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  • 1
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    Warm ice giant GJ 3470b - II. Revised planetary and stellar parameters from optical to near-infrared transit photometry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-27
    Description: It is important to explore the diversity of characteristics of low-mass, low-density planets to understand the nature and evolution of this class of planets. We present a homogeneous analysis of 12 new and 9 previously published broad-band photometric observations of the Uranus-sized extrasolar planet GJ 3470b, which belongs to the growing sample of sub-Jovian bodies orbiting M dwarfs. The consistency of our analysis explains some of the discrepancies between previously published results and provides updated constraints on the planetary parameters. Our data are also consistent with previous transit observations of this system. The physical properties of the transiting system can only be constrained as well as the host star is characterized, so we provide new spectroscopic measurements of GJ 3470 from 0.33 to 2.42 μm to aid our analysis. We find R * = 0.48 ± 0.04 R , M * = 0.51 ± 0.06 M , and T eff = 3652 ± 50K for GJ 3470, along with a rotation period of 20.70 ± 0.15 d and an R -band amplitude of 0.01 mag, which is small enough that current transit measurements should not be strongly affected by stellar variability. However, to report definitively whether stellar activity has a significant effect on the light curves, this requires future multiwavelength, multi-epoch studies of GJ 3470. We also present the most precise orbital ephemeris for this system: T o = 2455983.70472 ± 0.00021BJD TDB , P = 3.336 6487 $^{+0.000\,0043}_{-0.000\,0033}$ d, and we see no evidence for transit timing variations greater than 1 min. Our reported planet to star radius ratio is 0.076 42 ± 0.000 37. The physical parameters of this planet are R p = 3.88 ± 0.32 R and M p = 13.73 ± 1.61 M . Because of our revised stellar parameters, the planetary radius we present is smaller than previously reported values. We also perform a second analysis of the transmission spectrum of the entire ensemble of transit observations to date, supporting the existence of an H 2 -dominated atmosphere exhibiting a strong Rayleigh scattering slope.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Kepler-36: a pair of planets with neighboring orbits and dissimilar densities (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: In the solar system, the planets' compositions vary with orbital distance, with rocky planets in close orbits and lower-density gas giants in wider orbits. The detection of close-in giant planets around other stars was the first clue that this pattern is not universal and that planets' orbits can change substantially after their formation. Here, we report another violation of the orbit-composition pattern: two planets orbiting the same star with orbital distances differing by only 10% and densities differing by a factor of 8. One planet is likely a rocky "super-Earth," whereas the other is more akin to Neptune. These planets are 20 times more closely spaced and have a larger density contrast than any adjacent pair of planets in the solar system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, Joshua A -- Agol, Eric -- Chaplin, William J -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Deck, Katherine M -- Elsworth, Yvonne -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Hale, Steven J -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Hekker, Saskia -- Holman, Matthew J -- Huber, Daniel -- Karoff, Christopher -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Lopez, Eric D -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Miglio, Andrea -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Stello, Dennis -- Borucki, William J -- Bryson, Steve -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Cochran, William D -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer -- Howard, Andrew W -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Klaus, Todd -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- MacQueen, Phillip J -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Steffen, Jason H -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 3;337(6094):556-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1223269. Epub 2012 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jacarter@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Observed properties of extrasolar planets (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-04
    Description: Observational surveys for extrasolar planets probe the diverse outcomes of planet formation and evolution. These surveys measure the frequency of planets with different masses, sizes, orbital characteristics, and host star properties. Small planets between the sizes of Earth and Neptune substantially outnumber Jupiter-sized planets. The survey measurements support the core accretion model, in which planets form by the accumulation of solids and then gas in protoplanetary disks. The diversity of exoplanetary characteristics demonstrates that most of the gross features of the solar system are one outcome in a continuum of possibilities. The most common class of planetary system detectable today consists of one or more planets approximately one to three times Earth's size orbiting within a fraction of the Earth-Sun distance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Howard, Andrew W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):572-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1233545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. howard@ifa.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Evolution, Planetary ; Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Gases ; *Planets ; Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Kepler-62: a five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the habitable zone (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: We present the detection of five planets--Kepler-62b, c, d, e, and f--of size 1.31, 0.54, 1.95, 1.61 and 1.41 Earth radii (R plus sign in circle), orbiting a K2V star at periods of 5.7, 12.4, 18.2, 122.4, and 267.3 days, respectively. The outermost planets, Kepler-62e and -62f, are super-Earth-size (1.25 R plus sign in circle 〈 planet radius 〈/= 2.0 R plus sign in circle) planets in the habitable zone of their host star, respectively receiving 1.2 +/- 0.2 times and 0.41 +/- 0.05 times the solar flux at Earth's orbit. Theoretical models of Kepler-62e and -62f for a stellar age of ~7 billion years suggest that both planets could be solid, either with a rocky composition or composed of mostly solid water in their bulk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borucki, William J -- Agol, Eric -- Fressin, Francois -- Kaltenegger, Lisa -- Rowe, Jason -- Isaacson, Howard -- Fischer, Debra -- Batalha, Natalie -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Fabrycky, Daniel -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Barclay, Thomas -- Bastien, Fabienne -- Boss, Alan -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Burke, Chris -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Carter, Josh -- Charbonneau, David -- Crepp, Justin R -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- DeVore, Edna -- Doyle, Laurance -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Endl, Michael -- Everett, Mark E -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gould, Alan -- Haas, Michael -- Henze, Christopher -- Howard, Andrew W -- Howell, Steve B -- Huber, Daniel -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Kolbl, Rea -- Kolodziejczak, Jeffery -- Latham, David W -- Lee, Brian L -- Lopez, Eric -- Mullally, Fergal -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Prsa, Andrej -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Seader, Shawn -- Shporer, Avi -- Steffen, Jason H -- Still, Martin -- Tenenbaum, Peter -- Thompson, Susan E -- Torres, Guillermo -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Welsh, William F -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1234702. Epub 2013 Apr 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. william.j.borucki@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Models, Theoretical ; *Planets ; Stars, Celestial ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Stellar spin-orbit misalignment in a multiplanet system (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Stars hosting hot Jupiters are often observed to have high obliquities, whereas stars with multiple coplanar planets have been seen to have low obliquities. This has been interpreted as evidence that hot-Jupiter formation is linked to dynamical disruption, as opposed to planet migration through a protoplanetary disk. We used asteroseismology to measure a large obliquity for Kepler-56, a red giant star hosting two transiting coplanar planets. These observations show that spin-orbit misalignments are not confined to hot-Jupiter systems. Misalignments in a broader class of systems had been predicted as a consequence of torques from wide-orbiting companions, and indeed radial velocity measurements revealed a third companion in a wide orbit in the Kepler-56 system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, Daniel -- Carter, Joshua A -- Barbieri, Mauro -- Miglio, Andrea -- Deck, Katherine M -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Montet, Benjamin T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Chaplin, William J -- Hekker, Saskia -- Montalban, Josefina -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Campante, Tiago L -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Elsworth, Yvonne P -- Stello, Dennis -- Arentoft, Torben -- Ford, Eric B -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Howard, Andrew W -- Isaacson, Howard -- Johnson, John Asher -- Karoff, Christoffer -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Latham, David W -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Silva Aguirre, Victor -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):331-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1242066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, MS 244-30, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-13
    Description: Most Sun-like stars in the Galaxy reside in gravitationally bound pairs of stars (binaries). Although long anticipated, the existence of a 'circumbinary planet' orbiting such a pair of normal stars was not definitively established until the discovery of the planet transiting (that is, passing in front of) Kepler-16. Questions remained, however, about the prevalence of circumbinary planets and their range of orbital and physical properties. Here we report two additional transiting circumbinary planets: Kepler-34 (AB)b and Kepler-35 (AB)b, referred to here as Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b, respectively. Each is a low-density gas-giant planet on an orbit closely aligned with that of its parent stars. Kepler-34 b orbits two Sun-like stars every 289 days, whereas Kepler-35 b orbits a pair of smaller stars (89% and 81% of the Sun's mass) every 131 days. The planets experience large multi-periodic variations in incident stellar radiation arising from the orbital motion of the stars. The observed rate of circumbinary planets in our sample implies that more than approximately 1% of close binary stars have giant planets in nearly coplanar orbits, yielding a Galactic population of at least several million.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Welsh, William F -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Carter, Joshua A -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Prsa, Andrej -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Short, Donald R -- Torres, Guillermo -- Winn, Joshua N -- Doyle, Laurance R -- Barclay, Thomas -- Batalha, Natalie -- Bloemen, Steven -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Caldwell, Caroline -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Ciardi, David R -- Cochran, William D -- Endl, Michael -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer R -- Holman, Matthew J -- Howard, Andrew W -- Howell, Steve B -- Isaacson, Howard -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Klaus, Todd C -- Latham, David W -- Li, Jie -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Mazeh, Tsevi -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Robertson, Paul -- Shporer, Avi -- Steffen, Jason H -- Windmiller, Gur -- Koch, David G -- Borucki, William J -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 11;481(7382):475-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astronomy Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA. wfw@sciences.sdsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment/chemistry ; *Planets ; Space Flight ; Spacecraft ; Stars, Celestial
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    A rocky composition for an Earth-sized exoplanet (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-01
    Description: Planets with sizes between that of Earth (with radius R Earth symbol) and Neptune (about 4R Earth symbol) are now known to be common around Sun-like stars. Most such planets have been discovered through the transit technique, by which the planet's size can be determined from the fraction of starlight blocked by the planet as it passes in front of its star. Measuring the planet's mass--and hence its density, which is a clue to its composition--is more difficult. Planets of size 2-4R Earth symbol have proved to have a wide range of densities, implying a diversity of compositions, but these measurements did not extend to planets as small as Earth. Here we report Doppler spectroscopic measurements of the mass of the Earth-sized planet Kepler-78b, which orbits its host star every 8.5 hours (ref. 6). Given a radius of 1.20 +/- 0.09 R Earth symbol and a mass of 1.69 +/- 0.41 R Earth symbol, the planet's mean density of 5.3 +/- 1.8 g cm(-3) is similar to Earth's, suggesting a composition of rock and iron.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Howard, Andrew W -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Johnson, John Asher -- Winn, Joshua N -- Isaacson, Howard -- Fischer, Debra A -- Fulton, Benjamin J -- Sinukoff, Evan -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 21;503(7476):381-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12767. Epub 2013 Oct 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24172898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: Since the discovery of the first exoplanets, it has been known that other planetary systems can look quite unlike our own. Until fairly recently, we have been able to probe only the upper range of the planet size distribution, and, since last year, to detect planets that are the size of Earth or somewhat smaller. Hitherto, no planets have been found that are smaller than those we see in the Solar System. Here we report a planet significantly smaller than Mercury. This tiny planet is the innermost of three that orbit the Sun-like host star, which we have designated Kepler-37. Owing to its extremely small size, similar to that of the Moon, and highly irradiated surface, the planet, Kepler-37b, is probably rocky with no atmosphere or water, similar to Mercury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barclay, Thomas -- Rowe, Jason F -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Huber, Daniel -- Fressin, Francois -- Howell, Steve B -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Chaplin, William J -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Lopez, Eric D -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Mullally, Fergal -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Torres, Guillermo -- Adams, Elisabeth R -- Agol, Eric -- Barrado, David -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Charbonneau, David -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Elsworth, Yvonne -- Everett, Mark -- Fischer, Debra A -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Geary, John C -- Haas, Michael R -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Hekker, Saskia -- Henze, Christopher E -- Horch, Elliott -- Howard, Andrew W -- Hunter, Roger C -- Isaacson, Howard -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Karoff, Christoffer -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Klaus, Todd C -- Latham, David W -- Li, Jie -- Lillo-Box, Jorge -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Miglio, Andrea -- Morris, Robert L -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Stello, Dennis -- Smith, Jeffrey C -- Still, Martin -- Thompson, Susan E -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 28;494(7438):452-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11914. Epub 2013 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. thomas.barclay@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-28
    Description: The Sun's equator and the planets' orbital planes are nearly aligned, which is presumably a consequence of their formation from a single spinning gaseous disk. For exoplanetary systems this well-aligned configuration is not guaranteed: dynamical interactions may tilt planetary orbits, or stars may be misaligned with the protoplanetary disk through chaotic accretion , magnetic interactions or torques from neighbouring stars. Indeed, isolated 'hot Jupiters' are often misaligned and even orbiting retrograde. Here we report an analysis of transits of planets over starspots on the Sun-like star Kepler-30 (ref. 8), and show that the orbits of its three planets are aligned with the stellar equator. Furthermore, the orbits are aligned with one another to within a few degrees. This configuration is similar to that of our Solar System, and contrasts with the isolated hot Jupiters. The orderly alignment seen in the Kepler-30 system suggests that high obliquities are confined to systems that experienced disruptive dynamical interactions. Should this be corroborated by observations of other coplanar multi-planet systems, then star-disk misalignments would be ruled out as the explanation for the high obliquities of hot Jupiters, and dynamical interactions would be implicated as the origin of hot Jupiters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Winn, Joshua N -- Barclay, Thomas -- Clarke, Bruce D -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Geary, John C -- Holman, Matthew J -- Howard, Andrew W -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Koch, David -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Mullally, Fergal -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Seader, Shawn E -- Still, Martin -- Thompson, Susan E -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jul 25;487(7408):449-53. doi: 10.1038/nature11301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. rsanchis86@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22836999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Supernova SN 2011fe from an exploding carbon-oxygen white dwarf star (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-16
    Description: Type Ia supernovae have been used empirically as 'standard candles' to demonstrate the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe even though fundamental details, such as the nature of their progenitor systems and how the stars explode, remain a mystery. There is consensus that a white dwarf star explodes after accreting matter in a binary system, but the secondary body could be anything from a main-sequence star to a red giant, or even another white dwarf. This uncertainty stems from the fact that no recent type Ia supernova has been discovered close enough to Earth to detect the stars before explosion. Here we report early observations of supernova SN 2011fe in the galaxy M101 at a distance from Earth of 6.4 megaparsecs. We find that the exploding star was probably a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, and from the lack of an early shock we conclude that the companion was probably a main-sequence star. Early spectroscopy shows high-velocity oxygen that slows rapidly, on a timescale of hours, and extensive mixing of newly synthesized intermediate-mass elements in the outermost layers of the supernova. A companion paper uses pre-explosion images to rule out luminous red giants and most helium stars as companions to the progenitor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nugent, Peter E -- Sullivan, Mark -- Cenko, S Bradley -- Thomas, Rollin C -- Kasen, Daniel -- Howell, D Andrew -- Bersier, David -- Bloom, Joshua S -- Kulkarni, S R -- Kandrashoff, Michael T -- Filippenko, Alexei V -- Silverman, Jeffrey M -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Howard, Andrew W -- Isaacson, Howard T -- Maguire, Kate -- Suzuki, Nao -- Tarlton, James E -- Pan, Yen-Chen -- Bildsten, Lars -- Fulton, Benjamin J -- Parrent, Jerod T -- Sand, David -- Podsiadlowski, Philipp -- Bianco, Federica B -- Dilday, Benjamin -- Graham, Melissa L -- Lyman, Joe -- James, Phil -- Kasliwal, Mansi M -- Law, Nicholas M -- Quimby, Robert M -- Hook, Isobel M -- Walker, Emma S -- Mazzali, Paolo -- Pian, Elena -- Ofek, Eran O -- Gal-Yam, Avishay -- Poznanski, Dovi -- England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 14;480(7377):344-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10644.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. penugent@lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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