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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Three‐dimensional distribution of nonmenthane hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the northwestern Pacific during the 1991 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM‐West A)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D1 ( 1996-01-20), p. 1763-1778
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D1 ( 1996-01-20), p. 1763-1778
    Abstract: A total of 1667 whole air samples were collected onboard the NASA DC‐8 aircraft during the 6‐week Pacific Exploratory Mission over the western Pacific (PEM‐West A) in September and October 1991. The samples were assayed for 15 C 2 ‐C 7 hydrocarbons and six halocarbons. Latitudinal (0.5°S to 59.5°N) and longitudinal (114°E to 122°W) profiles were obtained from samples collected between ground level and 12.7 km. Thirteen of the 18 missions exhibited at least one vertical profile where the hydrocarbon mixing ratios increased with altitude. Longitude‐latitude color patch plots at three altitude levels and three‐dimensional color latitude‐altitude and longitude‐altitude contour plots exhibit a significant number of middle‐upper tropospheric pollution events. These and several lower tropospheric pollution plumes were characterized by comparison with urban data from Tokyo and Hong Kong, as well as with natural gas and the products from incomplete combustion. Elevated levels of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and other trace gases in the upper‐middle free troposphere were attributed to deep convection over the Asian continent and to typhoon‐driven convection near the western Pacific coast of Asia. In addition, NMHCs and CH 3 CCl 3 were found to be useful tracers with which to distinguish hydrocarbon and halocarbon augmented plumes emitted from coastal Asian cities into the northwestern Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD02707
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 2
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    Nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon distributions during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange, June 1992
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D2 ( 1996-02-20), p. 4501-4514
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D2 ( 1996-02-20), p. 4501-4514
    Abstract: Aircraft measurements of selected nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon species were made in the lower troposphere of the NE Atlantic near the Azores, Portugal, during June 1992 as part of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange. In this paper, the impact of continental outflow from both Europe and North America on the study region were assessed. Four main air mass types were characterized from trajectories and trace gas concentrations: clean marine from the Atlantic, and continental air from the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and Northern Europe, and North America. Each classification exhibited trace gas concentrations that had been modified en route by photochemical processes and mixing. Comparison with the clean marine boundary layer (MBL) shows that the boundary layer of the predominantly continental air masses were enhanced in hydrocarbons and halocarbons by factors of approximately 2 for ethane, 5 for propane, 2–6 for ethyne and benzene, and 2–3 for C 2 Cl 4 . The same air masses also exhibited large ozone enhancements, with 2 to 3 times higher mixing ratios in the continental boundary layer air compared to the clean MBL. This indicates a primarily anthropogenic photochemical source for a significant fraction of the lower tropospheric ozone in this region. Methyl bromide exhibited on average 10–20% higher concentrations in the boundary layer affected by continental outflow than in the clean MBL, and was seen to be enhanced in individual plumes of air of continental origin. This is consistent with significant anthropogenic sources for methyl bromide. In addition, median MBL concentrations of ethene and methyl iodide showed enhancements of approximately a factor of 2 above free tropospheric values, suggesting primarily coastal/oceanic sources for these species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD01370
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 3
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    Influence of southern hemispheric biomass burning on midtropospheric distributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons and selected halocarbons over the remote South Pacific.
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D13 ( 1999-07-20), p. 16213-16232
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D13 ( 1999-07-20), p. 16213-16232
    Abstract: Aircraft measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons were made over the remote South Pacific Ocean during late August‐early October 1996 for NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Pacific Exploratory Mission‐Tropics A (PEM‐Tropics A). This paper discusses the large‐scale spatial distributions of selected trace gases encountered during PEM‐Tropics A. The PEM‐Tropics A observations are compared to measurements made over the southwestern pacific in early November 1995 as part of Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). Continental pollution in the form of layers containing elevated levels of O 3 was observed during a majority of PEM‐Tropics flights, as well as during several ACE 1 flights. The chemical composition of these air masses indicates that they were not fresh and were derived from nonurban combustion sources. The substantial impact of biomass burning on the vertical structure of the South Pacific troposphere is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900067
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 4
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    Hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements as photochemical and dynamical indicators of atmospheric hydroxyl, atomic chlorine, and vertical mixing obtained during Lagrangian flights
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D2 ( 1996-02-20), p. 4331-4340
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D2 ( 1996-02-20), p. 4331-4340
    Abstract: Nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons were measured during two Lagrangian experiments conducted in the lower troposphere of the North Atlantic as part of the June 1992, Atlantic Stratosphere Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (ASTEX/MAGE) expedition. The first experiment was performed in very clean marine air. Meteorological observations indicate that the height of the marine boundary layer rose rapidly, entraining free tropospheric air. However, the free tropospheric and marine boundary layer halocarbon concentrations were too similar to allow this entrainment to be quantified by these measurements. The second Lagrangian experiment took place along the concentration gradient of an aged continental air mass advecting from Europe. The trace gas measurements confirm that the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Electra aircraft successfully intercepted the same air mass on consecutive days. Two layers, a surface layer and a mixed layer with chemically distinct compositions, were present within the marine boundary layer. The composition of the free troposphere was very different from that of the mixed layer, making entrainment from the free troposphere evident. Concentrations of the nonmethane hydrocarbons in the Lagrangian surface layer were observed to become depleted relative to the longer‐lived tetrachloroethene. A best fit to the observations was calculated using various combinations of the three parameters, loss by reaction with hydroxyl, loss by reaction with chlorine, and/or dilution from the mixed layer. These calculations provided estimated average concentrations in the surface layer for a 5‐hour period from dawn to 11 UT of 0.3 ± 0.5 × 10 6 molecules cm −3 for HO, and 3.3 ± 1.1 × 10 4 molecules cm −3 for Cl. Noontime concentration estimates were 2.6 ± 0.7 × 10 6 molecules cm −3 for HO and 6.5 ± 1.4 × 10 4 molecules cm −3 for Cl.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD02457
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 5
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    New Directions: Enhancing the natural sulfur cycle to slow global warming
    Elsevier BV ; 2007
    In:  Atmospheric Environment Vol. 41, No. 34 ( 2007-11), p. 7373-7375
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 41, No. 34 ( 2007-11), p. 7373-7375
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1352-2310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 6
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    Authors response to the above comment by M. Vogt et al. on “New Directions: Enhancing the natural cycle to slow global warming”
    Elsevier BV ; 2008
    In:  Atmospheric Environment Vol. 42, No. 19 ( 2008-06), p. 4806-4809
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 42, No. 19 ( 2008-06), p. 4806-4809
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1352-2310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.003
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 7
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    Coastal water source of short-lived halocarbons in New England
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 110, No. D21 ( 2005)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 110, No. D21 ( 2005)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2004JD005603
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 8
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    Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 113, No. D8 ( 2008-04-24)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 113, No. D8 ( 2008-04-24)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009103
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 9
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    A large terrestrial source of methyl iodide
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 34, No. 17 ( 2007-09-06)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 34, No. 17 ( 2007-09-06)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2007GL030528
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 10
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    Tropospheric hydroxyl and atomic chlorine concentrations, and mixing timescales determined from hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements made over the Southern Ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D17 ( 1999-09-20), p. 21819-21828
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D17 ( 1999-09-20), p. 21819-21828
    Abstract: During the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) field campaign, 1419 whole air samples were collected over the Southern Ocean, of which approximately 700 samples were collected in the marine boundary layer (MBL), 300 samples were taken in the free troposphere (FT), and the remainder were collected in the buffer layer (BuL), the layer between the MBL and FT. Concentrations of tetrachloroethene, ethane, ethyne, and propane decayed over the 24 day duration of the intensive portion of the field campaign, which began November 18, 1995. This decline was consistent with what is known about seasonal increase of HO and the seasonal decrease in biomass burning. Using a simple empirical model, the best fit to the observations was obtained when the average [HO] was 6.1 ± 0.3 × 10 5 HO cm −3 , and an average [Cl] of 720±100 Cl cm −3 . The corresponding exchange times were 14±2 days between the MBL and FT, and 49 + 40/−13 days between the MBL in the intensive campaign region and the MBL region to the north (nMBL).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900203
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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