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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Death following pulmonary complications of surgery before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  British Journal of Surgery Vol. 108, No. 12 ( 2021-12-01), p. 1448-1464
    Details
    In: British Journal of Surgery, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 108, No. 12 ( 2021-12-01), p. 1448-1464
    Abstract: This study aimed to determine the impact of pulmonary complications on death after surgery both before and during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Methods This was a patient-level, comparative analysis of two, international prospective cohort studies: one before the pandemic (January–October 2019) and the second during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (local emergence of COVID-19 up to 19 April 2020). Both included patients undergoing elective resection of an intra-abdominal cancer with curative intent across five surgical oncology disciplines. Patient selection and rates of 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications were compared. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality. Mediation analysis using a natural-effects model was used to estimate the proportion of deaths during the pandemic attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results This study included 7402 patients from 50 countries; 3031 (40.9 per cent) underwent surgery before and 4371 (59.1 per cent) during the pandemic. Overall, 4.3 per cent (187 of 4371) developed postoperative SARS-CoV-2 in the pandemic cohort. The pulmonary complication rate was similar (7.1 per cent (216 of 3031) versus 6.3 per cent (274 of 4371); P = 0.158) but the mortality rate was significantly higher (0.7 per cent (20 of 3031) versus 2.0 per cent (87 of 4371); P  & lt; 0.001) among patients who had surgery during the pandemic. The adjusted odds of death were higher during than before the pandemic (odds ratio (OR) 2.72, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 4.67; P  & lt; 0.001). In mediation analysis, 54.8 per cent of excess postoperative deaths during the pandemic were estimated to be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 (OR 1.73, 1.40 to 2.13; P  & lt; 0.001). Conclusion Although providers may have selected patients with a lower risk profile for surgery during the pandemic, this did not mitigate the likelihood of death through SARS-CoV-2 infection. Care providers must act urgently to protect surgical patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1323 , 1365-2168
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab336
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2006309-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preoperative nasopharyngeal swab testing and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  British Journal of Surgery Vol. 108, No. 1 ( 2021-01-27), p. 88-96
    Details
    In: British Journal of Surgery, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 108, No. 1 ( 2021-01-27), p. 88-96
    Abstract: Surgical services are preparing to scale up in areas affected by COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the association between preoperative SARS-CoV-2 testing and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective cancer surgery. Methods This international cohort study included adult patients undergoing elective surgery for cancer in areas affected by SARS-CoV-2 up to 19 April 2020. Patients suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection before operation were excluded. The primary outcome measure was postoperative pulmonary complications at 30 days after surgery. Preoperative testing strategies were adjusted for confounding using mixed-effects models. Results Of 8784 patients (432 hospitals, 53 countries), 2303 patients (26.2 per cent) underwent preoperative testing: 1458 (16.6 per cent) had a swab test, 521 (5.9 per cent) CT only, and 324 (3.7 per cent) swab and CT. Pulmonary complications occurred in 3.9 per cent, whereas SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 2.6 per cent. After risk adjustment, having at least one negative preoperative nasopharyngeal swab test (adjusted odds ratio 0.68, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.68 to 0.98; P = 0.040) was associated with a lower rate of pulmonary complications. Swab testing was beneficial before major surgery and in areas with a high 14-day SARS-CoV-2 case notification rate, but not before minor surgery or in low-risk areas. To prevent one pulmonary complication, the number needed to swab test before major or minor surgery was 18 and 48 respectively in high-risk areas, and 73 and 387 in low-risk areas. Conclusion Preoperative nasopharyngeal swab testing was beneficial before major surgery and in high SARS-CoV-2 risk areas. There was no proven benefit of swab testing before minor surgery in low-risk areas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1323 , 1365-2168
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaa051
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The dependence of duodenal differentiation in chick embryos on pars distalis hormones
    The Company of Biologists ; 1970
    In:  Development Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 1970-09-01), p. 335-355
    Details
    In: Development, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 1970-09-01), p. 335-355
    Abstract: Duodenal differentiation in normal chick embryos between 15·75 and 20·5 days of incubation was characterized by the following changes: The dry weight increases from 4·1 to 12·4 mg. The alkaline phosphatase activity increases from less than 12 to 426 units. The length of the villi increases sixfold. The height of the epithelial cells at the villous tips increases from 12·9 to 25·9 μ. The shape of the mucosal cells changes from low columnar, to cuboidal, to high columnar. The shape of the nuclei progresses from round to ovoid. At first mitotic figures are distributed throughout the epithelium but become restricted to the crypts of Lieberkiihn. Cytoplasmic glycogen appears by day 15·75 and is mobilized by 20·5 days. A mucopolysaccharide at the brush border of the mucosal cells progressively appears at 16-75 days and increases in amount. Alkaline phosphatase activity (Gomori technique) at the brush border appears in low levels at 16-75 days and becomes more intense. Fresh body weights and third toe lengths at 19·75 and 20·5 days of incubation were recorded as indices of body growth. In ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos at 19·75–21·5 days of age: The level of duodenal differentiation approximated that of normal .16·75–17·75 day embryos. In ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos which received a pars distalis chorioallantoic homograft at 9·5 days of incubation the duodena were normal. In ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos with grafts which became atrophic the level of duodenal differentiation was not different from that of untreated ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos. In chick embryos duodenal differentiation depends on pars distalis hormones.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0950-1991 , 1477-9129
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/dev.24.2.335
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1970
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007916-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The ovarian histology of the diamond-backed water snake,Natrix rhombifera during the reproductive cycle
    Wiley ; 1963
    In:  Journal of Morphology Vol. 113, No. 2 ( 1963-09), p. 245-260
    Details
    In: Journal of Morphology, Wiley, Vol. 113, No. 2 ( 1963-09), p. 245-260
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0362-2525 , 1097-4687
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jmor.v113:2
    DOI: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4687
    DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051130210
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1963
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479991-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The developmental endocrinology of the spleen in chick embryos: I. The pars distalis
    The Company of Biologists ; 1970
    In:  Development Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 1970-09-01), p. 357-365
    Details
    In: Development, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 1970-09-01), p. 357-365
    Abstract: Partial decapitation (‘hypophysectomy’) of the chick embryo significantly reduces body growth by 20 days (stage 46—) of incubation as indicated by body weights, 60 % of normal; the lengths of the toe and tibiotarsus, 80 % and 78 % of normal respectively; and liver growth, 47 % of normal, but the gall bladder was not apparently enlarged. It significantly increases spleen growth to 82 % greater than normal, suppresses or retards white pulp differentiation and splenic vasculogenesis but enhances red pulp development. A single pars distalis gland placed as a chorioallantoic graft into operated embryos prevents the development of these defects except for liver growth which, while improved, is still subnormal. If the number of grafts is increased by one or two there is no change in the amount of influence on growth and development of the chick embryo. This apparent regulation occurs by some unknown mechanism even in the absence of the hypothalamus. Thus body and liver growth is normally stimulated by the pars distalis but spleen growth and red pulp differentiation are suppressed even though the gland stimulates splenic white pulp histogenesis. The hypothalamus, epiphysis and pars nervosa (removed by partial decapitation) are not apparently involved in the developmental endocrinology of the spleen in chick embryos.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0950-1991 , 1477-9129
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/dev.24.2.357
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1970
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007916-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effects of embryonic pars distalis grafts and albumen on the growth of chick embryos
    The Company of Biologists ; 1968
    In:  Development Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 1968-11-01), p. 431-436
    Details
    In: Development, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 1968-11-01), p. 431-436
    Abstract: Normal chick embryos swallow and utilize the albumen in the egg between the 11th and 15th day of incubation (Witschi, 1949). They use approximately two-thirds of the yolk by the end of incubation (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1949). Thus the embryo has access to 4 g of protein in the albumen and 3 g of protein in the yolk (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1949). Embryos which have been hypo-physectomized by partial decapitation, which is the only practical way of hypophysectomizing chick embryos (Betz, 1965 a, see also the reviews of Benoit (1962) and of Hinni & Watterson (1963), do not develop an upper beak and do not swallow much of the albumen since most of it remains in the egg (Witschi, 1959; Betz, 1965b).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0950-1991 , 1477-9129
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/dev.20.3.431
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1968
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007916-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Thyroxine and duodenal development in chicken embryos
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1979
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology Vol. 57, No. 2 ( 1979-02-01), p. 416-423
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Zoology, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 57, No. 2 ( 1979-02-01), p. 416-423
    Abstract: To test whether thyroxine (T 4 ) can stimulate duodenal development in chickens, it was administered to 16.5-day-old embryos (strain Hyline 934F of Gallus gallus) (approximately stage 42). Treatment time was closer to the prehatching phosphatase increase, and the single dosage (5 μg) larger than before. Control groups received the following: (1) D-T 4 for possible physicochemical variables, (2) windowed shells and saline vehicle, (3) windowed shells or (4) no treatment. Subsequent accumulation of duodenal alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) and protein content were monitored as developmental parameters (n = 8–43). Yolk sac retraction, distribution of developmental stages, and mortality were used as indices of maturation and survival. L-Thyroxine treatment increased duodenal alkaline phosphatase significantly (p  〈  0.01) within 48 h, 24 h sooner than normal. This precocious increase was transient in embryos treated at stage 41. Duodenal protein content was elevated significantly in stage 43 embryos treated with L-T 4 , but it was not different from control values at later stages. Pooling of time data did not greatly alter duodenal parameters. Yolk sac retraction and shell pipping began sooner in embryos treated with L-T 4 than control embryos, however, distribution of developmental stages was unaltered. Increased mortality was found 72 h after L-T 4 treatment. After D-T 4 treatment no parameter was significantly different. The parameters responding after treatment may be stimulated by thyroxine during development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4301 , 1480-3283
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/z79-049
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1979
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490831-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differentiation and Function of the Hypophyseal-Target Organ System in Chicken Embryos. Studia Biologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 9. B. Mess , K. Straznicky
    University of Chicago Press ; 1971
    In:  The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 46, No. 4 ( 1971-12), p. 424-424
    Details
    In: The Quarterly Review of Biology, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 46, No. 4 ( 1971-12), p. 424-424
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-5770 , 1539-7718
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/407029
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of Chicago Press
    Publication Date: 1971
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2048222-X
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the pars distalis hormone activities involved in spleen development in chicken embryos
    The Company of Biologists ; 1973
    In:  Development Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 1973-02-01), p. 239-244
    Details
    In: Development, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 1973-02-01), p. 239-244
    Abstract: Spleen development was studied in 11 groups of chicken embryos: (1) intact, I; (2) ‘hypo-physectomized H, by partial decapitation, and nine groups of ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos in which each host received a specific type of pars distalis graft; (3) one cephalic region, HCe; (4) one middle region, HM;, (5) one caudal region, HCa;, (6) the entire pars distalis, HE; (7) two cephalic regions, H2Ce; (8) two middle regions, H2M;, (9) two caudal regions, H2Ccr; (10) one cephalic and one caudal region, HCeCcr. or (11) one cephalic, one middle and one caudal region, HCeMCa. Embryos were killed at 20-5 days of incubation. Levels of spleen development were assessed by changes in mean weight and histogenesis. Spleen development in ‘hypophysectomized’ embryos was normal only with cephalic and middle region pars distalis grafts but not with caudal grafts. Grafts of entire partes distales or of two cephalic regions were no more effective than single cephalic regions in correcting development. Double caudal region grafts were as ineffective as single caudal region grafts. Apparently there are qualitative differences between pars distalis regions. Cephalic and middle grafts probably produced sufficient ACTH and TSH activities to stimulate adequate levels of adrenocorticoids and thyroid hormone and perhaps prolactin to repair spleen development. These may be the only hormones important for spleen development, because caudal graft ineffectiveness suggests that STH is unnecessary and may not be involved.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0950-1991 , 1477-9129
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/dev.29.1.239
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 1973
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007916-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Embryonic stages: morphology, timing, and variance in the toad Bombina orientalis
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1978
    In:  Canadian Journal of Zoology Vol. 56, No. 7 ( 1978-07-01), p. 1540-1545
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Zoology, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 56, No. 7 ( 1978-07-01), p. 1540-1545
    Abstract: A Staged series (n = 25–476} with time data for Bombina orientalis embryonic development is presented. Stages for Bombina and Rana pipiens seem identical except that approximately 50% of opercular closures are symmetrical in Bombina. Counting numbers of embryos at a stage at regular intervals allowed mathematical interpolation of the average time of stage change. A single systematic curve fit the average time per stage of embryonic development, while the increase with time in variance per stage of development was primarily linear. It is possible that the increasing complexity of morphological interstage changes causes increases in the interstage interval and variance per stage over time. The reported method of arriving al a staged series for a previously undocumented species seems more efficient than time-lapse photography. The unusually easy maintenance and dependability or Bombina, contrasting with some amphibians, suggest its use where others have been less practical.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4301 , 1480-3283
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/z78-214
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1978
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490831-1
    SSG: 12
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