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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emergency Medical Team Response during the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake 2018: J-SPEED Data Analysis
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2023
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 38, No. 3 ( 2023-06), p. 332-337
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 38, No. 3 ( 2023-06), p. 332-337
    Abstract: In the last ten years, Japan has experienced several large-scale earthquakes with devastating social and health impacts. Earthquakes directly and indirectly cause a variety of health problems. Further investigation is required to increase preparedness and preventive efforts. In response to the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake on September 6, 2018, 32 Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) employed the Japanese version of Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED) as a national standard daily reporting template, gathering data on the number and type of health problems treated. Study Objective: The purpose of the study is to conduct a descriptive epidemiology study using the J-SPEED data to better understand the health problems during the earthquake disaster. Methods: Reported items in J-SPEED (Ver 1.0) form were analyzed by age, gender, and time to better understand the health issues that have arisen from the earthquake. Results: Most consultations (721; 97.6%) occurred between Day 1 and Day 13 of the 32-day EMT response. During the response period, disaster stress-related symptoms were the most common health event (15.2%), followed by wounds (14.5%) and skin diseases (7.0%). Conclusion: The most often reported health event during the response period was stress-associated illnesses related to disasters, followed by wounds and skin conditions. The health consequences of natural disasters depend on diverse local environment and population. As a result, this initial study was hard to generalize; however, it is expected that data accumulated using the J-SPEED system in the future will strengthen and extend the conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X23000432
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2162069-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emergency Medical Teams’ Responses during the West Japan Heavy Rain 2018: J-SPEED Data Analysis
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 37, No. 2 ( 2022-04), p. 205-211
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 37, No. 2 ( 2022-04), p. 205-211
    Abstract: Rainfall-induced floods and landslides accounted for 20.7% of all disaster events in Japan from 1985 through 2018 and caused a variety of health problems, both directly and indirectly, including injuries, infectious diseases, exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions, and psychological issues. More evidence of health problems caused by floods or heavy rain is needed to improve preparedness and preventive measures; however, collecting health data surrounding disaster events is a major challenge due to environmental hazards, logistical constraints, political and economic issues, difficulties in communication among stakeholders, and cultural barriers. In response to the West Japan Heavy Rain in July 2018, Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) used Japan - Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED) as a daily reporting template, collecting data on the number and type of patients they treated and sending it to an EMT coordination cell (EMTCC) during the response. Study Objective: The aim of the study was to conduct a descriptive epidemiology study using J-SPEED data to better understand the health problems during floods and heavy rain disasters. Methods: The number and types of health problems treated by EMTs in accordance with the J-SPEED (Ver 1.0) form were reported daily by 85 EMTs to an EMTCC, where data were compiled during the West Japan Heavy Rain from July 8 through September 11, 2018. Reported items in the J-SPEED form were analyzed by age, gender, area (prefecture), and time period. Results: The analysis of J-SPEED data from the West Japan Heavy Rain 2018 revealed the characteristics of a total of 3,617 consultations with the highest number of consultations (2,579; 71.3%) occurring between Day 5 and Day 12 of the 65-day EMT response. During the response period, skin disease was the most frequently reported health event (17.3%), followed by wounds (14.3%), disaster stress-related symptoms (10.0%), conjunctivitis (6.3%), and acute respiratory infections (ARI; 5.4%). Conclusion: During the response period, skin disease was the most frequently reported health event, followed by wounds, stress, conjunctivitis, and ARIs. The health impacts of a natural disaster are determined by a variety of factors, and the current study’s findings are highly context dependent; however, it is expected that as more data are gathered, the consistency of finding will increase.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X22000231
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Containment of COVID-19 outbreaks with lower incidence and case fatality rates in long-term care facilities by early intervention of emergency response teams
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2023
    In:  PLOS ONE Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 2023-6-27), p. e0287675-
    Details
    In: PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 18, No. 6 ( 2023-6-27), p. e0287675-
    Abstract: To examine whether post-outbreak early-phase interventions by emergency response teams (ERTs) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) contribute to containment with lower incidence and case-fatality rate of COVID-19 and analyse the required assistance. Methods Records from 59 LTCFs (28 hospitals, 15 nursing homes, and 16 homes) assisted by ERTs after the COVID-19 outbreak, between May 2020 and January 2021, were used for the analysis. Incidence and case-fatality rates among 6,432 residents and 8,586 care workers were calculated. The daily reports of ERTs were reviewed, and content analysis was performed. Results Incidence rates among residents and care workers with early phase ( 〈 7 days from onset) interventions (30·3%, 10·8%) were lower than those with late phase (≥7 days from onset) interventions (36·6%, 12·6%) (p 〈 0·001, p = 0·011, respectively). The case-fatality rate among residents with early-phase and late-phase interventions were 14·8% and 16·9%, respectively. ERT assistance in LTCFs was not limited to infection control but extended to command and coordination assistance in all studied facilities. Conclusion Assistance in the facility’s operational governance from the early phase of an outbreak in LTCFs contributed to a significant decline in incidence rate and case fatality rate among LTCF residents and care workers in facilities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675.t001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675.t002
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675.t003
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675.t004
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675.s001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287675.s002
    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2267670-3
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Logistics Educational Items Required for Hospital Paramedics to Work in Disaster Medicine Settings.
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2023
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 38, No. S1 ( 2023-05), p. s188-s188
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 38, No. S1 ( 2023-05), p. s188-s188
    Abstract: In Japan, the Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) is dispatched as an Emergency Medical Team (EMT) in major disasters. DMAT consists of a physician, nurse, and operations coordinators. The operations coordinators include all occupations other than physicians and nurses, and are responsible for activities to facilitate medical treatment, gathering information, establishing communications, and ensuring transportation. Therefore, the operations coordinator must have in-depth knowledge of all aspects. Operations coordinators with this knowledge are qualified as logistics team members in addition to DMAT certification. Paramedics receive pre-graduate training in medical care, transport, and coordination with other organizations, and many of their daily duties are related to these areas. However, there are few opportunities to learn about logistics. If paramedics are effectively trained in logistics, they are likely to play an active role as operational coordinators. However, logistics covers a wide range of topics, and there are few studies on items that require focused education. Therefore, this study examines the level of understanding of each logistics item among paramedics active in the field of disaster medicine to identify items that should be emphasized. Method: A questionnaire survey of 36 paramedics was conducted, all of whom hold both DMAT and logistics team certifications, to determine their level of understanding and the importance of each logistics item. The logistics items used in the survey are specified in the Logistics Specialist Certification System of the Japanese Society of Disaster Medicine. The collected questionnaire results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: Characteristic trends were obtained in the logistics items required of paramedics. Trends were also analyzed according to the age and work history of paramedics. Conclusion: The logistics education for paramedics needs to be enhanced in accordance with the trends obtained from the study. Specific studies on the means and timing of education will be needed in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X23004855
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2162069-6
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections during Disasters in the Absence and Presence of COVID-19 Pandemic
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 37, No. 1 ( 2022-02), p. 142-144
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 37, No. 1 ( 2022-02), p. 142-144
    Abstract: Japan recently experienced two major heavy rain disasters: the West Japan heavy rain disaster in July 2018 and the Kumamoto heavy rain disaster in July 2020. Between the occurrences of these two disasters, Japan began experiencing the wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, providing a unique opportunity to compare the incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) between the two disaster responses under distinct conditions. Sources for Information: The data were collected by using the standard disaster medical reporting system used in Japan, so-called the Japan-Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED), which reports number and types of patients treated by Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs). Data for ARI were extracted from daily aggregated data on the J-SPEED form and the frequency of ARI in two disasters was compared. Observation: Acute respiratory infection in the West Japan heavy rain that occurred in the absence of COVID-19 and in the Kumamoto heavy rain that occurred in the presence of COVID-19 were responsible for 5.4% and 1.2% of the total consultation, respectively (P 〈 .001). Analysis of Observation and Conclusion: Between the occurrence of these two disasters, Japan implemented COVID-19 preventive measures on a personal and organizational level, such as wearing masks, disinfecting hands, maintaining social distance, improving room ventilation, and screening people who entered evacuation centers by using hygiene management checklists. By following the basic prevention measures stated above, ARI can be significantly reduced during a disaster.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X22000085
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    Prevalence of Mental Health Problems among Patients Treated by Emergency Medical Teams: Findings from J-SPEED Data Regarding the West Japan Heavy Rain 2018
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 18 ( 2022-09-12), p. 11454-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 18 ( 2022-09-12), p. 11454-
    Abstract: It is crucial to provide mental health care following a disaster because the victims tend to experience symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia during the acute phase. However, little research on mental health during the acute phase has been conducted, and reported only in terms of the temporal transition of the number of consultations and symptoms. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine how mental health care needs are accounted for in the overall picture of disaster relief and how they change over time. Using data from the Japanese version of Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED), we assessed the mental health of injured and ill patients to whom Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) were providing care during the acute period of a disaster. Approximately 10% of all medical consultations were for mental health issues, 83% of which took place within the first 2 weeks after the disaster. The findings showed that, from the start of the response period to the 19th response day, the daily proportion of mental health problems declined substantially, and then gradually increased. Such a V-shaped pattern might be helpful for identifying phase changes and supporting the development of EMT exit strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811454
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 7
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    Impact of Early Phase DMAT Support Using Natural Disaster Support Techniques for Hospitals Experiencing COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan.
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2023
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 38, No. S1 ( 2023-05), p. s62-s62
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 38, No. S1 ( 2023-05), p. s62-s62
    Abstract: Hospitals experiencing a COVID-19 outbreak are in a similar situation to those affected by natural disasters, with a breakdown in command and coordination, shortage of personnel and supplies, and increased stress among staff. In Japan, when a COVID-19 outbreak occurs, the first step is for the hospital or health center to respond. However, if the local authorities are unable to respond, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare dispatch Disaster Medicine Assistance Team (DMAT) by request of the local government to facilitate early recovery. This study will examine the effectiveness of early phase support by DMAT. Method: Patients and healthcare workers in 31 hospitals supported by DMAT after an outbreak occurred between April 2020 and January 2021 were included in the study. Attack rate and case fatality rate for patients and the attack rate for healthcare workers were analyzed for each of the two groups: those that started support less than ten days after the first positive case and those that started support more than ten days after the first positive case. Results: For hospitals that started support in less than ten days, the attack rate was 27.9%, the case fatality rate was 17.4% for patients, and the attack rate for healthcare workers was 9.7%. For hospitals that took more than ten days to start support, the attack rate was 44.8%, the case fatality rate was 23.1% for patients, and the attack rate for healthcare workers was 14.3%. The attack rate (p 〈 0.001) and case fatality rate (p=0.011) for patients and attack rate for healthcare workers (p 〈 0.001) were significantly lower in hospitals that started support in less than ten days. Conclusion: Early intervention of DMAT support using natural disaster support techniques for hospitals experiencing an outbreak reduced the attack rate and case fatality rate for patients and healthcare workers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X23001917
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 8
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    Current Status of the Disaster Health, Medical, and Welfare Coordination in Japan
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2023
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 38, No. S1 ( 2023-05), p. s124-s124
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 38, No. S1 ( 2023-05), p. s124-s124
    Abstract: Non-coordinated support during disasters has negative effects on affected communities and people. From the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the United Nations introduced a cluster approach to avoid gaps and duplication of aid. Japan's disaster coordination of support for health and medical care was organized after the 2017 Kumamoto earthquake. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) announced and issued the notice that the prefectures need to establish a system related to health and medical activities in the event of a large-scale disaster. In July 2022, welfare content was added. This study investigated the current status of health sector organizational coordination among health, medical, and welfare responders during 2022 the Large-Scale Earthquake National Exercise (LSENE). Method: The 2022 LSENE was conducted on October 1, 2022 with participation from the Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT) and responders from each prefecture's health and welfare divisions and organizations. Each responder's exercise log sheet and the exercise controller's evaluation were reviewed. Results: Even though there was a notice from the MHLW, organized coordination was conducted only by several medical and health teams. DMAT is the only team with a system to dispatch teams from non-affected prefectures and coordinate well to allocate teams. Some other health and welfare organizations did not have a dispatching system. They had difficulty sending teams to affected areas, especially due to a lack of a systematic response system, training, coordination headquarters, and information sharing. It was suggested that information sharing and coordination among responders is necessary, although information gathering and request judgments related to dispatch coordination are different for each organization. Conclusion: In order to smoothly coordinate support teams for health, medical, and welfare in the event of a disaster, it is necessary not only to improve the coordination headquarters for health, medical, and welfare but also to verify its operation through training.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X2300328X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
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