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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mean transport of mass, heat, salt and nutrients in southern California coastal waters: implications for primary production and nutrient cycling
    Elsevier BV ; 1989
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 1989-9), p. 1359-1378
    Details
    In: Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, Elsevier BV, Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 1989-9), p. 1359-1378
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0198-0149
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(89)90088-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1989
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Mean and time‐varying meridional transport of heat at the tropical/subtropical boundary of the North Pacific Ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 106, No. C5 ( 2001-05-15), p. 8957-8970
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 106, No. C5 ( 2001-05-15), p. 8957-8970
    Abstract: Ocean heat transport near the tropical/subtropical boundary of the North Pacific during 1993–1999 is described, including its mean and time variability. Twenty‐eight trans‐Pacific high‐resolution expendable bathythermograph (XBT)/expendable conductivity‐temperature‐depth (XCTD) transects are used together with directly measured and operational wind estimates to calculate the geostrophic and Ekman transports. The mean heat transport across the XBT transect was 0.83±0.12 pW during the 7 year period. The large number of transects enables a stable estimate of the mean field to be made, with error bars based on the known variability. The North Pacific heat engine is a shallow meridional overturning circulation that includes warm Ekman and western boundary current components flowing northward, balanced by a southward flow of cool thermocline waters (including Subtropical Mode Waters). A near‐balance of geostrophic and Ekman transports holds in an interannual sense as well as for the time mean. Interannual variability in geostrophic transport is strikingly similar to the pattern of central North Pacific sea level pressure variability (the North Pacific Index). The interannual range in heat transport was more than 0.4 pW during 1993–1999, with maximum northward values about 1 pW in early 1994 and early 1997. The ocean heat transport time series is similar to that of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts air‐sea heat flux integrated over the Pacific north of the XBT line. The repeating nature of the XBT/XCTD transects, with direct wind measurements, allows a substantial improvement over previous heat transport estimates based on one‐time transects. A global system is envisioned for observing the time‐varying ocean heat transport and its role in the Earth's heat budget and climate system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JC000150
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 3
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    Transport of mass, heat, salt, and nutrients in the southern California Current System: Annual cycle and interannual variability
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 106, No. C5 ( 2001-05-15), p. 9255-9275
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 106, No. C5 ( 2001-05-15), p. 9255-9275
    Abstract: Net fluxes of mass, heat, salt, nutrients, oxygen, and chlorophyll into a control volume within the southern California Current System (CCS) were computed from data collected on 55 cruises over a 14 year period (1984–1997). This analysis builds on an earlier work [ Roemmich , 1989] by using an additional 39 cruises over 10 years, allowing for reliable estimates of the temporal variability in the fluxes on seasonal and interannual timescales and a reduction in the corresponding error budgets. A close balance was found between geostrophic convergence and Ekman divergence for the 14 year, seasonal, and interannual cruise subsets using three different wind products. Wind data taken concomitantly with the hydrographic sampling provided the best balance and hence the best flux estimates. The southern CCS was found to be a region with higher evaporation over precipitation and net heat gain by the ocean from the atmosphere (86 W m −2 in the 14 year mean) in all seasons. Significant variability in both the Ekman and geostrophic transports and the net property fluxes was found to be related to low‐frequency (interpentadal and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation timescale) changes in the dominant wind and circulation patterns in the CCS. Variability in primary productivity, estimated from the derived nutrient fluxes, accompanied the environmental changes. Application of this model to the ongoing data collection will further reduce the error bars on the fluxes and will allow for continued monitoring of changes in the physical and biological structure of the southern CCS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JC000165
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 4
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    Northward abyssal transport through the Samoan passage and adjacent regions
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 101, No. C6 ( 1996-06-15), p. 14039-14055
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. C6 ( 1996-06-15), p. 14039-14055
    Abstract: A conductivity‐temperature‐depth/hydrographic survey in January–February 1994 and a 17‐month deployment of current meter moorings from September 1992 to March 1994 were carried out to determine the volume transport, water mass characteristics, and diathermal fluxes of northward flowing abyssal waters in the Samoan Passage and adjacent regions of the South Pacific Ocean. Geostrophic calculations relative to 1.2°C potential temperature indicated northward transport of 7.8 Sv in the Samoan Passage, 1.1 Sv through a gap in Robbie Ridge, and 2.8 Sv along the eastern flank of the Manihiki Plateau. All of the total of 11.7 Sv of northward geostrophic transport was in waters colder than 1.1°C. The northward transport distribution was bimodal in temperature, with a cold mode of 3.6 Sv in the range 0.65°–0.70°C occurring entirely in the Samoan Passage and a warm mode of 3.0 Sv in the range of 0.80°–0.85°C occurring mainly along the Manihiki Plateau. Within the Samoan Passage, 7.1 Sv of the northward transport was below 4000 m where the geostrophic calculation was confirmed by an equal estimate of transport from current meters during the simultaneous 3‐day period. The 17‐month mean transport from the moored array was 6.0 Sv ± 0.5. By using the observed temporally varying flow within the Samoan Passage together with the hydrographic snapshot across the region, an estimate of the total mean northward transport of 10.6 Sv ± 1.7 was obtained. Estimates of the flow across near‐bottom potential temperature surfaces indicate extraordinarily high rates of mixing, with heating of the abyssal layer up to 20 W m −2 , corresponding to diffusivities up to 10 −1 m 2 s −1 .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/96JC00797
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 5
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    Is the North Pacific in Sverdrup balance along 24°N?
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 99, No. C8 ( 1994-08-15), p. 16041-16052
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. C8 ( 1994-08-15), p. 16041-16052
    Abstract: Hydrographic data from a zonal section along approximately 24°N is used to demonstrate that basin‐scale baroclinic geostrophic transport agrees with the Sverdrup relation in the subtropical North Pacific. Moreover, profiles of vertical velocity, as derived from the linear vorticity equation, are consistent with constraints upon deeper flows. Sverdrup balance from the eastern boundary to about 137°E is in accord with most other elements of the general circulation to the extent that they are known. In the Philippine Sea, west of 137°E, the results suggest that a mean northward flow of 5–10 Sv occurs. In the northeast Pacific Basin, a significant subbasin‐scale deviation of about 7 Sv from Sverdrup balance is revealed; this deviation is distinguished by excess shallow southward flow near the water mass boundary between the subtropical gyre and the subpolar waters adjacent to the American coast.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JC01084
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 6
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    Subtropical mode water in the Northeast Pacific Basin
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 103, No. C6 ( 1998-06-15), p. 13055-13066
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 103, No. C6 ( 1998-06-15), p. 13055-13066
    Abstract: A new type of mode water in the upper thermocline of the eastern subtropical North Pacific is identified and examined using data from World Ocean Circulation Experiment high‐resolution repeat expendable bathythermograph (XBT) section PX37 and archives of historical XBT data. This water mass (labeled Eastern Subtropical Mode Water) is characterized by a subsurface potential vorticity minimum and is located east of Hawaii (Northeast Pacific Basin) in a density range of 24–25.4 σ θ . It is a distinct water mass from the classical subtropical mode water (STMW) of the western Pacific. Eastern STMW is formed as a relatively deep late‐winter mixed layer, associated with the subtropical/subpolar water mass boundary near 25°–30°N, 135°–140°W, and is capped and subducted into the permanent thermocline. Along a section between San Francisco and Honolulu, Eastern STMW production is seen in every year for which there is adequate data. In this section the volume of Eastern STMW formed each winter and the temperature of the potential vorticity minimum are similar during the periods 1970–1979 and 1991–1997.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/98JC01015
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 7
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    Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2006
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 33, No. 6 ( 2006)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 33, No. 6 ( 2006)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2005GL024772
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2006
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
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  • 8
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    An objective mapping method for estimating geostrophic velocity from hydrographic sections including the equator
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1993
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 98, No. C10 ( 1993-10-15), p. 18109-18118
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 98, No. C10 ( 1993-10-15), p. 18109-18118
    Abstract: Objective mapping can remove the equatorial singularity from the problem of estimating geostrophic shear from noisy density measurements. The method uses the complete thermal wind relation, so it is valid uniformly on and off the equator. Errors in the thermal wind balance are due to neglected terms in the momentum balance, which are treated as noise in the inverse problem. The question of whether the geostrophic balance holds near the equator is restated as a need to estimate the size of the ageostrophic noise in the thermal wind equation. Objective mapping formalizes the assumptions about the magnitudes and scales of the geostrophic currents and about the magnitudes and scales of the ageostrophic terms and measurement errors. The uncertainty of the velocity estimates is calculated as part of the mapping and depends on the signal to noise ratio (geostrophic density signal to ageostrophic “noise”) in the data, as well as the station spacing and the scales assumed for the geostrophic velocities. The method is used to map zonal velocity from a mean Hawaii‐Tahiti Shuttle density section. These are compared with previous velocity estimates for the same dataset calculated using other techniques. By choosing appropriate scales, the objective map can duplicate previous results. New temperature data are presented from a repeating, high‐resolution expendable bathythermograph section crossing the equator at about 170° W with four cruises a year between 1987–1991. There appear to be significant differences between this mean temperature and the shuttle mean temperature. Temperature is converted to density with the aid of a mean T‐S relation and geostrophic velocity maps are calculated for the 4‐year mean. The mean geostrophic undercurrent obtained from our sections is weaker than in the shuttle estimate and is centered slightly north of the equator. Enforcing symmetry about the equator removes the offset of the current, giving a stronger, but narrow undercurrent. The density field apparently includes significant ( O (0.5 kg m −3 )) large‐scale ageostrophic variability which makes velocity estimates from single cruises poorly determined near the equator.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93JC01729
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1993
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  • 9
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    135 years of global ocean warming between the Challenger expedition and the Argo Programme
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2012
    In:  Nature Climate Change Vol. 2, No. 6 ( 2012-6), p. 425-428
    Details
    In: Nature Climate Change, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 2, No. 6 ( 2012-6), p. 425-428
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-678X , 1758-6798
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1461
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 10
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    Ocean temperatures chronicle the ongoing warming of Earth
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2016
    In:  Nature Climate Change Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 2016-2), p. 116-118
    Details
    In: Nature Climate Change, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 2016-2), p. 116-118
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-678X , 1758-6798
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2924
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2016
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