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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Burden of Respiratory Disease from Formaldehyde, Damp and Mould in English Housing
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Environments Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2023-08-02), p. 136-
    Details
    In: Environments, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2023-08-02), p. 136-
    Abstract: Quantifying the burden of disease from exposure to poor indoor air pollution can support policy development. In England, there is current regulatory and public attention on the health implications of residential exposure to formaldehyde, damp and mould. However, there is scarce information on these health impacts at the population scale. As such, we assessed the burden of key respiratory diseases from residential formaldehyde, damp and/or mould for the English population aged 0–14 and 15–49. We obtained data on the percentage of dwellings affected by damp and/or mould from the English Housing Survey and estimated the distribution of residential formaldehyde concentrations (annual average (μg/m3)) by pooling data from monitoring studies conducted in England. Exposures were combined with epidemiological relationships and national health data to estimate Population Attributable Fractions (PAFs), disease incidence, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost associated with residential formaldehyde or damp and/or mould exposure in England. We made estimates for the year 2019 but also looked back several years in time. Exposure to formaldehyde was associated with approximately 4000 new cases of childhood asthma (~800 DALYs lost) in 2019, though the estimates were sensitive to the placement of the lower exposure threshold. Exposure to damp and/or mould was associated with approximately 5000 new cases of asthma (~2200 DALYs) and approximately 8500 lower respiratory infections (~600 DALYs) among children and adults in 2019, though the PAFs were unequally distributed across dwellings based on income and ethnicity. Alternative data sources suggest that the percentage of dwellings affected by damp and/or mould may even be higher, resulting in a possible 3–8-fold greater number of cases and DALYs. Our assessment emphasizes a potential respiratory health burden in England associated with residential formaldehyde as well as damp and/or mould, further highlighting the public health importance of good indoor air quality and good quality housing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3298
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/environments10080136
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2777960-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    106 Establishing a Physiologically Relevant in Vitro Airway Model to Assess the Impacts of Environmental Exposures, Like Smoking, on Covid-19 Susceptibility.
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Annals of Work Exposures and Health Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i85-i85
    Details
    In: Annals of Work Exposures and Health, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i85-i85
    Abstract: Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures are commonly used for 3D modelling of the human airways and to examine the effects of direct exposure to airborne toxicants. We explored the suitability of human epithelial cell lines (RPMI 2560, HBEC-3KT, CALU-3 and A549) and primary cells (nasal, bronchiolar and small airways) grown at ALI as a physiologically relevant model to examine whether environmental exposures can increase the susceptibility of the human airways to SARS-COV-2 infection. Cultures were kept at ALI for up to 28 days to allow differentiation. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured weekly. Cells were harvested at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and transcriptional markers of basal, ciliated and mucus-producing cells together with SARS-COV-2 viral entry genes (ACE2, TMPRSS2 and Furin) and other genes of interest, were assessed by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Each cell line yielded differentiated models, with upregulation of markers of ciliated and mucus producing cells from day 7. In contrast to primary cells, immortalised cell lines did not produce cilia but, mucus was produced.  TEER values increased with time, as expected, but values and therefore formation of tight junctions differed between models. Similarly, expression of viral entry genes increased as cells differentiated with marked differences across the different models. This study will be used to select the most appropriate ALI model for investigating the effect of environmental exposures such as smoking and vaping on susceptibility to SARS-COV-2 infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2398-7308 , 2398-7316
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac087.207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2003484-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2885099-3
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    41 The Mechanisms of Allergy to Fungal Bioaerosols in the Lung
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Annals of Work Exposures and Health Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i80-i80
    Details
    In: Annals of Work Exposures and Health, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i80-i80
    Abstract: Allergic airways disease (AAD) is a collective term for respiratory disorders that can be exacerbated upon exposure to airborne allergens. The contribution of fungal allergens to the pathogenesis of AAD has become well established over recent years and can be present in the air we breathe as bioaerosols. Understanding the mechanisms allergy to fungal bioaerosols can help to better manage symptoms and conditions, reducing the burden of disease. We conducted a comprehensive review to collate the current understanding of mechanisms involved in the allergic response to fungal bioaerosols in airway epithelia. To be included in the final analysis, studies were compared to defined inclusion/exclusion criteria, relevant data was extracted, and each paper was assessed using a quality scoring tool. The search string provided 440 initial results with 60 studies selected for final analysis. 120 potential target mechanisms were identified within the selected studies and 17 were identified in more than 5 studies. The major pathways identified in allergic response include 1) a role for proteases and the activation of the PAR2 receptor, 2) release of IL33, 3) EGFR pathway and mucin expression, and 4) a skewing towards a Th2 profile promoting eosinophil recruitment. However, there was conflicting evidence when comparing results from individual studies. Thus, further research is required to better understand which fungi/fungal components drive the allergic response. Funding: This work has been funded under the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Environmental Exposures and Health with Imperial College London
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2398-7308 , 2398-7316
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac087.194
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2003484-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2885099-3
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    40 Establishing a Physiologically Relevant in Vitro Airway Model to Assess the Health Impacts from Different Fungal Species
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Annals of Work Exposures and Health Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i90-i90
    Details
    In: Annals of Work Exposures and Health, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i90-i90
    Abstract: Allergic airway disease (AAD) is a collective term for respiratory disorders that can be exacerbated upon exposure to airborne allergens, including fungi and other air pollutants. Fungi are of particular interest as they are present in both outdoor and indoor air and are associated with asthma and allergy. A recent literature review identified key pathways contributing to the allergic responses to fungal allergens. However, due to the heterogeneity of models and methods used, it is not clear whether there are common or specific pathways induced by different fungi/fungal components. Air-liquid interface (ALI) culture was used to induce differentiation of nasal (RPMI 2650), bronchial (HBEC3-KT, BEAS-2B, Calu-3) and small airways (A549) epithelial cells into a columnar stratified epithelium with cilia, goblet cells, and the formation of tight junctions. Cultures were harvested at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and the expression of molecular markers of basal, ciliated and mucus producing cells were assessed with reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Different cell lines produce subtly different differentiated models, with downregulation of basal (undifferentiated) cell markers and upregulation of markers of ciliated and mucus producing cells from day 7. While no ciliated cells were observed in any of the differentiated cell lines, mucus was produced in some. The differentiation of primary cell lines at ALI, and expression of genes of interest (including known fungal receptors and genes identified in driving fungal allergy) were also measured to inform selection of appropriate model(s) to better understand the allergenic response to fungi/fungal components.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2398-7308 , 2398-7316
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac087.219
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2003484-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2885099-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    84 Bugs and our Airways: Successful Development and Evaluation of a School Outreach Project
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2023
    In:  Annals of Work Exposures and Health Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i95-i95
    Details
    In: Annals of Work Exposures and Health, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-05-10), p. i95-i95
    Abstract: Increased awareness of air pollution and its potential health impacts has led to many national and international ‘clean air’ initiatives. However, what do we really mean by ‘clean air’? While the recent pandemic has highlighted the consequences of infectious disease, many remain less aware of the impact biological airborne particles (so-called bioaerosols) can have on non-communicable diseases such as allergy and asthma. This project aimed to improve children’s understanding of bioaerosols and their positive and negative associations with airway and lung health.  We trialled three sessions over a three-week period in primary school children aged 10-11 years to discuss bioaerosols and health within an engaging and educational framework, with the added benefit of promoting STEM and inspiring them to think about the range of careers within environmental science and public health. Sessions included a mixture of presentations and interactive activities. At the end of each session, we conducted evaluation sessions with both students and teachers. Children engaged well with the subject material, enthusiastically contributed to discussions and activities, and provided useful feedback for further improvements. They particularly enjoyed the hands-on activities and demonstrations, and the teacher commented that the sessions complemented the curriculum by linking new concepts to existing knowledge. This project encouraged two-way engagement between multidisciplinary researchers, teachers and children to develop engaging, fun and educational activities. This will provide a legacy of resources and expertise to expand across the wider schools’ networks, building excellent public engagement capacity and capability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2398-7308 , 2398-7316
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac087.232
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2003484-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2885099-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A scoping review: What are the cellular mechanisms that drive the allergic inflammatory response to fungal allergens in the lung epithelium?
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Clinical and Translational Allergy Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-06)
    Details
    In: Clinical and Translational Allergy, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-06)
    Abstract: Allergic airway disease (AAD) is a collective term for respiratory disorders that can be exacerbated upon exposure to airborne allergens. The contribution of fungal allergens to AAD has become well established over recent years. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines to better understand the mechanisms involved in the allergic response to fungi in airway epithelia, identify knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research. The search resulted in 61 studies for final analysis. Despite heterogeneity in the models and methods used, we identified major pathways involved in fungal allergy. These included the activation of protease‐activated receptor 2, the EGFR pathway, adenosine triphosphate and purinergic receptor‐dependent release of IL33, and oxidative stress, which drove mucin expression and goblet cell metaplasia, Th2 cytokine production, reduced barrier integrity, eosinophil recruitment, and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, there were several knowledge gaps and therefore we recommend future research should focus on the use of more physiologically relevant methods to directly compare key allergenic fungal species, clarify specific mechanisms of fungal allergy, and assess the fungal allergy in disease models. This will inform disease management and future interventions, ultimately reducing the burden of disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7022 , 2045-7022
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/clt2.v13.6
    DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12252
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2630865-4
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supporting the EU response to environmental emergencies: European multiple environmental threats emergency network
    International Information and Engineering Technology Association ; 2017
    In:  International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2017-09-30), p. 324-336
    Details
    In: International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, International Information and Engineering Technology Association, Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2017-09-30), p. 324-336
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2041-9031 , 2041-904X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2495/SAFE-V7-N3
    DOI: 10.2495/SAFE
    DOI: 10.2495/SAFE-V7-N3-324-336
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Information and Engineering Technology Association
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Development of a Rapid Risk and Impact Assessment Tool to Enhance Response to Environmental Emergencies in the Early Stages of a Disaster: A Tool Developed by the European Multiple Environmental Threats Emergency NETwork (EMETNET) Project
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Disaster Risk Science Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 528-539
    Details
    In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 528-539
    Abstract: Every year, numerous environmental disasters and emergencies occur across the globe with far-reaching impacts on human health and the environment. The ability to rapidly assess an environmental emergency to mitigate potential risks and impacts is paramount. However, collating the necessary evidence in the early stages of an emergency to conduct a robust risk assessment is a major challenge. This article presents a methodology developed to help assess the risks and impacts during the early stages of such incidents, primarily to support the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism but also the wider global community in the response to environmental emergencies. An online rapid risk and impact assessment tool has also been developed to promote enhanced collaboration between experts who are working remotely, considering the impact of a disaster on the environment and public health in the short, medium, and long terms. The methodology developed can support the appropriate selection of experts and assets to be deployed to affected regions to ensure that potential public health and environmental risks and impacts are mitigated whenever possible. This methodology will aid defensible decision making, communication, planning, and risk management, and presents a harmonized understanding of the associated impacts of an environmental emergency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2095-0055 , 2192-6395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s13753-021-00352-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2633158-5
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