Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the fifth edition -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1 Principles and procedures -- 1 Introduction and principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment -- 1.2.1 Definitions -- 1.2.2 Environmental impact assessment: a process -- 1.2.3 Environmental impact statements: the documentation -- 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment -- 1.3.1 An aid to decision-making -- 1.3.2 An aid to the formulation of development actions -- 1.3.3 A vehicle for stakeholder consultation and participation -- 1.3.4 An instrument for sustainable development -- The nature of sustainable development -- Institutional responses to sustainable development -- 1.4 Projects, environment and impacts -- 1.4.1 The nature of major projects -- 1.4.2 Dimensions of the environment -- 1.4.3 The nature of impacts -- 1.5 Key participants in the EIA process -- 1.6 Evolving perspectives on EIA -- 1.6.1 EIA in its theoretical context -- 1.6.2 The importance of adaptive EIA -- 1.6.3 EIA in a rapidly growing impact assessment (IA) family -- Scope -- Scale -- Integration -- 1.7 Current issues in environmental impact assessment -- 1.7.1 The nature of methods of assessment -- 1.7.2 The relative roles of participants in the process -- 1.7.3 The quality and effectiveness of EIA -- 1.7.4 The quality, efficiency and proportionate nature of the EIA process -- 1.7.5 Beyond the decision -- 1.7.6 Managing the widening scope and complexity of IA activity -- 1.8 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters -- Some questions -- References -- 2 US origins and worldwide development -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems -- 2.2.1 Legislative history. , 2.2.2 An interpretation of NEPA -- 2.2.3 A summary of NEPA procedures -- 2.2.4 Recent trends in EIS activity -- 2.2.5 Little NEPAs and the case of California -- 2.3 NEPA critique, review and changes -- 2.3.1 Strengths and weaknesses -- 2.3.2 System review -- 2.3.3 Important amendments -- 2.3.4 Streamlining, synchronizing and integrating -- 2.4 The worldwide spread of EIA -- 2.4.1 Rapid evolution of EIA systems worldwide -- 2.4.2 System variations and trends -- 2.5 International bodies and EIA procedures -- 2.6 Summary -- Some questions -- Notes -- References -- 3 EU and UK agency and legislative contexts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 EC Directive 85/337 -- 3.2.1 Legislative history -- 3.2.2 Summary of EC Directive 85/337 procedures -- 3.3 EC Directive - ongoing issues and reviews -- 3.3.1 Divergent practice in a converging system? -- 3.3.2 Reviews and amendments 1993 to 2009 -- 1993 review -- 1997 amendments and subsequent review -- The 2003 review of the amended Directive 97/11/EC and further amendments -- 2009 review and 2011 amendments/consolidation of Directive (2011/92/EU) -- 3.4 Current EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) -- 3.4.1 Genesis of the revised EIA Directive -- 3.4.2 Main changes in the revised EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) -- 3.4.3 Detailing specific changes -- 3.5 UK development of EIA -- 3.5.1 Limitations of the land-use planning system -- 3.5.2 North Sea oil- and gas-related EIA initiatives -- 3.5.3 Department of the Environment scepticism -- 3.6 UK EIA regulations and agencies - an overview -- 3.6.1 UK EIA regulations: an overview -- 3.6.2 The principal actors in the UK EIA system -- 3.7 The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 -- 3.7.1 Screening - which projects require EIA? -- 3.7.2 The contents of the EIA -- 3.7.3 Statutory and other consultees -- 3.7.4 Carrying out the EIA -- preparing the EIS. , 3.7.5 Submitting the EIS and planning application: public consultation (see Figure 3.3) -- 3.7.6 Planning decision (Figure 3.3) -- 3.8 Infrastructure Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017 (HMG 2017) -- 3.9 Summary -- Some questions -- Notes -- References -- Part 2 Process -- 4 Starting up: early stages -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Managing the EIA process -- 4.2.1 The EIA team -- 4.2.2 The style of the EIA process -- 4.2.3 EIA costs and resources -- 4.3 Project screening - is an EIA needed? -- 4.4 Scoping - which impacts and issues to consider? -- 4.5 The consideration of alternatives -- 4.5.1 Regulatory requirements -- 4.5.2 Identification of reasonable alternatives -- 4.5.3 Assessment and comparison of alternatives -- 4.5.4 Explanation of the choice of preferred alternative -- 4.6 Understanding the project/development action -- 4.6.1 Understanding the dimensions of the project -- 4.6.2 Sources and presentation of data -- 4.7 Establishing the environmental baseline -- 4.7.1 General considerations -- 4.7.2 Sources and presentation of data -- 4.8 Impact identification -- 4.8.1 Checklists -- 4.8.2 Matrices -- 4.8.3 Networks or causal chain analyses -- 4.8.4 Overlay (or constraints) maps -- 4.8.5 Summary of identification methods -- 4.9 Summary -- Some questions -- Note -- References -- 5 Impact prediction, evaluation, mitigation and enhancement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Prediction -- 5.2.1 Dimensions of prediction (what to predict) -- 5.2.2 Methods and models for prediction (how to predict) -- Mathematical and computer-based models -- Physical/architectural models and computer graphics -- Expert judgements and analogue models -- Other methods for prediction -- Choice of prediction methods -- Causal networks in EIA prediction -- 5.2.3 Living with uncertainty -- The nature of uncertainty, uncertainty in EIA and uncertainty disclosure -- Handling uncertainty. , 5.2.4 Some current data forecasting sources -- 5.3 Evaluation and assessing significance -- 5.3.1 Evaluation in the EIA process - the determination of significance -- The importance of significance -- Frameworks for determining significance -- Criteria and standards for determining significance thresholds -- Range of methods for assessing significance -- 5.3.2 Cost-benefit analysis and monetary valuation techniques -- 5.3.3 Scoring, weighting and multicriteria methods -- 5.4 Mitigation and enhancement -- 5.4.1 The nature of mitigation measures and the mitigation hierarchy -- 5.4.2 Mitigation in the EIA process -- 5.4.3 Enhancement of potential benefits -- Nature and importance of enhancement -- Enhancement examples -- Community Benefits Agreements -- 5.4.4 Trading off impacts -- 5.5 Summary -- Some questions -- References -- 6 Participation, presentation and review -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Public consultation and participation -- 6.2.1 What is public participation? -- 6.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public participation -- 6.2.3 Requirements and methods for effective participation -- 6.2.4 EU procedures -- 6.3 Consultation with statutory consultees and other countries -- 6.4 EIA presentation -- 6.4.1 Contents and organization -- 6.4.2 Clarity of communication -- 6.4.3 Presentation -- 6.5 Review of EISs -- 6.6 Decisions on projects -- 6.6.1 EIA and project authorization -- 6.6.2 EIA and public inquiries -- 6.6.3 Challenging a decision: judicial review -- 6.6.4 Challenging a decision: the European Commission -- 6.7 Summary -- Some questions -- Notes -- References -- 7 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The importance of monitoring and auditing in the EIA process -- 7.3 Some key questions for monitoring and auditing in EIA -- 7.3.1 What, how, by whom and where? -- 7.3.2 Mandatory or discretionary?. , 7.4 Some international monitoring practice -- 7.4.1 USA - NEPA, and the specific case of California -- 7.4.2 The case of Hong Kong -- 7.4.3 UK experience -- 7.4.4 Some developing countries' experiences -- 7.5 Auditing in practice -- 7.6 A UK case study: monitoring and auditing the local socio-economic impacts of the Sizewell B PWR construction project -- 7.6.1 Background to the case study -- 7.6.2 Operational characteristics of the monitoring study -- 7.6.3 Some findings from the studies -- Employment -- Local economy -- Housing -- Traffic and noise -- Crime -- Residents' perceptions -- 7.6.4 Learning from monitoring: Sizewell B and Sizewell C -- 7.7 A UK case study: monitoring the local impacts of the London 2012 Olympics project -- 7.7.1 Nature of the project and its impacts life cycle -- 7.7.2 Construction stage monitoring -- 7.8 Summary -- Some questions -- References -- Part 3 Practice -- 8 UK practice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 EIA activity - number and type of EISs and projects -- 8.2.1 Mainstream regulations -- Number and broad location of EISs -- Types of projects -- Sources of EISs -- 8.2.2 The particular case of NSIPs/major projects -- 8.3 A SWOT analysis overview of UK EIA practice -- 8.4 Particular features of UK EIA practice -- 8.4.1 Pre-submission - screening and scoping -- Screening -- Scoping and pre-submission consultation -- 8.4.2 Submission - EIS quality -- Studies of EIS quality -- Determinants of EIS quality -- 8.4.3 The post-submission EIA process -- Review -- Consultation and public participation -- Decision-making -- 8.5 Legal challenges - UK and EU -- 8.6 Costs and benefits of EIA -- 8.6.1 Costs of EIA -- 8.6.2 Benefits of EIA -- 8.7 Some case studies in UK EIA practice -- 8.7.1 Public participation - Portsmouth incinerator project -- Context -- Background to the proposed scheme -- The two-stage participation approach. , Evaluation of the process.