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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 104 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We present a boundary-layer model for mantle plumes driven by thermal and chemical diffusion and buoyancy. The problem is solved for a Boussinesq, Newtonian fluid with infinite Prandtl number and constant physical properties. We focus on axisymmetric mantle plumes, but also solve 2-D plumes due to line-sources for comparison. The results show that chemical plumes are much thinner than thermal plumes because of small chemical diffusivity in the mantle. When pressure-release partial melting occurs in a thermal-chemical plume, at least two mantle components may be involved: one from the chemical plume and one from the ambient mantle. A buoyant chemical boundary layer in the plume source region tends to cause narrow and strong plumes. A dense chemical source would have the opposite effect. The effects of chemical buoyancy diminish as the Lewis number, the ratio of thermal to chemical diffusivity, increases. For fully developed mantle plumes, the effects of chemical buoyancy may be insignificant. The physical parameters of mantle plumes may be estimated using surface information deduced from swell models. The total heat input from the Hawaiian plume source is about 1.3 times 1011 W, nearly 5–10 per cent of the total heat loss from the core. The depth of the Hawaiian plume source is constrained to be near the core-mantle boundary. Our results show that 2-D plumes are generally stronger than axisymmetric plumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 146 (1996), S. 447-467 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Continental extension ; crustal shortening ; metamorphic core complex ; Basin and Range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the first-order dynamic interactions between crustal shortening, extension, and volcanism in tectonic evolution in the North American Cordillera. The protracted crustal compression in the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic (110−55 Ma) contributed to the subsequent Tertiary extension by thermally weakening the lithosphere and producing an overthickened (〉50 km) and gravitationally unstable crust. In addition to post-kinematic burial heating, synkinematic thermal processes including conduction are shown significantly because of the long period of crustal contraction and the slow shortening rates (〈4 mm/yr). The effects of shear heating were probably limited for the same reasons. Localized delamination of the lithospheric mantle may have contributed to the abundant plutonism and high crustal temperature in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera at the end of the orogeny. Most early-stage extension in the Cordillera, characterized by formation of metamorphic core complexes, resulted from gravitational collapse of the overthickened crust. Plutionism may have facilitated strain localization, causing widespread crustal extension at relatively low stress levels. Crustal collapse, however, was unlikely the direct cause of the Basin-Range extension, because the gravitational stresses induced by crustal thickening are limited to the crust; only a small fraction of the gravitational stresses may be transmitted to the lithospheric mantle. Nor could core complex formation induce the voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, which requires major upwelling of the asthenosphere. While the causes of the asthenospheric upwelling are not clear, such processes could provide the necessary conditions for the Basin-Range extension: the driving force from thermally induced gravitational potential and a thermally weakened lithosphere. The complicated spatial and temporal patterns of volcanism and extension in the Basin and Range province may be partially due to the time-dependent competing effects of thermal weakening and rheological hardening associated with intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-05-16
    Description: The EMBO Journal 32, 1425 (2013). doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.88 Authors: Weiqiang Lin, Shilpa Sampathi, Huifang Dai, Changwei Liu, Mian Zhou, Jenny Hu, Qin Huang, Judith Campbell, Kazuo Shin-Ya, Li Zheng, Weihang Chai & Binghui Shen Efficient and faithful replication of telomeric DNA is critical for maintaining genome integrity. The G-quadruplex (G4) structure arising in the repetitive TTAGGG sequence is thought to stall replication forks, impairing efficient telomere replication and leading to telomere instabilities. However, pathways modulating telomeric G4 are poorly
    Keywords: aneuploidycancerDNA2 nucleaseG4telomere
    Print ISSN: 0261-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2075
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-04-01
    Description: Plate-tectonic theory explains earthquakes at plate boundaries but not those in continental interiors, where large earthquakes often occur in unexpected places. We illustrate this difference using a 2000-year record from North China, which shows migration of large earthquakes between fault systems spread over a large region such that no large earthquakes rupture the same fault segment twice. However, the spatial migration of these earthquakes is not entirely random, because the seismic energy releases between fault systems are complementary, indicating that these systems are mechanically coupled. We propose a simple conceptual model for intracontinental earthquakes, in which slow tectonic loading in midcontinents is accommodated collectively by a complex system of interacting faults, each of which can be active for a short period after long dormancy. The resulting large earthquakes are episodic and spatially migrating, in contrast to the more regular spatiotemporal patterns of interplate earthquakes.
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Fault interaction is believed to influence seismicity and crustal deformation, but the mechanics of fault interaction over various time scales remain poorly understood. We present here a numerical investigation of fault coupling and interaction over multiple time scales, using the San Andreas fault and the San Jacinto fault in southern California as an example. The San Andreas fault is the Pacific–North American plate boundary, but in southern California, a significant portion of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the subparallel San Jacinto fault. We developed a three-dimensional viscoelastoplastic finite-element model to study the ways in which these two faults may have interacted (1) during and following individual earthquakes, (2) over multiple seismic cycles, and (3) during long-term steady-state fault slip. Our results show that the cluster of nine moderate-sized earthquakes (M 6–7) on the San Jacinto fault since 1899 may have lowered the Coulomb stress on the southern San Andreas fault, delaying the “Big One,” an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 or greater that may result from rupture of much of the southern San Andreas fault. In addition to the static Coulomb stress changes associated with individual earthquakes, variations of seismicity over seismic cycles on one fault can influence the loading rate on the other fault. When the San Jacinto fault experiences clusters of earthquakes such as those in the past century, the loading rate on the San Andreas fault can be lowered by as much as ∼80%. Over longer time scales, these two faults share the slip needed to accommodate the relative plate motion. Hence, an increase in slip rate on one of these two faults causes complementary decrease on the other, which is consistent with geological observations.
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
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