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  • 1
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    Coastal Meteorology and Oceanography: Report of the Third Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF
    American Meteorological Society ; 1996
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 77, No. 7 ( 1996-07-01), p. 1578-1585
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 77, No. 7 ( 1996-07-01), p. 1578-1585
    Abstract: U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) prospectus development teams (PDTs) are small groups of scientists that are convened by the USWRP lead scientist on a one-time basis to discuss critical issues and to provide advice related to future directions of the program. PDTs are a principal source of information for the Science Advisory Committee, which is a standing committee charged with the duty of making recommendations to the Program Office based upon overall program objectives. PDT-1 focused on theoretical issues, and PDT-2 on observational issues; PDT-3 is the first of several to focus on more specialized topics. PDT-3 was convened to identify forecasting problems related to U.S. coastal weather and oceanic conditions, and to suggest likely solution strategies. There were several overriding themes that emerged from the discussion. First, the lack of data in and over critical regions of the ocean, particularly in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the upper-ocean mixed layer were identified as major impediments to coastal weather prediction. Strategies for data collection and dissemination, as well as new instrument implementation, were discussed. Second, fundamental knowledge of air–sea fluxes and boundary layer structure in situations where there is significant mesoscale variability in the atmosphere and ocean is needed. Companion field studies and numerical prediction experiments were discussed. Third, research prognostic models suggest that future operational forecast models pertaining to coastal weather will be high resolution and site specific, and will properly treat effects of local coastal geography, orography, and ocean state. The view was expressed that the exploration of coupled air-sea models of the coastal zone would be a particularly fruitful area of research. PDT-3 felt that forecasts of land-impacting tropical cyclones, Great Lakes-affected weather, and coastal cyclogenesis, in particular, would benefit from such coordinated modeling and field efforts. Fourth, forecasting for Arctic coastal zones is limited by our understanding of how sea ice forms. The importance of understanding air-sea fluxes and boundary layers in the presence of ice formation was discussed. Finally, coastal flash flood forecasting via hydrologic models is limited by the present accuracy of measured and predicted precipitation and storm surge events. Strategies for better ways to improve the latter were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477-77.7.1578
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 2
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    Altimeter‐derived variability of surface velocities in the California Current System: 1. Evaluation of TOPEX altimeter velocity resolution
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 102, No. C6 ( 1997-06-15), p. 12727-12748
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. C6 ( 1997-06-15), p. 12727-12748
    Abstract: In this paper, we evaluate the temporal and horizontal resolution of geostrophic surface velocities calculated from TOPEX satellite altimeter heights. Moored velocities (from vector‐averaging current meters and an acoustic Doppler current profiler) at depths below the Ekman layer are used to estimate the temporal evolution and accuracy of altimeter geostrophic surface velocities at a point. Surface temperature gradients from satellite fields are used to determine the altimeter's horizontal resolution of features in the velocity field. The results indicate that the altimeter resolves horizontal scales of 50–80 km in the along‐track direction. The rms differences between the altimeter and current meters are 7–8 cm s −1 , much of which comes from small‐scale variability in the oceanic currents. We estimate the error in the altimeter velocities to have an rms magnitude of 3–5 cm s −1 or less. Uncertainties in the eddy momentum fluxes at crossovers are more difficult to evaluate and may be affected by aliasing of fluctuations with frequencies higher than the altimeter's Nyquist frequency of 0.05 cycles d −1 , as indicated by spectra from subsampled current meter data. The eddy statistics that are in best agreement are the velocity variances, eddy kinetic energy and the major axis of the variance ellipses. Spatial averaging of the current meter velocities produces greater agreement with all altimeter statistics and increases our confidence that the altimeter's momentum fluxes and the orientation of its variance ellipses (the statistics differing the most with single moorings) represent well the statistics of spatially averaged currents (scales of 50–100 km) in the ocean. Besides evaluating altimeter performance, the study reveals several properties of the circulation in the California Current System: (1) velocity components are not isotropic but are polarized, strongly so at some locations, (2) there are instances of strong and persistent small‐scale variability in the velocity, and (3) the energetic region of the California Current is isolated and surrounded by a region of lower energy starting 500–700 km offshore. This suggests that the source of the high eddy energy within 500 km of the coast is the seasonal jet that develops each spring and moves offshore to the central region of the California Current, rather than a deep‐ocean eddy field approaching the coast from farther offshore.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JC00448
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 3
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    A report on the continental shelf circulation and coastal upwelling
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1975
    In:  Reviews of Geophysics Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 1975-07), p. 609-614
    Details
    In: Reviews of Geophysics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 1975-07), p. 609-614
    Abstract: The bathymetry and hydrography of the coastal regime of continents are a complex maze which belies their physical description in simple shapes and coherent water masses. Each river outflow, shelf canyon, bay, harbor, and sandbar has its distinct character and depending on a variety of atmospheric conditions, is bordered by a distinct water mass. The shallow beach zone has been a region of intense study which has been led by coastal engineers for several decades. In reviewing the advances in research in coastal oceanography it is heartening to find that a significant body of unifying ideas and models for the deeper continental shelf emerges. This indeed must be inevitable because the dynamic structure of the oceanic water mass is constrained by Newton's laws of high Reynolds number and the second law of thermodynamics of high Peclet number in which the variety of local conditions become hydrodynamically similar. However, such an overview has been a long time coming in the United States because only in the past 10 years have direct observations of continental shelf water motions been made in a manner by which the variability of the hydrodynamic regime on the shelf can be clearly documented. The most significant advance is that coastal oceanographers have begun measuring, describing, and modeling the long‐wave shallow water turbulence on the continental shelf. Past interpretation of sea surface and sea bed drifter statistics and the classical hydrographic file implies that the synoptic continental shelf circulation patterns are a morass; however, a more focused picture emerges from long time series of direct current measurements, closely spaced and frequently sampled hydrographic surveys, and infrared and color satellite imagery. It is found that continental shelf circulation principally varies with the (1) local variations in the atmospheric wind stress and thermohaline forcing on both synoptic and seasonal time scales, (2) eddies and long waves which impinge from the deep sea, and (3) tidal phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-1209 , 1944-9208
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/RG013i003p00609
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1975
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  • 4
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    Comments on “Evanescent Pressure Gradient Response in the Upper Ocean to Subinertial Wind Stress Forcing of Finite Wavelength
    American Meteorological Society ; 1988
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 18, No. 7 ( 1988-07), p. 1060-1061
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 7 ( 1988-07), p. 1060-1061
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018〈1060:COPGRI〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1988
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  • 5
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    Low-Frequency Eddy Variability at 28°N, 152°W in the Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
    American Meteorological Society ; 1988
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 18, No. 11 ( 1988-11), p. 1670-1685
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 11 ( 1988-11), p. 1670-1685
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018〈1670:LFEVAI〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1988
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  • 6
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    Observations of Inflow of Philippine Sea Surface Water into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait
    American Meteorological Society ; 2004
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2004-01), p. 113-121
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2004-01), p. 113-121
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034〈0113:OOIOPS〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 7
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    A note on the kinetic energy exchange between fluctuations and mean flow in the surface layer of the Florida current
    Stockholm University Press ; 1969
    In:  Tellus Vol. 21, No. 6 ( 1969-12), p. 814-819
    Details
    In: Tellus, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 21, No. 6 ( 1969-12), p. 814-819
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-2826 , 2153-3490
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/tus.1969.21.issue-6
    DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00487.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 1969
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  • 8
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    Surface currents in the Canary Basin from drifter observations
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 105, No. C9 ( 2000-09-15), p. 21893-21911
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 105, No. C9 ( 2000-09-15), p. 21893-21911
    Abstract: Satellite‐tracked drifting buoys, deployed in the Canary Basin as part of the Subduction Experiment between July 1991 and October 1993 and the French Semaphore Experiment during October 1993, were used to obtain a description of surface currents and temperature in the Canary Basin. The study focuses on surface water convergence, eddy energy production, and heat transport. The Azores Current associated with the subtropical convergence zone is clearly visible at 34°N, and bifurcates around 22°W, with the major branch of the current circling the Madeira plateau and joining the Canary Current along the continental slope. Eddy kinetic energy maxima are found along the Azores Current. The mean current revealed a region of maximum convergence north of the Azores Current around longitude 29°W occurring with a negative heating anomaly and positive work done by the Reynolds stress. The southward meridional temperature fluxes in the Ekman layer (0–50 m) between 37°W and the African and European coast are estimated between −0.076±0.022×l0 15 W, produced by mean southward volume transport in our study area. The residual between local surface heat fluxes and horizontal convergence of heat implies a vertical heat convergence process associated with mesoscale temperature and flow fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2000JC900096
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 9
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    On the Ekman divergence in an oceanic jet
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1969
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 74, No. 28 ( 1969-12-20), p. 7048-7052
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 74, No. 28 ( 1969-12-20), p. 7048-7052
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC074i028p07048
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1969
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  • 10
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    Recent long‐term moored instrument observations in the western North Pacific
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1982
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 87, No. C12 ( 1982-11-20), p. 9425-9440
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 87, No. C12 ( 1982-11-20), p. 9425-9440
    Abstract: Selected results based on the first deployment (duration was 298–324 days depending on specific location) of an array of 38 current‐temperature meters on 10 moorings along 152°E from 28°N to 41°N are discussed. Abyssal eddy kinetic energies along 152°E near the Kuroshio Extension are a factor of 2 to possibly 5 lower than those previously observed at similar depths close to the energetic regions of the Gulf Stream. The thermocline kinetic energy frequency distribution at 28°N, 152°E is similar in shape to that observed at a site near 31°N, 70°W (but not 28°N, 70°W), although the total energy levels are quite different. However, the distance from the corresponding strong current regimes is nearly the same. The largest scale latitudinal distribution of the off‐diagonal component of horizontal Reynolds' stress has a characteristic general shape, that is, negative to the south and positive to the north of the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio Extension or mid‐latitude jet, at all depths for all longitudes where such data are available in both oceans, and in the numerical experiments examined.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC087iC12p09425
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1982
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