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  • Key words. anti-pathogen defences – seed exudates – proanthocyanidins – flavonoids – luteolin –Sesbania vesicaria – S. drummondii – Fabaceae – Alternaria – Dematiaceae  (1)
  • Phytomyza chaerophylli  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phytomyza chaerophylli ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; population genetics ; F-statistics ; gene flow ; extinction ; bottleneck ; rapid speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Populationsstruktur ist einer der wichtigsten Faktoren, die das Speziationspotential einer Species bestimmen. Wir analysierten die räumliche Variation der Allozymfrequenzen von Phytomyza chaerophylli Kalt. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) nach den Methoden von Wrights F-Statistik. Der Grad der genetischen Variation zwischen den Populationen ist beträchtlich (FST=0.092). Die Variation zwischen lokalen, lediglich durch wenige Kilometer voneinander getrennten Populationen ist gleich gross wie zwischen Populationen, die bis zu 1000 Kilometer auseinander liegen. Eine solche Differenzierung deutet auf einen niedrigen Genfluss zwischen den Populationen. Die Ergebnisse der genetischen Analyse werden gestützt durch ökologische Studien, welche zeigten, dass Wirtspflanzenpopulationen von P. chaerophylli und anderen, nah verwandten Phytomyza-Arten eine inselartige Verbreitung aufweisen und eine verhältnismässig kurze mittlere Lebensdauer haben. Die Populationen von vielen Phytomyza-Arten sind daher meist klein und teilweise isoliert und unterliegen häufig Ausrottungen und genetischen Flaschenhälsen (‘Bottlenecks’). Solche Bedingungen vergrössern beträchtlich die Chance, seltene Mutationen in neuen Populationen zu fixieren, was unter Umständen zu Speziation führen kann. Wir stellen fest, dass Ökologie und Populationsstruktur von P. chaerophylli und anderen Arten dieses Genus günstige Voraussetzungen für eine schnelle Speziation darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract Population structure is one of the most important factors determining speciation potential. We analyzed the spatial variation in allozyme frequencies of Phytomyza chaerophylli Kalt. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) using Wright's F-statistics. The degree of interpopulation variation is substantial (FST=0.092). Variation between local populations separated by only a few kilometers is as high as between populations as far as 1000 kilometers apart, indicating low interpopulation gene flow. The results are supported by ecological studies which revealed that host plant populations of P. chaerophylli, as well as of other, closely related Phytomyza species, are patchily distributed and have a short average life span. Populations of many Phytomyza species are thus mostly small and partly isolated and are prone to frequent extinctions and bottlenecks. Such conditions greatly increase the chance of rare mutations being fixed in new populations which may eventually lead to speciation. It is argued that the ecology and population structure of P. chaerophylli and congeners favor rapid speciation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. anti-pathogen defences – seed exudates – proanthocyanidins – flavonoids – luteolin –Sesbania vesicaria – S. drummondii – Fabaceae – Alternaria – Dematiaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. We determined the localization of phenolic compounds in dormant seeds of two American species of Sesbania (Fabaceae) by a combination of histochemical and biochemical methods. Phenolics are located in different layers of the seed coat and in the subhilar parenchyma. We then investigated the release of these compounds by imbibing seeds of both species. The annual S. vesicaria releases the flavonoid luteolin, with minor amounts of proanthocyanidins, whereas the perennial S. drummondii releases mostly proanthocyanidins. Types and amount of allelochemicals exuded seem related to ecology and life history traits of each species. We then showed mobilisation of these allelochemicals by histochemical sections in imbibing seeds of both species. Histological structure is similar in both species. A number of characters (lens, subhilar parenchyma, tracheid bar) appear to function together to facilitate the exudation of compounds that protect young seedlings. Furthermore, the spatial organization of these organs with interlocking function allows retrieval of defensive substances stored in the seed, and their redeployment is beneficial for seedling survival. We hypothesize that optimisation of the chemical defences allocated to the seed by the maternal parent confers a significant advantage to the seedling, whose energy is mainly committed to growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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