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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Figure 1: Clanwilliam cedar size class distribution and tree localities.
    PeerJ ; 2019
    In:  PeerJ Vol. 7 ( 2019-07-03), p. e7005-
    Details
    In: PeerJ, PeerJ, Vol. 7 ( 2019-07-03), p. e7005-
    Abstract: Monitoring of species and populations is essential for biodiversity observation and reporting at local, national and global scales, but can be an exceedingly difficult task for many, if not most, species. We tested the viability of using Google Earth™ imagery to manually map and monitor all individuals of the critically endangered Clanwilliam cedar, Widdringtonia wallichii Endl. ex Carrière, across its global native distribution; the remote and rugged Cederberg mountains. Comparison with sampling from field surveys reveals this to be a highly efficient and effective method for mapping healthy adult tree localities, but it fails to detect small or unhealthy individuals with green canopies 〈 4 m 2 , or discern the number of individuals in clumps. This approach is clearly viable as a monitoring tool for this species and, with the rapid progress being made in machine learning approaches and satellite technology, will only become easier and more feasible for a greater number of species in the near future. Sadly, our field surveys revealed that the number of trees that have recently died (dead leaves still present) outnumbered live trees by a ratio of 2:1.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2167-8359
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7005
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7005/fig-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: PeerJ
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703241-3
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  • 2
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    Plant spectral diversity as a surrogate for species, functional and phylogenetic diversity across a hyper‐diverse biogeographic region
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography Vol. 30, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 1403-1417
    Details
    In: Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 1403-1417
    Abstract: With plant biodiversity under global threat, there is an urgent need to monitor the spatial distribution of multiple axes of biodiversity. Remote sensing is a critical tool in this endeavour. One remote sensing approach for detecting biodiversity is based on the hypothesis that the spectral diversity of plant communities is a surrogate of multiple dimensions of biodiversity. We investigated the generality of this ‘surrogacy’ for spectral, species, functional and phylogenetic diversity across 1,267 plots in the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR), a hyper‐diverse region comprising several biomes and two adjacent global biodiversity hotspots. Location The GCFR centred in south‐western and western South Africa. Time period All data were collected between 1978–2014. Major taxa studied Vascular plants within the GCFR. Methods Spectral diversity was calculated using leaf reflectance spectra (450–950 nm) and was related to other dimensions of biodiversity via linear models. The accuracy of different spectral diversity metrics was compared using 10‐fold cross‐validation. Results We found that a distance‐based spectral diversity metric was a robust predictor of species, functional and phylogenetic biodiversity. This result serves as a proof‐of‐concept that spectral diversity is a potential surrogate of biodiversity across a hyper‐diverse biogeographic region. While our results support the generality of spectral diversity as a biodiversity surrogate, we also find that relationships vary between different geographic subregions and biomes, suggesting that differences in broad‐scale community composition can affect these relationships. Main conclusions Spectral diversity was shown to be a robust surrogate of multiple dimensions of biodiversity across biomes and a widely varying biogeographic region. We also extend these surrogacy relationships to ecological redundancy to demonstrate the potential for additional insights into community structure based on spectral reflectance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1466-822X , 1466-8238
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.v30.7
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.13306
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479787-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021283-5
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  • 3
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    Generative spatial generalized dissimilarity mixed modelling ( spGDMM ): An enhanced approach to modelling beta diversity
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Methods in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2024-01), p. 214-226
    Details
    In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2024-01), p. 214-226
    Abstract: Turnover, or change in the composition of species over space and time, is one of the primary ways to define beta diversity. Inferring what factors impact beta diversity is not only important for understanding biodiversity processes but also for conservation planning. At present, a popular approach to understanding the drivers of compositional turnover is through generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM). We argue that the current GDM approach suffers several limitations and provide an alternative modelling approach that remedies these issues. We propose using generative spatial random effects models implemented in a Bayesian framework. We offer hierarchical specifications to yield full regression and spatial predictive inference, both with associated full uncertainties. The approach is illustrated by examining dissimilarity in three datasets: tree survey data from Panama's Barro Colorado Island (BCI), plant occurrence data from southwest Australia and plant abundance surveys from the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa. We select a best model using out‐of‐sample predictive performance. We find that the form of the best model differs across the three datasets, but our models provide performance ranging from comparable to significant improvement over GDMs. Within the GCFR, the spatial random effects play a more important role in the modelling than all the environmental variables. We have proposed a model that provides several improvements to the current GDM framework. This includes advantages such as a flexible spatially varying mean function, spatial random effects that capture dependence unaccounted for by explanatory variables, and spatially heterogeneous variance structure. All these features are offered in a model that can adequately handle a large incidence of total dissimilarity through ‘one‐inflation’, as would be expected from highly biodiverse areas with steep turnover gradients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2041-210X , 2041-210X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mee3.v15.1
    DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.14259
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2528492-7
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  • 4
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    Land cover change homogenizes functional and phylogenetic diversity within and among African savanna bird assemblages
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Landscape Ecology Vol. 35, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 145-157
    Details
    In: Landscape Ecology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 35, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 145-157
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0921-2973 , 1572-9761
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00939-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016200-5
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  • 5
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    Processes of community assembly in an environmentally heterogeneous, high biodiversity region
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Ecography Vol. 40, No. 4 ( 2017-04), p. 561-576
    Details
    In: Ecography, Wiley, Vol. 40, No. 4 ( 2017-04), p. 561-576
    Abstract: Despite decades of study, the relative importance of niche‐based versus neutral processes in community assembly remains largely ambiguous. Recent work suggests niche‐based processes are more easily detectable at coarser spatial scales, while neutrality dominates at finer scales. Analyses of functional traits with multi‐year multi‐site biodiversity inventories may provide deeper insights into assembly processes and the effects of spatial scale. We examined associations between community composition, species functional traits, and environmental conditions for plant communities in the Kouga‐Baviaanskloof region, an area within South Africa's Cape Floristic Region (CFR) containing high α and β diversity. This region contains strong climatic gradients and topographic heterogeneity, and is comprised of distinct vegetation classes with varying fire histories, making it an ideal location to assess the role of niche‐based environmental filtering on community composition by examining how traits vary with environment. We combined functional trait measurements for over 300 species with observations from vegetation surveys carried out in 1991/1992 and repeated in 2011/2012. We applied redundancy analysis, quantile regression, and null model tests to examine trends in species turnover and functional traits along environmental gradients in space and through time. Functional trait values were weakly associated with most spatial environmental gradients and only showed trends with respect to vegetation class and time since fire. However, survey plots showed greater compositional and functional stability through time than expected based on null models. Taken together, we found clear evidence for functional distinctions between vegetation classes, suggesting strong environmental filtering at this scale, most likely driven by fire dynamics. In contrast, there was little evidence of filtering effects along environmental gradients within vegetation classes, suggesting that assembly processes are largely neutral at this scale, likely the result of very high functional redundancy among species in the regional species pool.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0906-7590 , 1600-0587
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.2017.v40.i4
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.01945
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024917-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1112659-0
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  • 6
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    Jonkershoek: Africa's oldest catchment experiment ‐ 80 years and counting
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Hydrological Processes Vol. 35, No. 4 ( 2021-04)
    Details
    In: Hydrological Processes, Wiley, Vol. 35, No. 4 ( 2021-04)
    Abstract: The Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station was established in the Mediterranean climate region of South Africa in 1935 to implement a multiple catchment experiment to determine the effects of afforestation on water yield. The experiment consists of six neighbouring catchments previously supporting indigenous fynbos shrublands, five of which were sequentially afforested with Pinus radiata plantations every 8 years from 1940 to 1980 and one kept as the control. They conclusively demonstrated a significant impact of afforestation on streamflow. The treatment catchments have seen subsequent plantation rotations since 1980 and rainfall and streamflow observations have been continued to date. Here we describe the site, experimental design, rainfall and streamflow records, instrumentation, and how to access the data. We also provide details of recently installed instrumentation, including full weather stations, fog gauges, and an eddy covariance flux tower. The Jonkershoek catchment experiment was the core of a globally significant interdisciplinary research programme (1935–1992) that shaped most environmental policies and practices relating to biodiversity, forestry, fire and water in South Africa and beyond. The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) inherited the experiment in 2010 and is maintaining it as a long‐term eco‐hydrological research platform and global change observatory.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0885-6087 , 1099-1085
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hyp.v35.4
    DOI: 10.1002/hyp.14101
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479953-4
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  • 7
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    Intensifying postfire weather and biological invasion drive species loss in a Mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2017
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 114, No. 18 ( 2017-05-02), p. 4697-4702
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, No. 18 ( 2017-05-02), p. 4697-4702
    Abstract: Prolonged periods of extreme heat or drought in the first year after fire affect the resilience and diversity of fire-dependent ecosystems by inhibiting seed germination or increasing mortality of seedlings and resprouting individuals. This interaction between weather and fire is of growing concern as climate changes, particularly in systems subject to stand-replacing crown fires, such as most Mediterranean-type ecosystems. We examined the longest running set of permanent vegetation plots in the Fynbos of South Africa (44 y), finding a significant decline in the diversity of plots driven by increasingly severe postfire summer weather events (number of consecutive days with high temperatures and no rain) and legacy effects of historical woody alien plant densities 30 y after clearing. Species that resprout after fire and/or have graminoid or herb growth forms were particularly affected by postfire weather, whereas all species were sensitive to invasive plants. Observed differences in the response of functional types to extreme postfire weather could drive major shifts in ecosystem structure and function such as altered fire behavior, hydrology, and carbon storage. An estimated 0.5 °C increase in maximum temperature tolerance of the species sets unique to each survey further suggests selection for species adapted to hotter conditions. Taken together, our results show climate change impacts on biodiversity in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region and demonstrate an important interaction between extreme weather and disturbance by fire that may make flammable ecosystems particularly sensitive to climate change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619014114
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 8
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    Finding rare species and estimating the probability that all occupied sites have been found
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecological Applications Vol. 32, No. 2 ( 2022-03)
    Details
    In: Ecological Applications, Wiley, Vol. 32, No. 2 ( 2022-03)
    Abstract: Detecting occupied sites of rare species, and estimating the probability that all occupied sites are known within a given area, are desired outcomes for many ecological or conservation projects. Examples include managing all occupied sites of a threatened species or eradicating an emerging invader. Occupied sites may remain undetected because (1) sites where the species potentially occurs had not been searched, and (2) the species could have been overlooked in the searched sites. For rare species, available data are typically scant, making it difficult to predict sites where the species probably occurs or to estimate detection probability in the searched sites. Using the critically endangered Rose's mountain toadlet ( Capensibufo rosei ), known from only two localities, we outline an iterative process aimed at estimating the probability that any unknown occupied sites remain and maximizing the chance of finding them. This includes fitting a species distribution model to guide sampling effort, testing model accuracy and sampling efficacy using the occurrence of more common proxy species, and estimating detection probability using sites of known presence. The final estimate of the probability that all occupied sites were found incorporates the uncertainties of uneven distribution, relative area searched, and detection probability. Our results show that very few occupied sites of C. rosei are likely to remain undetected. We also show that the probability of an undetected occupied site remaining will always be high for large unsearched areas of potential occurrence, but can be low for smaller areas intended for targeted management interventions. Our approach is especially useful for assessing uncertainty in species occurrences, planning the required search effort needed to reduce probability of unknown occurrence to desired levels, and identifying priority areas for further searches or management interventions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1051-0761 , 1939-5582
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/eap.v32.2
    DOI: 10.1002/eap.2502
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010123-5
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Priority questions for biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean biome: Heterogeneous perspectives across continents and stakeholders
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Conservation Science and Practice Vol. 1, No. 11 ( 2019-11)
    Details
    In: Conservation Science and Practice, Wiley, Vol. 1, No. 11 ( 2019-11)
    Abstract: The identification of research questions with high relevance for biodiversity conservation is an important step towards designing more effective policies and management actions, and to better allocate funding among alternative conservation options. However, the identification of priority questions may be influenced by regional differences in biodiversity threats and social contexts, and to variations in the perceptions and interests of different stakeholders. Here we describe the results of a prioritization exercise involving six types of stakeholders from the Mediterranean biome, which includes several biodiversity hotspots spread across five regions of the planet (Europe, Africa, North and South America, and Australia). We found great heterogeneity across regions and stakeholder types in the priority topics identified and disagreement among the priorities of research scientists and other stakeholders. However, governance, climate change, and public participation issues were key topics in most regions. We conclude that the identification of research priorities should be targeted in a way that integrates the spectrum of stakeholder interests, potential funding sources and regional needs, and that further development of interdisciplinary studies is required. The key questions identified here provide a basis to identify priorities for research funding aligned with biodiversity conservation needs in this biome.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2578-4854 , 2578-4854
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/csp2.v1.11
    DOI: 10.1111/csp2.118
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2947571-5
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  • 10
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    Social-ecological change: insights from the Southern African Program on Ecosystem Change and Society
    Informa UK Limited ; 2022
    In:  Ecosystems and People Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2022-12-31), p. 447-468
    Details
    In: Ecosystems and People, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2022-12-31), p. 447-468
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2639-5908 , 2639-5916
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/26395916.2022.2097478
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2963292-4
    SSG: 12
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