Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- 1: Predicting the Outcome of Arsenic Toxicity on Exposed Juvenile Male-Humans: A Shift to Infertility -- 1.1 Introduction to Arsenic -- 1.1.1 Applications of Arsenic -- 1.1.2 Environmental Arsenic -- 1.1.3 The Outcome of Arsenic Concentration in the Environment -- 1.1.4 How Arsenic Contaminate the Water -- 1.1.5 Effects of Arsenic on Human Health -- 1.2 Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Arsenic -- 1.2.1 Metabolism of Arsenic -- 1.2.2 The Role of Arsenic in Male Reproductive Functions -- 1.2.3 Impairment of the Male Reproductive System by Arsenic -- 1.2.4 How Arsenic Impact the Male Reproductive System -- 1.2.5 How Arsenic Weakens Spermatogenesis in Male Rat Testis -- 1.2.6 How Arsenic Obstructs Insemination of Rat Sperm -- 1.3 Mechanism of Arsenic Toxicity on the ERK/AKT/NF-κB-Pathway: A Molecular Perspective -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Arsenic and Oxidative Stress: An Overview -- 2.1 Generation of ROS in Oxidative Stress -- 2.2 Arsenic and Oxidative Stress -- 2.3 Arsenic Detoxification Mechanisms (Methylation of Arsenic) -- 2.4 Arsenic and Signaling Pathways -- 2.5 Arsenic and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity -- 2.6 The Effect of Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress on Proteins -- 2.7 Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA -- 2.8 The Effect of Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress on Lipid -- 2.9 The Effect of Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress on Carbohydrates -- 2.10 Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress and Some Disorders -- 2.10.1 Oxidative Stress and Diabetes -- 2.10.1.1 Arsenic Toxicity and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) -- 2.10.2 Oxidative Stress and Arteriosclerosis -- 2.10.2.1 ROS-Induced Damage to Vascular Function -- 2.10.2.2 Arsenic Toxicity and Atherosclerosis -- 2.10.3 Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disease -- 2.10.3.1 Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer´s Disease. , 2.10.3.2 Parkinson´s Disease and Oxidative Stress -- 2.10.3.3 Arsenic Toxicity and Neurodegenerative Disease -- 2.10.4 Infertility and Oxidative Stress -- 2.10.4.1 Arsenic Toxicity and Infertility -- References -- 3: Arsenic in Seafood: Current Status, Analysis, and Toxicity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Accumulation of Arsenic in Seafood -- 3.3 Arsenic Speciation in Seafood -- 3.4 Extraction and Detection Techniques of As in Seafood -- 3.5 Microextraction Techniques -- 3.6 As Content in Commonly Consumed Seafood -- 3.7 International Regulation of As in Seafood -- 3.8 Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of As -- 3.9 Cooking Effect of As in Seafood -- 3.10 Risk Assessment of As and Seafood -- 3.11 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Dietary Arsenic Exposure: Sources and Risks -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Arsenic Sources in Foodstuffs -- 4.3 Health Effects of Dietary Arsenic Exposure -- 4.3.1 Chronic Exposure -- 4.3.1.1 Skin Manifestations -- 4.3.1.2 Cancer -- 4.3.1.3 Respiratory Disease -- 4.3.1.4 Liver Disease -- 4.3.1.5 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 4.3.1.6 Nervous System -- 4.3.1.7 Reproductive Effects -- 4.3.2 Acute and Intermediate Exposure -- 4.4 Vulnerable Populations -- 4.4.1 Effects on Foetal Development and Infants -- 4.4.2 Effects on Children and Adults -- 4.4.3 Effects Due to Gender Difference -- 4.4.4 Effects Due to Nutritional Variation -- 4.5 Estimating of Arsenic and Its Species in Food -- 4.6 Arsenic Exposure from Different Foodstuff -- 4.6.1 Rice and Rice Products -- 4.6.2 Seafood -- 4.6.3 Vegetables -- 4.6.4 Other Foodstuffs -- 4.7 Dietary iAs Intake: Status of Toxicological Assessments -- 4.8 Dietary iAs Exposure Assessment -- 4.8.1 Biomarkers of Human Arsenic Exposure -- 4.9 Regulatory Policies Concerning Arsenic in Food -- 4.10 Prioritizing Intervention Opportunities -- References. , 5: Effects of Arsenic: Neurological and Cellular Perspective -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Arsenic and Their Exposure -- 5.3 Arsenic Toxicity: Clinical Manifestations -- 5.3.1 Acute Toxicity Due to Arsenic Exposure -- 5.3.2 Chronic Toxicity Due to Arsenic Exposure -- 5.4 Effects of Arsenic on the Nervous System -- 5.5 Stage Specific Arsenic Neurotoxicity -- 5.5.1 In Foetal and Children Development -- 5.5.2 In Adults -- 5.5.3 Neurodegeneration -- 5.6 Arsenic Metabolism and Its Metabolites -- 5.6.1 Arsenic Transportation into the Brain -- 5.6.2 Inorganic Arsenic Metabolic Pathway and Methylation -- 5.6.2.1 Oxidative Methylation -- 5.6.2.2 Inorganic Arsenic Glutathione (GSH) Conjugation -- 5.7 Arsenic Induced Toxicity Mechanism -- 5.7.1 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ROS Production -- 5.7.2 Thiamine Deficiency -- 5.7.3 Decreased Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Activity -- 5.7.4 Epigenetics Modification -- 5.7.5 Apoptosis -- 5.7.6 Inflammation -- 5.8 Diagnosis and Treatment -- 5.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- 6: Arsenic: Source, Distribution, Toxicity and Bioremediation -- 6.1 Arsenic -- 6.2 Source of Arsenic -- 6.2.1 Natural -- 6.2.2 Anthropogenic -- 6.2.3 Source of Exposer to Arsenic -- 6.3 Arsenic Distribution -- 6.4 Arsenic Toxicity -- 6.5 Bioremediation of Arsenic -- 6.5.1 Arsenic Uptake and Extrusion System in Bacteria -- 6.5.2 Bacterial Arsenite Oxidation -- 6.5.3 Bacterial Arsenate Reduction -- 6.5.4 Arsenic Methylation in Bacteria -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Assessment of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Affected Population of Bihar -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Arsenic Problem in Indian Subcontinent -- 7.3 Arsenic Problem in State of Bihar -- 7.4 Assessment of Arsenic Poisoning in Districts of Bihar -- 7.5 Disease Burden -- 7.6 Mitigation Strategies in Bihar -- References. , 8: Current Scenario of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal and Its Mitigation Approach -- 8.1 Background on Arsenic -- 8.1.1 Chemistry of Arsenic Found in Ground Water -- 8.2 Groundwater Arsenic Contamination a Serious Issue Worldwide -- 8.3 Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Scenario in India -- 8.3.1 Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater in Delta Basin of River Ganga -- 8.3.2 Current Scenario of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal -- 8.4 Health Effect of Arsenic Toxicity in Human -- 8.4.1 Arsenic Uptake and Metabolism -- 8.4.2 Toxicity of Arsenic -- 8.4.3 Epidemiology -- 8.4.4 Cytotoxicity -- 8.4.5 Genotoxicity -- 8.5 Current Mitigation Measures Used for Arsenic Mitigation in West Bengal -- 8.5.1 Deep Groundwater -- 8.5.2 Shallow Groundwater (Well Switching) -- 8.5.3 Dug Well Water -- 8.5.4 Surface Water -- 8.5.5 Rainwater Harvesting -- 8.6 Advanced Arsenic Mitigation Approach Applied in West Bengal -- 8.6.1 Oxidation -- 8.6.2 Coagulation-Flocculation -- 8.6.3 Adsorption -- 8.6.4 Latest Advancements in Arsenic Removal Through Adsorption Technology in West Bengal -- 8.6.5 Biological Arsenic Removal Through Microbes -- References -- 9: Low-Cost Nanoparticles for Remediation of Arsenic Contaminated Water and Soils -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Adsorption Process -- 9.3 Low-Cost Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation -- 9.3.1 Nanocellulose -- 9.3.1.1 Green Technology for Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Nanofibers -- 9.3.1.2 Nanocellulose-Based Adsorbents -- 9.3.2 Iron Oxides/Hydroxides Nanoparticle -- 9.3.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles -- 9.3.3.1 Green Synthesized Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.3.2 Green Synthesized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles -- 9.3.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 9.3.5 Nanosized Biochar -- 9.3.5.1 Biochar Magnetic Nanocomposites -- 9.3.6 Nanoparticles of Industrial Waste. , 9.3.7 Silica Based Nanoparticles -- 9.3.8 Nanoparticles from Agricultural Waste -- 9.4 Potential Nanoparticles Derived from Water Industry By-products for Arsenic Stabilization in Contaminated Soils -- 9.5 Mechanism of As Adsorption by Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites -- 9.5.1 On Iron Sites -- 9.5.2 On Aluminum Sites -- References -- 10: Biological Means of Arsenic Minimization with Special Reference to Siderophore -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biochemistry of Arsenic -- 10.3 Arsenic Detoxification in Organisms -- 10.3.1 Arsenic Detoxification in Plants -- 10.3.2 Arsenic Detoxification in Microbes -- 10.3.3 Arsenic Detoxification in Animals -- 10.4 Chemistry of Siderophore Metal Chelation -- 10.5 Siderophore Mediated Arsenic Mitigation -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Mechanisms of Arsenic Transport, Accumulation, and Distribution in Rice -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Arsenic Transport in Rice -- 11.2.1 Arsenic Uptake -- 11.2.2 Translocation of Arsenic from Root to Rice Grains -- 11.2.2.1 Xylem Loading -- 11.2.2.2 Phloem Loading -- 11.3 Major Intrinsic Proteins (MIPs) in Arsenic Transport -- 11.3.1 Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Proteins (PIPs) -- 11.3.2 Nodulin-26 like Intrinsic Proteins (NIPs) -- 11.4 Transporters of Arsenic Other Than PIPs and NIPs -- 11.5 Proposed Mechanism of Arsenic Transport in Rice -- 11.6 Arsenic Accumulation -- 11.7 Arsenic Distribution in Rice Grain -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12: The Healing Art of Arsenic in Various Malignancies -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Historical Background of ATO in Medicine -- 12.3 Arsenic in Ayurveda Medicine -- 12.4 Arsenic Trioxide Against Various Tumors -- 12.4.1 Leukemia -- 12.4.1.1 Arsenic a Key Enzyme Blocker in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia -- 12.4.1.2 Induction of Differentiation -- 12.4.1.3 Triggers Apoptosis -- 12.4.1.4 Other Related Mechanisms -- 12.4.2 Breast Cancer. , 12.4.2.1 ATO and let-7a in Notch Signaling.