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  • 1
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    An overview of the HIBISCUS campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2011
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2011-03-15), p. 2309-2339
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2011-03-15), p. 2309-2339
    Abstract: Abstract. The EU HIBISCUS project consisted of a series of field campaigns during the intense convective summers in 2001, 2003 and 2004 in the State of São Paulo in Brazil. Its objective was to investigate the impact of deep convection on the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) and the lower stratosphere by providing a new set of observational data on meteorology, tracers of horizontal and vertical transport, water vapour, clouds, and chemistry in the tropical Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS). This was achieved using short duration research balloons to study local phenomena associated with convection over land, and long-duration balloons circumnavigating the globe to study the contrast between land and oceans. Analyses of observations of short-lived tracers, ozone and ice particles show strong episodic local updraughts of cold air across the lapse rate tropopause up to 18 or 19 km (420–440 K) in the lower stratosphere by overshooting towers. The long duration balloon and satellite measurements reveal a contrast between the composition of the lower stratosphere over land and oceanic areas, suggesting significant global impact of such events. The overshoots are shown to be well captured by non-hydrostatic meso-scale Cloud Resolving Models indicating vertical velocities of 50–60 m s−1 at the top of the Neutral Buoyancy Level (NBL) at around 14 km, but, in contrast, are poorly represented by global Chemistry-Transport Models (CTM) forced by Numerical Weather Forecast Models (NWP) underestimating the overshooting process. Finally, the data collected by the HIBISCUS balloons have allowed a thorough evaluation of temperature NWP analyses and reanalyses, as well as satellite ozone, nitrogen oxide, water vapour and bromine oxide measurements in the tropics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2309-2011
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 2
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    Validation of version-4.61 methane and nitrous oxide observed by MIPAS
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2009
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2009-01-19), p. 413-442
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2009-01-19), p. 413-442
    Abstract: Abstract. The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-borne, aircraft, satellite and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61, full resolution MIPAS data covering the period 9 July 2002 to 26 March 2004) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. In the middle stratosphere, no significant bias is observed between MIPAS and correlative measurements, and MIPAS is providing a very consistent and global picture of the distribution of CH4 and N2O in this region. In average, the MIPAS CH4 values show a small positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 5%. A similar situation is observed for N2O with a positive bias of 4%. In the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere (UT/LS) the individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61 and the estimated errors of the correlative measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-413-2009
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 3
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    Validation of HNO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, ClONO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, and N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉5〈/sub〉 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2008
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 8, No. 13 ( 2008-07-07), p. 3529-3562
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 8, No. 13 ( 2008-07-07), p. 3529-3562
    Abstract: Abstract. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite was launched on 12 August 2003. Its two instruments measure vertical profiles of over 30 atmospheric trace gases by analyzing solar occultation spectra in the ultraviolet/visible and infrared wavelength regions. The reservoir gases HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 are three of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This paper describes the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data products, including the N2O5 update, for the three species and presents validation comparisons with available observations. We have compared volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 with measurements by other satellite instruments (SMR, MLS, MIPAS), aircraft measurements (ASUR), and single balloon-flights (SPIRALE, FIRS-2). Partial columns of HNO3 and ClONO2 were also compared with measurements by ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Overall the quality of the ACE-FTS v2.2 HNO3 VMR profiles is good from 18 to 35 km. For the statistical satellite comparisons, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±1 ppbv ±20%) from 18 to 35 km. For MIPAS and MLS comparisons only, mean relative differences lie within±10% between 10 and 36 km. ACE-FTS HNO3 partial columns (~15–30 km) show a slight negative bias of −1.3% relative to the ground-based FTIRs at latitudes ranging from 77.8° S–76.5° N. Good agreement between ACE-FTS ClONO2 and MIPAS, using the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IMK-IAA) data processor is seen. Mean absolute differences are typically within ±0.01 ppbv between 16 and 27 km and less than +0.09 ppbv between 27 and 34 km. The ClONO2 partial column comparisons show varying degrees of agreement, depending on the location and the quality of the FTIR measurements. Good agreement was found for the comparisons with the midlatitude Jungfraujoch partial columns for which the mean relative difference is 4.7%. ACE-FTS N2O5 has a low bias relative to MIPAS IMK-IAA, reaching −0.25 ppbv at the altitude of the N2O5 maximum (around 30 km). Mean absolute differences at lower altitudes (16–27 km) are typically −0.05 ppbv for MIPAS nighttime and ±0.02 ppbv for MIPAS daytime measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-3529-2008
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 4
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    Influence of Different Microphysical Schemes on the Prediction of Dissolution of Nonreactive Gases by Cloud Droplets and Raindrops
    American Meteorological Society ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology Vol. 33, No. 9 ( 1994-09), p. 1096-1109
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 33, No. 9 ( 1994-09), p. 1096-1109
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8763 , 1520-0450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033〈1096:IODMSO〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 5
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    Role of lee waves in the formation of solid polar stratospheric clouds: Case studies from February 1997
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 105, No. D5 ( 2000-03-16), p. 6845-6853
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 105, No. D5 ( 2000-03-16), p. 6845-6853
    Abstract: Recent theories of solid polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) formation have shown that particles could remain liquid down to 3 K or 4 K below the ice frost point. Such temperatures are rarely reached in the Arctic stratosphere at synoptic scale, but nevertheless, solid PSCs are frequently observed. Mesoscale processes such as mountain‐induced gravity waves could be responsible for their formation. In this paper, a microphysical‐chemical Lagrangian model (MiPLaSMO) and a mountain wave model (NRL/MWFM) are used to interpret balloon‐borne measurements made by an optical particle counter (OPC) and by the Absorption par Minoritaires Ozone et NO x (AMON) instrument above Kiruna on February 25 and 26, 1997, respectively. The model results show good agreement with the particle size distributions obtained by the OPC in a layer of large particles, and allow us to interpret this layer as an evaporating mesoscale type Ia PSC (nitric acid trihydrate) mixed with liquid particles. The detection of a layer of solid particles by AMON is also qualitatively reproduced by the model and is interpreted to be frozen sulfate acid aerosols (SAT). In this situation, the impact of mountain waves on chlorine activation is studied. It appears that mesoscale perturbations amplify significantly the amount of computed ClO, as compared to synoptic runs. Moreover, MiPLaSMO chemical results concerning HNO 3 and HCl agree with measurements made by the Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere (LPMA) instrument on February 26 at a very close location to AMON, and explain part of the differences between LPMA measurement and Reactive Processes Ruling the Ozone Budget in the Stratosphere (REPROBUS) model outputs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900908
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 6
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    Polar stratospheric cloud microphysical properties measured by the microRADIBAL instrument on 25 January 2000 above Esrange and modeling interpretation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2003
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 108, No. D6 ( 2003-03-27)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 108, No. D6 ( 2003-03-27)
    Abstract: The balloonborne microRADIBAL instrument is a radiometer that measures the radiance and polarization of the sunlight scattered by the atmosphere, gas, and aerosols in a horizontal plane in the near‐infrared range. It was launched from Esrange, Sweden, on 25 January 2000 in the framework of the Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone (THESEO) 2000 campaign, and performed measurements in the vicinity of a large polar stratospheric cloud (PSC). The measurements provide diagrams of the radiance versus scattering angle at several altitudes. The aerosol signature, derived from the radiance measurements, has been modeled via Mie theory and the T‐Matrix code. Three different size distributions of aerosols have been tested: monomodal and bimodal size distributions of spherical particles, and bimodal size distributions including a mode of spherical and a mode of nonspherical particles. The best agreement between the measured and modeled signatures is obtained considering a bimodal size distribution composed by a mode of medium spherical particles (median radius about 0.15 μm) and a second mode of larger nonspherical particles (median radius about 1.1 μm, aspect ratio about 0.6). Concentrations and surface densities of the PSC particles have been estimated. The existence of such particles has been tentatively explained using the Lagrangian Microphysical and Photochemical Lagrangian Stratospheric Model of Ozone (MiPLaSMO) model. On 25 January 2000 the polar stratospheric cloud detected by microRADIBAL is associated with a lee‐wave event. Temperature perturbations due to lee‐wave events were calculated using the National Research Laboratory Mountain Wave Forecast Model (MWFM) and have been included along trajectories. They are localized in a large region between the Norwegian mountains and Esrange. Their amplitude varies from 3 to 7 K. Detailed comparisons between measured and modeled surfaces and dimensional distributions of PSCs' particles are achieved. The two modes of particles detected by microRADIBAL can be interpreted from MiPLaSMO results considering different air masses located along the lines of sight. The air masses are characterized by two different temperature perturbations due to lee‐wave events. With a small temperature perturbation (∼3 K) that occurred just before the time of the measurement, supercooled ternary solution particles are predicted, and with a strong temperature perturbation (∼6 K) that occurred four hours before the measurement, nitric acid trihydate particles are formed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001017
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 7
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    Technical Note: Validation of Odin/SMR limb observations of ozone, comparisons with OSIRIS, POAM III, ground-based and balloon-borne instruments
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2008
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 8, No. 13 ( 2008-06-30), p. 3385-3409
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 8, No. 13 ( 2008-06-30), p. 3385-3409
    Abstract: Abstract. The Odin satellite carries two instruments capable of determining stratospheric ozone profiles by limb sounding: the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) and the UV-visible spectrograph of the OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System) instrument. A large number of ozone profiles measurements were performed during six years from November 2001 to present. This ozone dataset is here used to make quantitative comparisons with satellite measurements in order to assess the quality of the Odin/SMR ozone measurements. In a first step, we compare Swedish SMR retrievals version 2.1, French SMR ozone retrievals version 222 (both from the 501.8 GHz band), and the OSIRIS retrievals version 3.0, with the operational version 4.0 ozone product from POAM III (Polar Ozone Atmospheric Measurement). In a second step, we refine the Odin/SMR validation by comparisons with ground-based instruments and balloon-borne observations. We use observations carried out within the framework of the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and balloon flight missions conducted by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l\\'{}Environnement (LPCE, Orléans, France), and the Service d'Aéronomie (SA, Paris, France). Coincidence criteria were 5° in latitude×10° in longitude, and 5 h in time in Odin/POAM III comparisons, 12 h in Odin/NDACC comparisons, and 72 h in Odin/balloons comparisons. An agreement is found with the POAM III experiment (10–60 km) within −0.3±0.2 ppmv (bias±standard deviation) for SMR (v222, v2.1) and within −0.5±0.2 ppmv for OSIRIS (v3.0). Odin ozone mixing ratio products are systematically slightly lower than the POAM III data and show an ozone maximum lower by 1–5 km in altitude. The comparisons with the NDACC data (10–34 km for ozonesonde, 10–50 km for lidar, 10–60 for microwave instruments) yield a good agreement within −0.15±0.3 ppmv for the SMR data and −0.3±0.3 ppmv for the OSIRIS data. Finally the comparisons with instruments on large balloons (10–31 km) show a good agreement, within −0.7±1 ppmv. The official SMR v2.1 dataset is consistent in all altitude ranges with POAM III, NDACC and large balloon-borne instruments measurements. In the SMR v2.1 data, no different systematic error has been found in the 0–35km range in comparison with the 35–60 km range. The same feature has been highlighted in both hemispheres in SMR v2.1/POAM III intercomparisons, and no latitudinal dependence has been revealed in SMR v2.1/NDACC intercomparisons.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-3385-2008
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 8
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    Validation of NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2008
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 8, No. 19 ( 2008-10-08), p. 5801-5841
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 8, No. 19 ( 2008-10-08), p. 5801-5841
    Abstract: Abstract. Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGE III, POAM III, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGE II (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACE-FTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-5801-2008
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 9
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    Validation of MIPAS HNO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 operational data
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2007
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 7, No. 18 ( 2007-09-21), p. 4905-4934
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 7, No. 18 ( 2007-09-21), p. 4905-4934
    Abstract: Abstract. Nitric acid (HNO3) is one of the key products that are operationally retrieved by the European Space Agency (ESA) from the emission spectra measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard ENVISAT. The product version 4.61/4.62 for the observation period between July 2002 and March 2004 is validated by comparisons with a number of independent observations from ground-based stations, aircraft/balloon campaigns, and satellites. Individual HNO3 profiles of the ESA MIPAS level-2 product show good agreement with those of MIPAS-B and MIPAS-STR (the balloon and aircraft version of MIPAS, respectively), and the balloon-borne infrared spectrometers MkIV and SPIRALE, mostly matching the reference data within the combined instrument error bars. In most cases differences between the correlative measurement pairs are less than 1 ppbv (5–10%) throughout the entire altitude range up to about 38 km (~6 hPa), and below 0.5 ppbv (15–20% or more) above 30 km (~17 hPa). However, differences up to 4 ppbv compared to MkIV have been found at high latitudes in December 2002 in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds. The degree of consistency is further largely affected by the temporal and spatial coincidence, and differences of 2 ppbv may be observed between 22 and 26 km (~50 and 30 hPa) at high latitudes near the vortex boundary, due to large horizontal inhomogeneity of HNO3. Similar features are also observed in the mean differences of the MIPAS ESA HNO3 VMRs with respect to the ground-based FTIR measurements at five stations, aircraft-based SAFIRE-A and ASUR, and the balloon campaign IBEX. The mean relative differences between the MIPAS and FTIR HNO3 partial columns are within ±2%, comparable to the MIPAS systematic error of ~2%. For the vertical profiles, the biases between the MIPAS and FTIR data are generally below 10% in the altitudes of 10 to 30 km. The MIPAS and SAFIRE HNO3 data generally match within their total error bars for the mid and high latitude flights, despite the larger atmospheric inhomogeneities that characterize the measurement scenario at higher latitudes. The MIPAS and ASUR comparison reveals generally good agreements better than 10–13% at 20–34 km. The MIPAS and IBEX measurements agree reasonably well (mean relative differences within ±15%) between 17 and 32 km. Statistical comparisons of the MIPAS profiles correlated with those of Odin/SMR, ILAS-II, and ACE-FTS generally show good consistency. The mean differences averaged over individual latitude bands or all bands are within the combined instrument errors, and generally within 1, 0.5, and 0.3 ppbv between 10 and 40 km (~260 and 4.5 hPa) for Odin/SMR, ILAS-II, and ACE-FTS, respectively. The standard deviations of the differences are between 1 to 2 ppbv. The standard deviations for the satellite comparisons and for almost all other comparisons are generally larger than the estimated measurement uncertainty. This is associated with the temporal and spatial coincidence error and the horizontal smoothing error which are not taken into account in our error budget. Both errors become large when the spatial variability of the target molecule is high.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-4905-2007
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 10
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    Frozen-in anticyclones occurring in polar Northern Hemisphere during springtime: Characterization, occurrence and link with quasi-biennial oscillation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 116, No. D20 ( 2011-10-20)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 116, No. D20 ( 2011-10-20)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016042
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2011
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