Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Aim -- Analysis -- Comparison of Forest Biomass Supply Chains from the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Quantifying Forest Biomass Mobilisation Potential in the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Environmental Sustainability Aspects of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Challenges and Opportunities of Logistics and Economics of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Economic and Social Aspects of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Challenges and Opportunities for the Conversion Technologies Used to Make Forest Biomass-Based Bioenergy and Biofuels -- Challenges and Opportunities of International Trade of Forest Biomass -- Constraints and Success Factors for Woody Biomass Energy Systems in Two Countries with Minimal Moody Biomass Energy Sectors -- Summary of opportunities -- Technological and Institutional Learning -- Trade -- Organisation Structures -- Improvement of Supply Chain Data Reporting -- Integration of Energy and Forest Systems -- Management of Biomass Quality -- Integrated Planning of Bioenergy and Conventional Wood Products -- Conversion Efficiency and Cascading Use -- Integrated Forest Land Planning for Energy, Conventional Wood Products and Ecosystem Services -- Development of a Shared Vision -- Recognition of Different Views and Understandings -- Development of Common Sustainability Criteria -- Development of Common Technical Standards -- Conclusions -- Chapter 1 - Introduction -- Highlights -- Introduction -- General aim of the book -- References -- Chapter 2 - Comparison of Forest Biomass Supply Chains From the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Supply -- Demand -- Country profiles -- Geographical and Socio-Economic Characteristics -- Energy Profile -- Forest Sector -- Supply chain description. , Australia -- Belgium -- Canada -- Croatia -- Denmark -- Finland -- Germany -- Ireland -- New Zealand -- Norway -- Sweden -- United States -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 - Quantifying Forest Biomass Mobilisation Potential in the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Roundwood-to-NPP Ratio -- Forest NPP -- Roundwood Production -- Bioenergy-to-Roundwood Ratio -- Forest Bioenergy Production -- Analysis -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 - Environmental Sustainability Aspects of Forest Biomass Mobilisation -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Background -- Analysis -- Land-Use Change -- Implications of Forest Biomass Removal From Existing Forest Areas -- Soil and Site Productivity -- Surface and Ground Waters -- Biodiversity -- Carbon and Climate Change -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 - Challenges and Opportunities of Logistics and Economics of Forest Biomass -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Matching supply to demand -- Spatial and Temporal Challenges of Feedstock Supply -- Chipping of Forest Biomass -- Management of the Harvesting, Chipping and Transport Processes -- Predicting and Managing Fuel Quality -- Economics and overall quality of supply -- Economic Sustainability of Feedstock Supply -- Overall Quality and Trust in the Supply Chain -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 - Economic and Social Barriers Affecting Forest Bioenergy Mobilisation: A Review of the Literature -- Introduction -- Impact classification and methodological approaches -- Economic Versus Social Impacts -- Economic -- Social -- Methodological Approaches -- Review of results -- Economic Impacts -- Social Impacts -- Barriers to bioenergy market development -- Summary and conclusions -- References. , Chapter 7 - Challenges and Opportunities for the Conversion Technologies Used to Make Forest Bioenergy -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Forest biomass feedstocks and conversion technologies -- Biomass Upgrading -- Pelletisation -- Pyrolysis -- Gasification -- Biochemical Conversion -- Biomass Applications and Conversion Technologies -- Forest Biomass in the Energy Sector -- Bioenergy Conversion Technologies for Forest Biomass -- Biomass for Heat Generation -- Domestic Heating and Cooking -- District Heating and Cooling -- Industrial Heating -- Biomass for Power and CHP Generation -- Biomass-Based Power Plants -- Co-Firing -- Biomass-Based Co-Generation -- Major biomass-to-energy users -- Finland -- Sweden -- The United States -- Canada -- Challenges and opportunities for forest biomass based energy conversion technologies -- Technological Challenges -- Market Challenges -- Policy Challenges -- Opportunities for Forest Biomass-Based Energy and Conversion Technologies -- Improvement in Conversion Efficiency -- Rural Development -- Emissions Reduction and Enhanced Energy Security -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Challenges and Opportunities for International Trade in Forest Biomass -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Demand markets -- European Union -- Belgium -- Denmark -- The Netherlands -- Sweden -- The United Kingdom -- Asia -- North America -- Global Demand by 2020 -- Supply regions -- Key Regions of Woody Biomass Production up to 2013 -- Key Regions of Woody Biomass Production by 2020 -- Sustainability requirements and certification status -- Sustainability and Certification Requirements in Key Industrial Demand Markets in the EU -- The United Kingdom -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- Denmark -- Supply-side Certification Status and Volume Estimates -- Canada -- The United States -- Russia. , Discussion: supply limitations and potential trade barriers -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 - Constraints and Success Factors for Woody Biomass Energy Systems in Two Countries with Minimal Bioenergy Sectors -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Analysis -- Comparing Austria, Finland, Germany and Sweden with Australia and Canada -- National Forest Sectors -- Energy Sectors -- Government Support -- Socio-Political Factors -- Local Expertise -- Successful Niche Applications of Bioenergy Systems in Canada and Australia -- Challenges and Opportunities of Niche Applications in Countries Without Broadly Successful Woody Biomass Energy Sectors -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 - Challenges and Opportunities for the Mobilisation of Forest Bioenergy in the Boreal and Temperate Biomes -- Highlights -- Introduction -- Challenges -- Variability of Supply Chains -- Policy -- Logistics -- Trade -- Environmental and Social Sustainability -- Opportunities and solutions -- Technological and Institutional Learning -- Trade -- Organisation Structures -- Improvement of Supply Chain Data Reporting -- Integration of Energy and Forest Systems -- Management of Biomass Quality -- Integrated Planning of Bioenergy and Conventional Wood Products -- Conversion Efficiency and Cascading Use -- Integrated Forest Land Planning for Energy, Conventional Wood Products and Ecosystem Services -- Development of a Shared Vision -- Recognition of Different Views and Understandings -- Development of Common Sustainability Criteria -- Development of Common Technical Standards -- Mobilisation of forest bioenergy potential -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- Abbreviations -- Unit Conversion -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Back cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Dislocation Damping 1 -- Chapter 1. Dislocation Relaxation Peaks -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BORDONI PEAK -- OTHER PEAKS IN FCC METALS -- PEAKS IN BCC AND HEXAGONAL METALS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. The Bordoni Peak in Copper Single Crystals at Kilohertz Frequencies -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Evidence of Peierls Nabarro Stress by Microdeformation and Attenuation Experiments -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Dislocation Internal Friction Peaks in Body-Centred Cubic Metals -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- ON THE Y RELATION IN TANTALUM -- THE α AND δ RELAXATION IN NIOBIUM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. The α-Maximum in Ta Investigated in the 1Hz-Frequency Range1 -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. -- Chapter 6. Study for Observation Conditions for α and γ Relaxation in Niobium -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Oscillation Amplitude Dependence of Internal Friction Peaks α, γ, ßα and ßγ in Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. The a and ß1 Peaks in Deformed and/or Irradiated Pure Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 9. Dislocation Relaxation Peaks in Pure and Doped Iron -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. An Analysis of the α Peak in Niobium and Vanadium by Means of the Schoeck Theory -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11. Study of Dislocation Mobility by Coupling of Low and High Frequency Applied Stresses -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. Effects of Cyclic Deformation and Irradiation at Low Temperature on the Internal Friction of Pure Aluminium -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- MODEL -- DISCUSSION -- IRRADIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. Modulus Effect and Internal Friction in Cold Worked Copper and Some Copper Based Solid Solutions -- EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14. Influence of the Sample Pre-Treatment upon the Cold-Work Effects of Internal Friction in Copper -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Internal Friction of High Purity Magnesium after Plastic Deformation -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- AKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16. Internal Friction in Zr after Deformation -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- Chapter 17. Characterization of the Peaking Effect in Copper and Silver -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18. A New Damping Model for the "Peaking Effect -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNTHESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- MODEL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 19. Interpretation of the 'Peaking Effect' -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL -- RATE-EQUATION TREATMENT OF THE PINNING-UNPINNING KINETICS -- PREDICTION OF A PEAKING EFFECT WITHIN THE VIBRATING-STRING APPROXIMATION -- DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. A Model of the Internal Friction Observedin Crystalline Solids in the Pre-Plastic Region at Low Frequencies -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MODEL -- BOLTZMANN SUPERPOSITION -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part 2: Zener Relaxation -- Chapter 21. The Zener Relaxation: A Convenient Tool to Study Vacancy Sources and Sinks in a Metal Lattice -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION OF EQUILIBRATION KINETICS -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ZENER RELAXATION METHODS -- RESISTOMETRIC AND ANELASTIC APPROACHES : A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -- ANELASTIC STUDIES IN AgZn SOLID SOLUTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22. The Production Rate of Point Defects by Irradiation: A Comparative Study in a Ag-24 at % Zn Alloy, for γ-Rays, Fast Electrons and Reactor Neutrons -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23. The Migration Properties of Self-Interstitials in Concentrated α-AgZn Solid Solutions -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- BACKGROUND -- RESULTS -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 24. Stress-Induced and Short Range Ordering:A Dual Approach to Vacancy Properties.Application to a Cu-30 at.% Zn Alloy -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- STRAIN RELAXATION RESULTS -- RESISTIVITY RESULTS -- COMPARISON OF ANELASTICITY AND RESISTIVITY CURVES -- APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATION ENERGIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 25. The Zener Relaxation in Ternary Cu-Ni-Zn Alloys -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF CuNiZn -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part 3: Dislocation Damping 2 -- Chapter 26. Low-Frequency "Amplitude Peaks" in the Internal Friction Associated with theInteraction of Substitutional Solute Atom swith Dislocations in Aluminium Alloys -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- FURTHER CONFIRMATION OF THE AMPLITUDE PEAK, AGING PEAK, AND TEMPERATURE PEAK -- WHY A DISLOCATION-KINK CONCEPT ISNECESSARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 27. New Study of Interactions Between Dislocations and Solute Atoms in Aluminium Through Ultrasonic Attenuation Change Induced by Bias Stress -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- MAIN RESULTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCE -- Chapter 28. Internal Friction and Dislocation - Solute Interactions in Titanium -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 29. Influence of Doping and Deformation on the Internal Friction of Electron Irradiated Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 30. Amplitude Dependent Internal Friction and Modulus Effect in Copper Single Crystals -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 31. Determination of Threshold Energies by Dislocation Pinning Experiments in Copper and Silver -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNICS -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 32. Some Effects of Electron Irradiation on the Internal Friction of High Purity Molybdenum -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS. , DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 33. Relaxation Phenomena Connected with the Stage III in Irradiated Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 34. Transient Increase of the Magnetomechanical Damping Induced by Structural Defects in Iron -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- STRAINING EFFECT -- EFFECT OF PRECIPITATED CARBIDES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 35. Influence of d.c. Magnetic Field over Magnetomechanical Damping of High Purity Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- INTERPRETATION. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 36. Different Mechanisms of Anelastic and Ferromagnetic Relaxation Due to Defectsin Neutron Irradiated Iron -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 37. Hydrogen-Dislocation Interaction and Hydrogen-Reordering Processes in Palladium/Platinum Alloys -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part 4: Polymers -- Chapter 38. Dynamics of Polymer Networks at High Ultrasonic Frequencies -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 39. Study of the Glass Transition on Polymers by Isothermal Internal Friction Measurements -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHOD -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 40. A Spectroscopic Method for Measurement of the Ultrasonic Properties of Polymers -Method and Limitations -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNIQUE -- PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION -- LIMITATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 41. The Evaluation of Molecular Size Distribution Parameters for Linear Chain Polymers by Means of Relaxation Experiments.