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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electrical and Electrochemical Studies of Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on Agarose-LiBOB and P(VP-co-VAc)-LiBOB
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2021
    In:  Solid State Phenomena Vol. 317 ( 2021-5), p. 385-392
    Details
    In: Solid State Phenomena, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 317 ( 2021-5), p. 385-392
    Abstract: This study focuses on preparation and characterization of polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) based on agarose–LiBOB–DMSO and poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)–LiBOB–DMSO. Two systems of PGEs were prepared by dissolving a different amount (1-8 wt.%) of agarose and (1-8 wt.%) P(VP-co-VAc) as host polymer in 0.8 M of LiBOB–DMSO solution. The addition of host polymer into 0.8 M of LiBOB–DMSO solution will result an optimum conductivity which is 6.91 x 10 -3 S.cm -1 for agarose–LiBOB–DMSO system and 7.83 x 10 -3 S.cm -1 for P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO system. In the temperature range of conductivity studies discovered that the agarose–LiBOB–DMSO and P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO polymer gel electrolytes abide by Arrhenius rule indicating that this PGEs could run at elevated temperature conditions. Furthermore, lithium transference number confirms that both electrolyte systems have 0.03 and 0.12 respectively at room temperature (298 K). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements demonstrate the agarose–LiBOB–DMSO system has a potential of 4.26 V and P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO system has a potential of 4.50 V which is good in electrochemical stability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.317
    DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.317.385
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2051138-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conductivity and Dielectric Study of Polylactic Acid- Lithium Perchlorate Solid Polymer Electrolyte Film
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2022
    In:  Defect and Diffusion Forum Vol. 421 ( 2022-12-22), p. 99-109
    Details
    In: Defect and Diffusion Forum, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 421 ( 2022-12-22), p. 99-109
    Abstract: The solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) consists of polylactic acid (PLA) with different compositions of lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ) were prepared by using the solution casting method. The conductivity and dielectric properties of the SPE system were studied by using an impedance spectroscopy technique with a frequency ranging from 0.1 Hz to 100 MHz. The optimum composition of the LiClO 4 in the PLA based electrolyte system is 50 %. The highest ionic conductivity value of the PLA-LiClO 4 electrolyte is 2.66 x 10 -5 Scm -1 . The dielectric permittivity, ɛ′ shows high magnitude in the lower frequency due to electrode polarization (EP) effect and become to decrease at high frequency. The magnitude of ɛ′ increases up to 50 % of LiClO 4 in the electrolyte system. The loss tangent was used to measure the relaxation time of the electrolyte system. The shortest relaxation time is PLA- LiClO 4 polymer electrolyte system is 7.98 × 10−6 s. The electric modulus, M′ and M′', increases with frequency, indicating that the force of charge carriers increases in depletion and accumulation regions at room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-9507
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4028/v-37l759
    DOI: 10.4028/p-bo7w9z
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2051135-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Polymers Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2023-02-14), p. 943-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2023-02-14), p. 943-
    Abstract: With the rapid development of the palm oil-related industry, this has resulted in the high production of palm oil waste. The increasing amount of palm oil waste has become an alarming issue in which researchers have carried out studies that this palm oil waste has the potential to be used as a biomass source. Carbon black (CB) is the most preferred reinforcing filler in the rubber industry but it has a disadvantage where CB is carcinogenic and a petroleum-based product. Hence CB is less sustainable. Palm kernel shell (PKS) derived from palm oil waste can be turned into palm kernel shell biochar (PKSBc) which can potentially be a value-added, sustainable biofiller as reinforcement in rubber composites. In this study, PKSBc is hybridized with CB (N660) at different loading ratios to be filled in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). This study aims to elucidate the effect of the varying ratios of hybrid CB/PKSBc on the rheological properties, abrasion resistance, and hardness of XNBR composites. In this study, both CB and PKSBc are incorporated into XNBR and were then cured with sulphur. The composites were prepared by using a two-roll mill. Different compositions of hybrid CB/PKSBc were incorporated. The rheological properties and physicomechanical properties, such as abrasion resistance and hardness of the vulcanizates, were investigated. Based on the results, as the loading ratio of PKSBc in hybrid CB/PKSBc increases, the cure time decreases, and the cure rate index increases. The abrasion resistance and hardness values of vulcanizates were maintained by the high loading of PKSBc which was due to the porous structure of PKSBc as shown in the morphological analysis of PKSBc. The pores of PKSBc provided mechanical interlocking to reduce volume loss and maintain the hardness of vulcanizates when subjected to force. With this, PKSBc is proven to be a semi-reinforcing filler that could not only act as a co-filler to existing commercialized CB, but PKSBc could also fully substitute CB as reinforcement in rubber, specifically XNBR as it is able to provide high abrasion resistance and hardness to the rubber composites. This would mean the performance of PKSBc is comparable with CB (N660) when it comes to maintaining the physicomechanical properties of XNBR composites in terms of abrasion resistance and hardness. Therefore, this approach of using eco-friendly filler derived from palm oil agricultural waste (PKSBc) can reduce the abundance of palm oil waste, be a sustainable alternative to act as a co-filler in hybrid CB/PKSBc to decrease the usage of CB, and helps to enhance the quality of existing rubber-based products.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym15040943
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ionic Conductivity Studies on Magnesium-Based Cellulose Acetate Polymer Gel Electrolytes
    UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA ; 2015
    In:  Scientific Research Journal Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2015-12-31), p. 25-
    Details
    In: Scientific Research Journal, UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2015-12-31), p. 25-
    Abstract: Magnesium-based polymer gel electrolytes consist of magnesium triflate (MgTf) salt, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvents as well as cellulose acetate as a polymeric agent were prepared via direct dissolution method. The highest ionic conductivity obtained for MgTf-EC:DEC(1: 1) liquid electrolytes was 2.66 x 10-3 S cm-1 and enhanced to 2.73 x 10-3 S cm-1 with the addition of cellulose acetate. These results were in agreement with the activation energy obtained with the lowest value of 0.11. The best explanation on the enhancement in ionic conductivity of PGE is due to the "breathing polymeric chain model". The plots of conductivity-temperature were shown to obey an Arrhenius rule. The electrical properties of the sample with the highest conductivity were analyzed using electrical permittivity-based frequency and temperature dependence in the range of 100 Hz-1 MHz and 303-373K, respectively. The variation in dielectric permittivity (er and ei) as a function of frequency at different temperatures exhibited decays at higher frequencies and a dispersive behavior at low frequencies. Based on the observed electrical properties, it can be infe"ed that this polymer gel electrolyte could be a promising candidate as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2289-649X , 1675-7009
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.24191/srj.v12i2
    DOI: 10.24191/srj.v12i2.5428
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Influence of filler system on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber
    BioResources ; 2020
    In:  BioResources Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2020-6-17), p. 6045-6060
    Details
    In: BioResources, BioResources, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2020-6-17), p. 6045-6060
    Abstract: This research aimed to elucidate the effect of black and non-black filler systems on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber (BRR). In this study, BRR800 was the BRR investigated. Since reclaimed rubber is not entirely 100% rubber, actually being a mixture of rubber, carbon black, oil, zinc oxide, stearic acid and other compounding ingredients used in the original compounds, the reclaimed rubber content in each system was fixed at 161 parts per hundred (pphr). Each mixture was mixed using a two-roll mill. The fillers used in this study were carbon black and calcium carbonate. The Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics, crosslink density, and mechanical properties, such as hardness, abrasion resistance, compression set, tear strength, rebound resilience, and the tensile properties of the vulcanizates were investigated. The results showed that the Mooney viscosity of BRR800 filled with carbon black was increased effectively and had a faster curing time and higher crosslink density than BRR filled with calcium carbonate. In addition, except for compression set and elongation at break, the mechanical properties of BRR800 with a black filler system were higher than those of BRR800 with a non-black filler system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1930-2126 , 1930-2126
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.3
    DOI: 10.15376/biores
    DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.3.6045-6060
    Language: English
    Publisher: BioResources
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2238238-0
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Studies of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber/butyl reclaimed rubber (XNBR/BRR) blends for shoe soles application
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. 179-187
    Details
    In: Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. 179-187
    Abstract: Rising environmental issues and huge disposal of rubber waste have resulted in an increased interest in the usage of reclaimed rubber (RR) to produce sustainable and environmental friendly applications. In this study, incorporation of butyl reclaimed rubber into carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR/BRR) was carried out where the loadings of each XNBR and BRR were varied. The rubber was cured with sulphur during the melt mixing using a two-roll mill. This study is aimed to investigate the applied BRR loading towards the physical and mechanical properties of the XNBRcompounds. The results appeared that the optimum cure time (T90) increased and curing rate index (CRI) showed that a faster curing reaction with the increase in the content of BRR where the T90 had an increment of 89% while the CRI was faster by 89%. As for the crosslink density which indicates the density of chains or segments in polymer network, it decreased about 20% with increasing level of BRR. Also, the compression set which refers to the ability of rubber to resist permanent deformation, had an increase of 73% as the loading ratio of BRR increased. These results were obtained due to the low molecular weight of the BRR where the high shear and temperature during the reclamation process severely breaks down the molecular chains of the BRR into shorter segments. With the results obtained, it is shown that reclaimed rubber has the potential for further development and could increase the interest of researchers all around the world in the incorporation of reclaimed rubber for footwear application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2191-0243 , 0334-8938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/jmbm-2021-0018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2602431-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conductivity and Morphological Studies of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Magnesium Triflate-Ethylene Carbonate Gel Polymer Electrolyte
    UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA ; 2021
    In:  Scientific Research Journal Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2021-09-01), p. 161-175
    Details
    In: Scientific Research Journal, UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2021-09-01), p. 161-175
    Abstract: Gel polymer electrolyte based on poly (vinyl alcohol)(PVA)–magnesium triflate (MgTf) incorporating with different weight percentage (wt.%) of ethylene carbonate (EC) as plasticizer has been prepared by using solution casting method. The ionic conductivity of PVA–MgTf–EC gel polymer electrolyte has been determined by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and has achieved an optimum value at 1.26 x 10-4 S.cm-1 when 50 wt.% of EC is added into the system. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been performed to study the molecular interaction between components in PVA-MgTf-EC gel polymer electrolyte. The complexations between the materials used in the electrolyte system are observed based on the shifting of bands and changes in the intensity of peaks in FTIR spectra. The morphological behaviour of electrolytes has been studied by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (FESEM) to observe the changes of PVA-based gel polymer electrolytes when EC is added to the system. The amorphous peak of PVA-based electrolyte is observed to become broaden with the addition of plasticizer, results in increment in the amorphousness nature of the electrolyte which is determined by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1675-7009 , 2289-649X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.24191/srj.v18i2
    DOI: 10.24191/srj
    DOI: 10.24191/srj.v18i2.13041
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ionic Conductivity Studies on Magnesium-Based Cellulose Acetate Polymer Gel Electrolytes
    UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA ; 2015
    In:  Scientific Research Journal Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2015-12-31), p. 25-
    Details
    In: Scientific Research Journal, UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2015-12-31), p. 25-
    Abstract: Magnesium-based polymer gel electrolytes consist of magnesium triflate (MgTf) salt, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvents as well as cellulose acetate as a polymeric agent were prepared via direct dissolution method. The highest ionic conductivity obtained for MgTf-EC:DEC(1: 1) liquid electrolytes was 2. 66 x 10-3 S cm·1 and enhanced to 2.73 x 10-3 S cm·1 with the addition of cellulose acetate. These results were in agreement with the activation energy obtained with the lowest value of 0.11. The best explanation on the enhancement in ionic conductivity of PGE is due to the "breathing polymeric chain model". The plots of conductivity-temperature were shown to obey an Arhenius rule. The electrical properties of the sample with the highest conductivity were analyzed using electrical permittivity-based frequency and temperature dependence in the range of JOO Hz-1 MHz and 303-373K, respectively. The variation in dielectric permittivity (e, and e) as a function of frequency at different temperatures exhibited decays at higher frequencies and a dispersive behavior at low frequencies. Based on the observed electrical properties, it can be inferred that this polymer gel electrolyte could be a promising candidate as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2289-649X , 1675-7009
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.24191/srj.v12i2
    DOI: 10.24191/srj.v12i2.9390
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: UiTM Press, Universiti Teknologi MARA
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cracking the glass‐perchlet code: Integrative taxonomy uncovers high species‐level diversity within the glass‐perchlet genus Ambassis (Ambassidae) in tropical Asia
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Zoologica Scripta Vol. 53, No. 2 ( 2024-03), p. 157-174
    Details
    In: Zoologica Scripta, Wiley, Vol. 53, No. 2 ( 2024-03), p. 157-174
    Abstract: Glass‐perchlets of the genus Ambassis (Teleostei; Ambassidae) form an important component of the brackish and marine coastal fish communities of tropical Asia. However, their species‐level diversity is still poorly documented because of the absence of recent taxonomic revisions in this region and the limited availability of specimens for research. In addition, long‐standing taxonomic and nomenclatural issues complicate the studies of this genus. Herein, we examine the diversity of Ambassis in Peninsular Malaysia using an integrative taxonomic approach and a large set of recently collected specimens from this region. Our initial morphological observations of 260 specimens revealed the presence of eight species, identified as Ambassis dussumieri , Ambassis interrupta , Ambassis kopsii , Ambassis macracanthus , Ambassis nalua , Ambassis octava , Ambassis urotaenia and Ambassis vachellii . We then sequenced the barcode fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for 122 of our specimens, representing all eight morpho‐species. Automatic species delimitation methods recovered nine Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) because A. interrupta is made of two MOTUs. Morphological re‐examination within A. interrupta detected variation at one character, congruent with molecular delimitation. Overall, our integrative approach unveiled rich species‐level diversity within the genus Ambassis in Peninsular Malaysia, with the presence of nine species. Further comparisons between our COI dataset and the COI sequences archived in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) from specimens of Ambassis broadly collected in tropical Asian regions, indicated regional‐scale hidden diversity and identification conflicts, triggering the need for a complete taxonomic revision of this genus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0300-3256 , 1463-6409
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/zsc.v53.2
    DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12640
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2022109-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 121103-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Amorphousness Degrees and Intermolecular Interactions between Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO 4 ) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) on the Conductivity PLA-Based Polymer Electrolyte Performance
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. ; 2022
    In:  Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2022-08), p. 261-271
    Details
    In: Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering), Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2022-08), p. 261-271
    Abstract: The polymer electrolyte membrane serves as a separator and electrolyte in an energy storage device. The structural properties of the host polymer electrolyte have a significant impact on the conductivity value. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of amorphousness and intermolecular interaction degrees between LiClO4 and PLA on the conductivity performance of prepared PLA- based polymer electrolyte film. Methods: The polymer electrolyte film of LiClO4-complexed PLA was prepared with various weight percentages of LiClO4 salt (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) in PLA by using a solution casting technique. Results: PLA with 50% LiClO4 had the highest degree of amorphousness and the highest percentage of interacting carbonyl groups, which resulted in the highest conductivity of 2.56 x 10-5 S cm-1. Conclusion: Finally, the optimum composition of LiClO4 for the amorphousness, interaction of carbonyl group and conductivity are obtained, which can be used for further research to improve the conductivity value to apply it into energy storage devices’ development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2405-5204
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2174/2405520416666221226100739
    Language: English
    Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2022
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