Initial Transcontinental Amazon (Late Miocene-Pliocene: 11-2.5 Ma) -- Ice Age Amazonia (Quaternary: < -- 2.5 Ma) -- Concluding Remarks -- 4: The Paraná-Paraguay Basin: Geology and Paleoenvironments -- Overview of the Geology and Geography -- Mesozoic Formations -- Paleogene Formations -- Neogene Formations -- Neogene Paleoenvironmental Interpretations -- 5: Species Richness and Cladal Diversity -- Hollow Curves -- Clades and Basins -- Attributes of Species-Rich Clades -- Clade-Diversity Profiles -- Conclusions -- 6: Paleogene Radiations -- Paleogene Geology and Hydrogeography -- Transition from Mesozoic to Cenozoic Paleofaunas -- Environments and Diversification in Paleogene South America -- Considerations of an Ancient Fauna -- 7: Neogene Assembly of Modern Faunas -- Vicariance and Geodispersal -- Biogeographic Analyses -- Geological Fragmentation of Sub-Andean Foreland -- Vicariance and the Geography of Extinction -- Geodispersal and the Assembly of Regional Species Pools -- Age of Modern Amazonian Species Richness -- Conclusions -- 8: The Biogeography of Marine Incursions in South America -- Marine Incursions in South America. , The Effects of Marine Incursions on Resident Freshwater Taxa -- Miocene Incursions and Freshwater Transitions in Marine Taxa -- 9: Continental-Scale Tectonic Controls of Biogeography and Ecology -- Materials and Methods -- Geological Background -- Distribution Patterns -- Shields and Lowlands -- Conclusions -- 10: An Ecological Perspective on Diversity and Distributions -- Aquatic Habitats and Faunas -- Paleohabitats and Paleodrainages -- Geographical and Ecological Distributions of Gymnotiformes -- Origins and Maintenance of Species Diversity -- Part Two: Regional Analysis -- 11: The Amazon-Paraguay Divide -- Physical Geography -- Geological History -- Biogeographic History -- Marine-Derived Lineages -- Molecular Dating of the Amazon-Paraguay Divide -- Historical Biogeography -- Conclusions -- 12: The Eastern Brazilian Shield -- Highland Isolation along Watershed Divides -- Latitudinal Zonation among Drainages of the Eastern Watershed Divides -- Vicariance across the Eastern Coastal Watershed Divides: The Case of Paraiba do Sul -- Vicariance across the Eastern Coastal Watershed Divides: General Patterns -- São Francisco-Paraná Watershed Divide -- General Conclusion -- 13: The Guiana Shield -- Geology and Hydrology -- Biogeography of Guiana Shield Fishes -- Conclusions -- 14: The Vaupes Arch and Casiquiare Canal: Barriers and Passages -- Amazon and Orinoco Fish Faunas -- Paleogeography -- Contemporary Habitats and Species Distribution Patterns -- Conclusions -- 15: Northern South America: Magdalena and Maracaibo Basins -- The Geological History, Topography, and Hydrology of Northern South America -- Faunal Records, Distribution, and Methods -- Diversity, Shared Faunas, and Biogeographic Units -- Provinces, Faunas, and Drainages -- 16: The Andes: Riding the Tectonic Uplift -- Geological and Topographic Settings -- Habitats and Drainage Systems. , The Andes and Its Fishes -- Diversity, Patterns, and Relationships -- Endemism and Implications -- 17: Nuclear Central America -- Geological History of Nuclear Central America -- Hydrology of Nuclear Central America -- Climate and the Distribution of NCA Fishes -- Connections, Phylogeny, and Geography: NCA Fishes at a Crossroads -- Future Directions -- 18: Not So Fast: A New Take on the Great American Biotic Interchange -- Overview of Geology and Paleogeography -- Methods -- Interpreting Biogeographic Patterns of Major Lineages -- Reversals and Gradients before the Isthmus -- Conclusions -- Glossary -- Literature Cited -- Name Index -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- General Introduction -- Evolutionary History of Amazonian Fishes -- Amazonian Fish Diversity -- Amazonian Fish Ecology -- Conservation of Amazonian Fishes -- Further Reading -- How to Use This Book -- Concept -- Structure -- Using Taxonomic Keys -- The Genus Accounts -- Distribution Maps -- Drawings -- Photographic Plates -- Limitations of This Book -- Identification Key to Fish Families -- Photographic Guide to Fish Families -- The Fish Families -- Carcharhiniformes -- Carcharhinidae-Requiem Sharks -- Pristiformes -- Pristidae-Sawfishes or Carpenter Sharks -- Myliobatiformes -- Potamotrygonidae-River Stingrays -- Lepidosireniformes -- Lepidosirenidae-South American Lungfish -- Anguilliformes -- Ophichthidae-Snake Eels -- Osteoglossiformes -- Arapaimidae-Bonytongues -- Osteoglossidae-Arowanas -- Clupeiformes -- Clupeidae-Herrings -- Engraulidae-Anchovies -- Pristigasteridae-Longfin Herrings -- Characiformes -- Acestrorhynchidae-Freshwater Barracudas -- Anostomidae-Toothed Headstanders -- Bryconidae-Dorados or Jaw Characins -- Chalceidae-Tucanfishes -- Characidae-Tetras and Relatives -- Aphyocharacinae-Bloodfin Tetras -- Aphyoditeinae-Aphyoditeine Tetras -- Characinae-Characine Tetras -- Cheirodontinae-Cheirodontine Tetras -- Heterocharacinae-Heterocharacine Tetras -- Stevardiinae-Stevardiine Tetras -- Characidae incertae sedis Including Subfamilies Tetragonopterinae and Stethaprioninae -- Chilodontidae-Headstanders -- Crenuchidae-South American Darters -- Ctenoluciidae-Pike-characins -- Curimatidae-Toothless Characins -- Cynodontidae-Dogtooth Characiforms -- Erythrinidae-Wolf-fishes and Yarrows -- Gasteropelecidae-Freshwater Hatchetfishes -- Hemiodontidae-Halftooths -- Iguanodectidae-Iguanodectid Characiforms -- Lebiasinidae-Pencilfishes. , Parodontidae-Scrapetooths -- Prochilodontidae-Flannel Mouth Characiforms -- Serrasalmidae-Piranhas and Pacus -- Triportheidae-Elongate Hatchetfishes and Relatives -- Siluriformes -- Ariidae-Sea Catfishes -- Aspredinidae-Banjo Catfishes -- Astroblepidae-Andean Hillstream or Climbing Catfishes -- Auchenipteridae-Driftwood Catfishes -- Callichthyidae-Callichthyid Armored Catfishes -- Cetopsidae-Whale Catfishes -- Doradidae-Thorny Catfishes -- Heptapteridae-Three-barbeled Catfishes -- Loricariidae-Suckermouth Armored Catfishes -- Hypoptopomatinae-Otos and Relatives -- Hypostominae-Plecos and Relatives -- Lithogeninae-Climbing Armored Catfishes -- Loricariinae-Loricariine Armored Catfishes -- Rhinelepinae-Rhinelepine Plecos -- Pimelodidae-Long-whiskered Catfishes -- Pseudopimelodidae-Bumblebee Catfishes, Dwarf-marbled Catfishes -- Scoloplacidae-Spiny Dwarf Catfishes -- Trichomycteridae-Pencil Catfishes, Torrent Catfishes, and Parasitic Catfishes (Candirús) -- Siluriform Phreatobius incertae sedis -- Gymnotiformes -- Apteronotidae-Ghost Knifefishes -- Gymnotidae-Electric Eel and Banded Knifefishes -- Hypopomidae-Grass Knifefishes -- Rhamphichthyidae-Painted Knifefishes, Sand Knifefishes, and Trumpet Knifefishes -- Sternopygidae-Glass Knifefishes, Rattail Knifefishes -- Cyprinodontiformes -- Anablepidae-Four-eyed Fishes -- Cyprinodontidae-Pupfishes -- Poeciliidae-Livebearers -- Rivulidae-Rivuline Killifishes -- Perciformes -- Cichlidae-Cichlids -- Polycentridae-New World Leaf-Fishes -- Sciaenidae-Drums or Croakers -- Gobiiformes -- Eleotridae-Sleepers -- Gobiidae-Gobies -- Batrachoidiformes -- Batrachoididae-Toadfishes -- Beloniformes -- Belonidae-Needlefishes -- Hemirhamphidae-Halfbeaks -- Synbranchiformes -- Synbranchidae-Swamp Eels -- Syngnathiformes -- Syngnathidae-Pipefishes -- Pleuronectiformes -- Achiridae-American Soles -- Tetraodontiformes. , Tetraodontidae-Pufferfishes -- Glossary of Technical Terms -- Literature Cited -- Photo Credits -- Index.