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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A longitudinal experiment demonstrates that honey bee colonies managed organically are as healthy and productive as those managed conventionally
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-04-13)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-04-13)
    Abstract: Honey bee colony management is critical to mitigating the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stressors. However, there is significant variation in the practices implemented by beekeepers, which results in varying management systems. This longitudinal study incorporated a systems approach to experimentally test the role of three representative beekeeping management systems (conventional, organic, and chemical-free) on the health and productivity of stationary honey-producing colonies over 3 years. We found that the survival rates for colonies in the conventional and organic management systems were equivalent, but around 2.8 times greater than the survival under chemical-free management. Honey production was also similar, with 102% and 119% more honey produced in conventional and organic management systems, respectively, than in the chemical-free management system. We also report significant differences in biomarkers of health including pathogen levels (DWV, IAPV, Vairimorpha apis , Vairimorpha ceranae ) and gene expression ( def-1 , hym , nkd , vg ). Our results experimentally demonstrate that beekeeping management practices are key drivers of survival and productivity of managed honey bee colonies. More importantly, we found that the organic management system—which uses organic-approved chemicals for mite control—supports healthy and productive colonies, and can be incorporated as a sustainable approach for stationary honey-producing beekeeping operations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32824-w
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Agricultural land‐use history and restoration impact soil microbial biodiversity
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 57, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 852-863
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 57, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 852-863
    Abstract: Human land uses, such as agriculture, can leave long‐lasting legacies as ecosystems recover. As a consequence, active restoration may be necessary to overcome land‐use legacies; however, few studies have evaluated the joint effects of agricultural history and restoration on ecological communities. Those that have studied this joint effect have largely focused on plants and ignored other communities, such as soil microbes. We conducted a large‐scale experiment to understand how agricultural history and restoration tree thinning affect soil bacterial and fungal communities within longleaf pine savannas of the southern United States. This experiment contained 64 pairs of remnant (no history of tillage agriculture) and post‐agricultural (reforested following abandonment from tillage agriculture 〉 60 years prior) longleaf pine savanna plots. Plots were each 1 ha and arranged into 27 blocks to minimize land‐use decision‐making biases. We experimentally restored half of the remnant and post‐agricultural plots by thinning trees to reinstate open‐canopy savanna conditions and collected soils from all plots five growing seasons after tree thinning. We then evaluated soil bacterial and fungal communities using metabarcoding. Agricultural history increased bacterial diversity but decreased fungal diversity, while restoration increased both bacterial and fungal diversity. Both bacterial and fungal richness were correlated with a range of environmental variables including above‐ground variables like leaf litter and plant diversity, and below‐ground variables such as soil nutrients, pH and organic matter, many of which were also impacted by agricultural history and restoration. Fungal and bacterial community compositions were shaped by restoration and agricultural history resulting in four distinct communities across the four treatment combinations. Synthesis and applications . Past agricultural land use has left persistent legacies on soil microbial biodiversity, even over half a century after agricultural abandonment and after intensive restoration activities. The impacts of these changes on soil microbe biodiversity could influence native plant establishment, plant productivity and other aspects of ecosystem functioning following agricultural abandonment and during restoration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.v57.5
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13591
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Large ecosystem-scale effects of restoration fail to mitigate impacts of land-use legacies in longleaf pine savannas
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2021
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 118, No. 17 ( 2021-04-27)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, No. 17 ( 2021-04-27)
    Abstract: Ecological restoration is a global priority, with potential to reverse biodiversity declines and promote ecosystem functioning. Yet, successful restoration is challenged by lingering legacies of past land-use activities, which are pervasive on lands available for restoration. Although legacies can persist for centuries following cessation of human land uses such as agriculture, we currently lack understanding of how land-use legacies affect entire ecosystems, how they influence restoration outcomes, or whether restoration can mitigate legacy effects. Using a large-scale experiment, we evaluated how restoration by tree thinning and land-use legacies from prior cultivation and subsequent conversion to pine plantations affect fire-suppressed longleaf pine savannas. We evaluated 45 ecological properties across four categories: 1) abiotic attributes, 2) organism abundances, 3) species diversity, and 4) species interactions. The effects of restoration and land-use legacies were pervasive, shaping all categories of properties, with restoration effects roughly twice the magnitude of legacy effects. Restoration effects were of comparable magnitude in savannas with and without a history of intensive human land use; however, restoration did not mitigate numerous legacy effects present prior to restoration. As a result, savannas with a history of intensive human land use supported altered properties, especially related to soils, even after restoration. The signature of past human land-use activities can be remarkably persistent in the face of intensive restoration, influencing the outcome of restoration across diverse ecological properties. Understanding and mitigating land-use legacies will maximize the potential to restore degraded ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020935118
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Habitat patch shape, not corridors, determines herbivory and fruit production of an annual plant
    Wiley ; 2012
    In:  Ecology Vol. 93, No. 5 ( 2012-05), p. 1016-1025
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 93, No. 5 ( 2012-05), p. 1016-1025
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/11-0642.1
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fungal endophytes of Festuca rubra increase in frequency following long-term exclusion of rabbits
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2015
    In:  Botany Vol. 93, No. 4 ( 2015-04), p. 233-241
    Details
    In: Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 93, No. 4 ( 2015-04), p. 233-241
    Abstract: Plant – fungal endophyte interactions are common in nature and they can shape the ecology of plants. Vertically transmitted endophytes are hypothesized to serve as mutualists, protecting plants from herbivores. If this hypothesis is true, then we expect endophytes to be most abundant in the presence of herbivores and least abundant in their absence, assuming endophytes incur a cost to their host. We tested this prediction by studying the effects of intense rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus) grazing on grass–endophyte interactions at Silwood Park, UK. We examined seeds of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) collected from 15 natural populations that were protected from rabbits for 0.3–21 years. Contrary to our prediction, the mean proportion of seeds with endophytes increased 1.84×, from 0.45 to 0.83, following 21 years of rabbit exclusion. To better understand the mechanisms driving this increase in frequency, we conducted a fully factorial greenhouse experiment where we manipulated the presence or absence of endophyte infection, intraspecific competition, and simulated grazing on F. rubra plants. In both damaged and undamaged treatments, infected plants produced approximately twice as much biomass as uninfected plants, and endophytes did not influence tolerance to herbivory. These results suggest that endophytes directly change plant growth but not compensatory responses to damage. In the absence of competitors, infected plants produced 2.17× more biomass than uninfected plants, whereas in the presence of competitors, infected plants produced only 1.55× more biomass than uninfected plants. This difference suggests that intraspecific competition might lessen the benefits of endophyte infection. Our results do not support the defensive mutualism hypothesis, but instead suggest that endophyte-induced plant growth is important in shaping the costs and benefits of endophytes in our system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1916-2790 , 1916-2804
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2014-0187
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2467208-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Experimental test of plant defence evolution in four species using long‐term rabbit exclosures
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 102, No. 3 ( 2014-05), p. 584-594
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 102, No. 3 ( 2014-05), p. 584-594
    Abstract: Plant defence traits have evolved over macro‐ and microevolutionary time‐scales in response to herbivores. Although a number of studies have investigated the evolutionary impacts of herbivores over short time‐scales, few studies have experimentally examined what defence traits most commonly evolve and whether multiple coexisting species exhibit similar evolutionary responses to herbivores. We addressed these questions using a long‐term experiment at Silwood Park, England, United Kingdom, where we excluded rabbits from 38 grassland plots for 〈 1–34 years. To assess the evolutionary impacts of rabbits on plant defence traits, we collected seeds from plots containing the following perennial species: A nthoxanthum odoratum (Poaceae), F estuca rubra ssp. rubra (Poaceae), H olcus lanatus (Poaceae) and S tellaria graminea (Caryophyllaceae). We then grew these plants in a common garden and measured defensive and morphological traits. We found some evidence for evolutionary change of defence traits in three of the four species following the exclusion of rabbits. We observed the clearest changes in F. rubra , which showed a 9% decline in tolerance to herbivory and a 26% decline in leaf number. We also observed weak evidence for a change in all grass species towards a more erect growth form suggesting that grazing selects for plants that grow close to the ground. Although our results are most consistent with evolution due to changes in the frequency of alleles and genotypes, we cannot rule out that epigenetic changes (e.g. methylation) or maternal environmental effects also contributed to or caused the observed long‐term phenotypic responses. Synthesis . Our study provides an experimental test of the evolutionary effects of an ecologically important herbivore. We found evidence for plant defence evolution following 〉 20 years of rabbit exclusion. However, the evidence was only strong in one species for multiple traits, weak in all three grass species for avoidance and absent in an herb species. This suggests that the evolutionary effects of an ecologically important herbivore on plants will be variable and difficult to predict in nature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.2014.102.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12227
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3023-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004136-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interpreting variation to advance predictive restoration science
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 54, No. 4 ( 2017-08), p. 1018-1027
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 54, No. 4 ( 2017-08), p. 1018-1027
    Abstract: The variability we observe during restoration results from both restoration context (how, where and when restoration is conducted) and how we evaluate restoration outcomes. To advance the predictive capacity of restoration, we outline a research agenda that considers metrics of restoration outcomes, the drivers of variation among existing restoration efforts, experiments to quantify and understand variation in restoration outcomes, and the development of models to organise, interpret and forecast restoration outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.2017.54.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12938
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Plant domestication slows pest evolution
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 907-915
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2015-09), p. 907-915
    Abstract: Agricultural practices such as breeding resistant varieties and pesticide use can cause rapid evolution of pest species, but it remains unknown how plant domestication itself impacts pest contemporary evolution. Using experimental evolution on a comparative phylogenetic scale, we compared the evolutionary dynamics of a globally important economic pest – the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ) – growing on 34 plant taxa, represented by 17 crop species and their wild relatives. Domestication slowed aphid evolution by 13.5%, maintained 10.4% greater aphid genotypic diversity and 5.6% higher genotypic richness. The direction of evolution (i.e. which genotypes increased in frequency) differed among independent domestication events but was correlated with specific plant traits. Individual‐based simulation models suggested that domestication affects aphid evolution directly by reducing the strength of selection and indirectly by increasing aphid density and thus weakening genetic drift. Our results suggest that phenotypic changes during domestication can alter pest evolutionary dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.2015.18.issue-9
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.12467
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dispersal and establishment limitation slows plant community recovery in post‐agricultural longleaf pine savannas
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 54, No. 4 ( 2017-08), p. 1100-1109
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 54, No. 4 ( 2017-08), p. 1100-1109
    Abstract: We show that both dispersal and establishment limitation are key factors causing some plant species to be absent from post‐agricultural sites. Dense canopy conditions limit seed production in remnant habitats and reduce establishment in post agricultural areas. Restoration thinning helps overcome these limitations and should facilitate the natural spread of species from remnant habitats but natural recovery may still be slow. Our results suggest that accelerating the recovery of post‐agricultural habitats will require active restoration that reduces dispersal limitation (seed additions) and reinstates appropriate ecological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.2017.54.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12903
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Contemporary Evolution of Plant Growth Rate Following Experimental Removal of Herbivores
    University of Chicago Press ; 2013
    In:  The American Naturalist Vol. 181, No. S1 ( 2013-05), p. S21-S34
    Details
    In: The American Naturalist, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 181, No. S1 ( 2013-05), p. S21-S34
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0147 , 1537-5323
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/668075
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of Chicago Press
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473832-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 207092-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2669910-2
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 25
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