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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Sea ice properties and processes : proceedings of the W. F. Weeks Sea Ice Symposium (1990)
    Hanover, NH : US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Meereis
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: VI, 299 S
    Series Statement: Monograph / US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 90,1
    URL: http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/30532019X.pdf
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decadal decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent inferred from whaling records revisited on the basis of historical and modern sea ice records (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: In previous work, whaling catch positions were used as a proxy record for the position of the Antarctic sea ice edge and mean sea ice extent greater than the present one spanning 2.8° latitude was postulated to have occurred in the pre-1950s period, compared to extents observed since 1973 from microwave satellite imagery. The previous conclusion of an extended northern latitude for ice extent in the earlier epoch applied only to the January (mid-summer) period. For this summer period, however, there are also possible differences between ship and satellite-derived measurements. Our work showed a consistent summer offset (November-December), with the ship-observed ice edge 1 - 1.5° north of the satellite-derived ice edge. We further reexamine the use of whale catch as an ice edge proxy where agreement was claimed between the satellite ice edge (1973-1987) and the ship whale catch positions. This examination shows that, while there may be a linear correlation between ice edge position and whale catch data, the slope of the line deviates from unity and the ice edge is also further north in the whale catch data than in the satellite data for most latitudes. We compare the historical (direct) record and modern satellite maps of ice edge position accounting for these differences in ship and satellite observations. This comparison shows that only regional perturbations took place earlier, without significant deviations in the mean ice extents, from the pre-1950s to the post-1970s. This conclusion contradicts that previously stated from the analysis of whale catch data that indicated Antarctic sea ice extent changes were circumpolar rather than regional in nature between the two periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2003.tb00091.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A physical mechanism for establishing algal populations in frazil ice (1983)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 306 (1983), S. 363-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We collected samples of young sea ice and samples from the water column along the ice edge during February and March 19809. Ice samples were first melted and then processed as water samples. To estimate algal biomass we measured chlorophyll a of extracted pigments using a fluorometric method; we ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/306363a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of sea ice biota (1992)
    Springer
    Polar biology 12 (1992), S. 417-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polar regions are covered by extensive sea ice that is inhabited by a variety of plants and animals. The environments where the organisms live vary depending on the structure and age of the ice. Many terms have been used to describe the habitats and the organisms. We here characterize the habitats and communities and suggest some standard terms for them. We also suggest routine sampling methods and reporting units for measurements of biological and chemical variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of sea ice biota (1992)
    Springer
    Polar biology 12 (1992), S. 429-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sea ice does not only determine the ecology of ice biota, but it also influences the pelagic systems under the ice cover and at ice edges. In this paper, new estimates of Arctic and Antarctic production of biogenic carbon are derived, and differences as well as similarities between the two oceans are examined. In ice-covered seas, high algal concentrations (blooms) occur in association with several types of conditions. Blooms often lead to high sedimentation of intact cells and faecal pellets. In addition to ice-related blooms, there is progressive accumulation of organic matter in Arctic multi-year ice, whose fate may potentially be similar to that of blooms. A fraction of the carbon fixed by microalgae that grow in sea ice or in relation to it is exported out of the production zone. This includes particulate material sinking out of the euphotic zone, and also material passed on to the food web. Pathways through which ice algal production does reach various components of the pelagic and benthic food webs, and through them such top predators as marine mammals and birds, are discussed. Concerning global climate change and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, not all export pathways from the euphotic zone result in the sequestration of carbon for periods of hundreds of years or more. This is because various processes, that take place in both the ice and the water column, contribute to mineralize organic carbon into CO2 before it becomes sequestered. Processes that favour the production and accumulation of biogenic carbon as well as its export to deep waters and sequestration are discussed, together with those that influence mineralization in the upper ice-covered ocean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243114
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
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    An intercomparison between AMSR-E snow-depth and satellite C- and Ku-band radar backscatter data for Antarctic sea ice (2011)
    International Glaciological Society
    In:  Annals of Glaciology, 52 (57). pp. 279-290.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) snow-depth data for Antarctic sea ice are compared with ship-based visual observations of snow depth, ice type and ridged-ice fraction, and with satellite C-band and Ku-band radar backscatter observations for two ship cruises into the Weddell Sea (ISPOL 2004–05, WWOS 2006) and one cruise into the Bellingshausen Sea (SIMBA 2007) during late winter/spring. Most (〉75%) AMSR-E and ship-based snow-depth observations agree within 0.2 m during WWOS and SIMBA. Remaining observations indicate substantial underestimations of snow depths by AMSR-E data. These underestimations tend to increase with the ridged-ice fraction for WWOS and SIMBA. In areas with large snow depths, a combination of relatively stable low C-band radar backscatter and variable Ku-band radar backscatter is associated with undeformed first-year ice and may indicate snow metamorphism at this time of year during SIMBA. In areas with small snow depths, a combination of relatively stable low Ku-band radar backscatter, high C-band radar backscatter and low C-band radar backscatter standard deviations is associated with rough first-year ice during SIMBA. This information can help to better understand causes of the observed AMSR-E snow-depth bias during late-winter/spring conditions with decreasing average snow depth and to delineate areas where this bias occurs.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    (Table 3) Details of field-based ice and snow profile measurements from the SIMBA 2007 experiment (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Xie, Hongjie; Ackley, Stephen F; Yi, D; Zwally, H Jay; Wagner, P; Weissling, Blake P; Lewis, M; Ye, K (2011): Sea-ice thickness distribution of the Bellingshausen Sea from surface measurements and ICESat altimetry. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(9-10), 1039-1051, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.038
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: Although sea-ice extent in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen (BA) seas sector of the Antarctic has shown significant decline over several decades, there is not enough data to draw any conclusion on sea-ice thickness and its change for the BA sector, or for the entire Southern Ocean. This paper presents our results of snow and ice thickness distributions from the SIMBA 2007 experiment in the Bellingshausen Sea, using four different methods (ASPeCt ship observations, downward-looking camera imaging, ship-based electromagnetic induction (EM) sounding, and in situ measurements using ice drills). A snow freeboard and ice thickness model generated from in situ measurements was then applied to contemporaneous ICESat (satellite laser altimetry) measured freeboard to derive ice thickness at the ICESat footprint scale. Errors from in situ measurements and from ICESat freeboard estimations were incorporated into the model, so a thorough evaluation of the model and uncertainty of the ice thickness estimation from ICESat are possible. Our results indicate that ICESat derived snow freeboard and ice thickness distributions (asymmetrical unimodal tailing to right) for first-year ice (0.29 ± 0.14 m for mean snow freeboard and 1.06 ± 0.40 m for mean ice thickness), multi-year ice (0.48 ± 0.26 and 1.59 ± 0.75 m, respectively), and all ice together (0.42 ± 0.24 and 1.38 ± 0.70 m, respectively) for the study area seem reasonable compared with those values from the in situ measurements, ASPeCt observations, and EM measurements. The EM measurements can act as an appropriate supplement for ASPeCt observations taken hourly from the ship's bridge and provide reasonable ice and snow distributions under homogeneous ice conditions. Our proposed approaches: (1) of using empirical equations relating snow freeboard to ice thickness based on in situ measurements and (2) of using isostatic equations that replace snow depth with snow freeboard (or empirical equations that convert freeboard to snow depth), are efficient and important ways to derive ice thickness from ICESat altimetry at the footprint scale for Antarctic sea ice. Spatial and temporal snow and ice thickness from satellite altimetry for the BA sector and for the entire Southern Ocean is therefore possible.
    Keywords: Bellingshausen Sea; Event label; Freeboard; ICE; Ice station; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Number of measurements; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; SIMBA_Brussels; SIMBA_Fabra; SIMBA_Station-1; SIMBA_Station-2; SIMBA_Station-3; Snow thickness
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 30 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 8
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    (Table 4) Mean sea ice thickness and ice draft at station Brussels, Patria and Fabra acquired in october 2007, Bellinghausen Sea (2011)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Keywords: Bellingshausen Sea; DATE/TIME; Date/time end; Drill hole measurement; Electromagnetic sounding (EM), Geonics EM31; EM31; Estimated applying Archimedes buoyancy principle; Event label; ICE; Ice station; Method comment; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Sea ice draft; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; SIMBA_Brussels; SIMBA_Fabra; SIMBA_Patria; Standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 52 data points
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  • 9
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    (Table 1) Summary statistics of in situ sea-ice characteristics of Ice Station Belgica sites Fabra, Patria/Liège and Brussels in October 2007 (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Weissling, Blake P; Ackley, Stephen F (2011): Antarctic sea-ice altimetry: scale and resolution effects on derived ice thickness distribution. Annals of Glaciology, 52(57), 225-232, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931679
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: Three ice type regimes at Ice Station Belgica (ISB), during the 2007 International Polar Year SIMBA (Sea Ice Mass Balance in Antarctica) expedition, were characterized and assessed for elevation, snow depth, ice freeboard and thickness. Analyses of the probability distribution functions showed great potential for satellite-based altimetry for estimating ice thickness. In question is the required altimeter sampling density for reasonably accurate estimation of snow surface elevation given inherent spatial averaging. This study assesses an effort to determine the number of laser altimeter 'hits' of the ISB floe, as a representative Antarctic floe of mixed first- and multi-year ice types, for the purpose of statistically recreating the in situ-determined ice-thickness and snow depth distribution based on the fractional coverage of each ice type. Estimates of the fractional coverage and spatial distribution of the ice types, referred to as ice 'towns', for the 5 km**2 floe were assessed by in situ mapping and photo-visual documentation. Simulated ICESat altimeter tracks, with spot size ~70 m and spacing ~170 m, sampled the floe's towns, generating a buoyancy-derived ice thickness distribution. 115 altimeter hits were required to statistically recreate the regional thickness mean and distribution for a three-town assemblage of mixed first- and multi-year ice, and 85 hits for a two-town assemblage of first-year ice only: equivalent to 19.5 and 14.5 km respectively of continuous altimeter track over a floe region of similar structure. Results have significant implications toward model development of sea-ice sampling performance of the ICESat laser altimeter record as well as maximizing sampling characteristics of satellite/airborne laser and radar altimetry missions for sea-ice thickness.
    Keywords: Bellingshausen Sea; DATE/TIME; Event label; Freeboard; ICE; Ice station; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Sample amount, subset; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; SIMBA_Brussels; SIMBA_Fabra; SIMBA_Patria; Site; Snow thickness; Snow thickness, standard deviation; Standard deviation; Surface elevation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 39 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 10
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    (Table 1) Chlorophyll a content and microalgae abundance and biovolume in pack ice in the Bellingshausen Sea (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Fritsen, Christian H; Wirthlin, Eric D; Momberg, Diane K; Lewis, Michael J; Ackley, Stephen F (2011): Bio-optical properties of Antarctic pack ice in the early austral spring. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(9-10), 1052-1061, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.028
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: Pack ice in the Bellingshausen Sea contained moderate to high stocks of microalgal biomass (3-10 mg Chl a/m**2) spanning the range of general sea-ice microalgal microhabitats (e.g., bottom, interior and surface) during the International Polar Year (IPY) Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA) studies. Measurements of irradiance above and beneath the ice as well as optical properties of the microalgae therein demonstrated that absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by particulates (microalgae and detritus) had a substantial influence on attenuation of PAR and irradiance transmission in areas with moderate snow covers (0.2-0.3 m) and more moderate effects in areas with low snow cover. Particulates contributed an estimated 25 to 90% of the attenuation coefficients for the first-year sea ice at wavelengths less than 500 nm. Strong ultraviolet radiation (UVR) absorption by particulates was prevalent in the ice habitats where solar radiation was highest - with absorption coefficients by ice algae often being as large as that of the sea ice. Strong UVR-absorption features were associated with an abundance of dinoflagellates and a general lack of diatoms - perhaps suggesting UVR may be influencing the structure of some parts of the sea-ice microbial communities in the pack ice during spring. We also evaluated the time-varying changes in the spectra of under-ice irradiances in the austral spring and showed dynamics associated with changes that could be attributed to coupled changes in the ice thickness (mass balance) and microalgal biomass. All results are indicative of radiation-induced changes in the absorption properties of the pack ice and highlight the non-linear, time-varying, biophysical interactions operating within the Antarctic pack ice ecosystem.
    Keywords: Bacillariophyceae; Bellingshausen Sea; Brussels/Liege; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll a, areal concentration; DATE/TIME; Dinophyceae; Haptophyta; Heterotrichea; Ice_station_Belgica; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; MULT; Multiple investigations; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0709; Sea ice thickness; SIMBA; Site; Snow thickness; SPEC; Spectrophotometer
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 81 data points
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