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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of reflective bistable twisted nematic displays with retardation compensation (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 1718-1721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The contrast ratios of reflective bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal displays with a rear quarter-wave film are optimized by means of a parameter space approach. By plotting the contrast ratio as a function of the twist angle and thickness-birefringence product (dΔn) of the display, the regions where the displays show the best contrast ratio are clearly shown. Both the absolute reflectance and the wavelength dispersion of two bistable twisted states are investigated. It is confirmed that superhigh contrast ratio (infinite in principle), reflectance about 95% with polarized-light input, a large dΔn value (0.63 μm), and low dispersion are possible for such reflective bistable liquid crystal display. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1303052
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    π/2 and 5π/2 twisted bistable nematic liquid crystal display (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 2673-2676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A π/2 and 5π/2 twist bistable nematic liquid crystal cell is optimized in optics by a parameter space approach. The cell possesses good contrast ratio, a preferable dΔn value, a wide viewing angle, and black–white display. Three switching wave forms can be used to switch the cell between π/2 and 5π/2 twist states. Controlling the selection voltage amplitude can provide gray scales for the cell. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372240
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of reflective bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 2373-2376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The contrast ratio of reflective bistable twisted nematic displays are optimized by means of a parameter space approach. By plotting the contrast ratio as a function of the twist angle and thickness-birefringence product of the display, the regions where the display shows the best contrast ratio are clearly shown. Both the absolute reflectance and wavelength dispersion of two bistable twisted states are investigated. It is confirmed that high contrast ratio of over 100 and reflectance of 100% with polarized light input are possible for such reflectance bistable displays. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371062
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant magnetoimpedance of glass-covered amorphous microwires of Co–Mn–Si–B and Co–Si–B (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4445-4447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study of magnetic hysteresis and giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) in amorphous glass-covered Co–Si–B and Co–Mn–Si–B wires is presented. The wires, about 10 μm in diameter, were obtained by a glass-coated melt spinning technique. Samples with positive magnetostriction (MS) have a rectangular bistable hysteresis loop. A smooth hysteresis loop is observed for wires with nearly zero MS. When the MS is negative, almost no hysteresis is observed. The GMI was measured in the frequency range between 20 Hz and 30 MHz. The shapes of the impedance versus field curves are qualitatively similar to each other for both positive and zero MS samples. The impedance is maximum at zero field, and decreases sharply in the range of 10–20 Oe. For the negative MS wires, when the driving current is small, the impedance is maximum at a finite external field. The position of the maximum approaches zero with increasing current. The contributions of the moment rotation and domain wall motion in the three cases are discussed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370369
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and characterization of a heating stage for a scanning probe microscope up to 215 °C (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 2100-2103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this article, we present a study on construction and characterization of a heating stage compatible to commercially available scanning probe microscopes working in contact and tapping modes. Thermal properties of the heating stage have been characterized. With the heating stage, sample surface temperature can reach as high as 215 °C while the scanner temperature is kept below 125 °C. Below 50 °C, the stage temperature is very stable, with fluctuations less than 0.05 °C within half an hour. In both the contact and tapping mode of the force microscope, the image distortions have been calibrated, which occurs due to the decrease of piezoelectric coefficient at high temperature. It has been found that a cork wood spacer is excellent for thermal isolation to prevent the scanner from overheating. Examples of applications of the heating stage will be presented and discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150587
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of highly charged ion beams from electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (invited) : Proceedings of the 7th international conference on ion sources (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 625-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) development has progressed with multiple-frequency plasma heating, higher mirror magnetic fields, and better technique to provide extra cold electrons. Such techniques greatly enhance the production of highly charged ions from ECRISs. So far at continuous wave (CW) mode operation, up to 300 eμA of O7+ and 1.15 emA of O6+, more than 100 eμA of intermediate heavy ions for charge states up to Ar13+, Ca13+, Fe13+, Co14+, and Kr18+, and tens of eμA of heavy ions with charge states to Kr26+, Xe28+, Au35+, Bi34+, and U34+ were produced from ECRISs. At an intensity of at least 1 eμA, the maximum charge state available for the heavy ions are Xe36+, Au46+, Bi47+, and U48+. An order of magnitude enhancement for fully stripped argon ions (I≥60 enA) were also achieved. This article will review the ECR ion source progress and discuss key requirement for ECRISs to produce the highly charged ion beams. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148462
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-frequency plasma heating in a high charge state electron cyclotron resonance ion source (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 4218-4221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The performance of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) advanced electron cyclotron resonance ion source, which is a single stage source designed to operate at 14 GHz alone (single-frequency heating), is enhanced by heating the plasma simultaneously with microwaves of 10 and 14 GHz (two-frequency heating). Production of high charge state ions was increased a factor of 2–5 or higher for the very heavy ions such as bismuth and uranium, as compared to single- frequency heating. Plasma stability was improved and the ion charge state distribution shifted to higher charge state. With two-frequency heating, the source can produce more than 1×109 pps of fully stripped argon. High charge state ion beams of bismuth and uranium produced by the source were injected into the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBL. After acceleration to energies greater than 6 MeV/nucleon, the extracted beam intensities were 1×106 pps or higher for Bi50+,51+ and 238U52+,53+. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145372
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma potentials and performance of the advanced electron cyclotron resonance ion source (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2947-2952 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The mean plasma potential was measured on the LBL advanced electron cyclotron resonance (AECR) ion source for a variety of conditions. The mean potentials for plasmas of oxygen, argon, and argon mixed with oxygen in the AECR were determined. These plasma potentials are positive with respect to the plasma chamber wall and are on the order of tens of volts. Electrons injected into the plasma by an electron gun or from an aluminum oxide wall coating with a very high secondary electron emission reduce the plasma potential as does gas mixing. A lower plasma potential in the AECR source coincides with enhanced production of high charged state ions indicating longer ion confinement times. The effect of the extra electrons from external injection or wall coatings is to lower the average plasma potential and to increase the neτi of the ECR plasma. With sufficient extra electrons, the need for gas mixing can be eliminated or reduced to a lower level, so the source can operate at lower neutral pressures. A reduction of the neutral pressure decreases charge exchange between ions and neutrals and enhances the production of high charge state ions. An aluminum oxide coating results in the lowest plasma potential among the three methods discussed and the best source performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144583
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface pattern and large low-field magnetoresistance in La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 films (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 1606-1608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Formation of an ordered surface structure in La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 films due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between the film and the substrate has been investigated. The surface pattern consists of grain chains located on regular orthogonal cracks. The cracks serve as weak-link grain boundaries, and unusually enhanced low-field magnetoresistance (−14.4% in 400 Oe at 90 K) has been observed, which may be explained by spin-polarized tunneling across the grain boundaries. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123631
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have developed new bistable twisted nematic (BTN) displays that operate between the −π/2 and 3π/2 twist states and between the π/2 and 5π/2 twist states. Together with the (0,2π) BTN, this forms a set of all possible transmittive BTNs. Experimentally, it was confirmed that several switching wave forms could be used to switch the BTN from one state to another. Voltages below 10 V are sufficient to reset and switch these BTNs. The effect of the d/P0 ratio on the bistable switching characteristics is also investigated. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368072
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