Note: Intro -- Preface -- Why Seaweed Phylogeography, Why Now? -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I The Field of Phylogeographic Research on Seaweeds -- 1 Seaweed Phylogeography from 1994 to 2014: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Benchmark Progress -- 1.3 Global Glance -- 1.4 Taxonomic Coverage -- 1.5 Regions and Countries -- 1.6 Genetic Markers -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Paradigm Shifts in the Phylogeographic Analysis of Seaweeds -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Shifting Paradigms in Phylogeography -- 2.3 Methodological Considerations -- 2.3.1 Molecular Markers -- 2.3.2 Levels of Polymorphisms Influence Hypothesis Testing -- 2.3.3 Use of Multiple Markers -- 2.3.4 Sampling Schemes and Statistical Power -- 2.3.5 Molecular Clock Calibration -- 2.3.6 Reproductive Skew and Genealogical Models -- 2.4 Biological Variables Influencing Phylogeography -- 2.4.1 Inheritance of Molecular Marker -- 2.4.2 Effect of Life-History Phases on Phylogeography -- 2.4.3 Asexual and Clonal Reproduction -- 2.4.4 Self-Fertilization -- 2.4.5 Dispersal -- 2.5 Reconstructing Historical Population Events -- 2.6 Comparative Phylogeography -- 2.7 Effects of Natural Selection on Phylogeographic Structure -- 2.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 The Dynamic Biogeography of the Anthropocene: The Speed of Recent Range Shifts in Seaweeds -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Drivers of Seaweed Biogeography -- 3.2.1 Temperature -- 3.2.2 Barriers -- 3.2.3 Dispersal -- 3.2.4 Species Introductions (Human-Assisted Dispersal) -- 3.2.5 Environmental Change (Human-Induced Climate Change) -- 3.3 Speed of Range Shifts in Seaweeds -- 3.4 Case Studies of Seaweed Range Shifts and Ecological Implications -- 3.4.1 Range Contractions (Native Species). , 3.4.2 Range Expansions (Native Species) -- 3.4.3 Range Expansion (Introduced Species) -- 3.4.4 Abundance Change -- 3.5 Perspective and Conclusion: Human Impacts on Seaweed Biogeography -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- References -- Part IISeaweed at Sea: Floating as a DispersalMechanism -- 4 Float and Raft: Role of Buoyant Seaweeds in the Phylogeography and Genetic Structure of Non-buoyant Associated Flora -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Buoyant Seaweeds: Distribution and Latitudinal Patterns -- 4.3 Observations of Non-buoyant Seaweeds Associated with Buoyant Seaweeds -- 4.4 Phylogeography/Genetic Structure of Non-buoyant Seaweeds Associated with Buoyant Species -- 4.4.1 Role of the West Wind Drift (WWD) in Dispersal and Connectivity of Non-buoyant Seaweeds -- 4.4.2 Non-buoyant Fucus and buoyant Ascophyllum, an Example from the Northern Hemisphere -- 4.4.3 The Kelp Conveyor Hypothesis -- 4.4.4 Genetic Analysis of Stranded Kelps -- 4.5 Environmental Factors Determining a Successful Rafting Journey -- 4.5.1 Availability of Floating Substrata -- 4.5.2 Detachment -- 4.5.3 Colonization of Floating Substrata -- 4.5.4 Attachment Site and Strength -- 4.5.5 Survival on Rafts -- 4.5.6 Colonization of New Habitats -- 4.6 Physiology of Non-floating Algae and Reproductive Patterns -- 4.6.1 Physiological Performance -- 4.6.2 Reproductive Patterns -- 4.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Change in Southern Hemisphere Intertidal Communities Through Climate Cycles: The Role of Dispersing Algae -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pleistocene Glacial---Interglacial Cycles -- 5.3 Phylogeographic Evidence for Changes in Intertidal Communities Through Climate Cycles -- 5.3.1 Polar and Sub-polar Latitudes -- 5.3.2 Tropical and Temperate Latitudes -- 5.4 Effects of Dispersal Ability on Community Structure. , 5.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part IIIInvasive Seaweeds -- 6 Non-native Seaweeds Drive Changes in Marine Coastal Communities Around the World -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction---Scope of Seaweed Invasions -- 6.2 Research on and Numbers of Non-native Seaweeds -- 6.3 How Non-native Seaweeds Get Around -- 6.4 Success and Impacts of Non-native Seaweeds -- 6.5 Common Types of Ecological Impacts -- 6.6 Impacts Reviewed Across Studies, Seaweeds and Habitats -- 6.7 New Meta-analysis -- Impact Is Density-dependent and Non-native Seaweeds Affect Community Similarity -- 6.7.1 New Meta-analysis 1: Density-dependent Effects -- 6.7.2 New Meta-analysis 2: Effects on Community Structures -- 6.8 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Towards an Integrative Phylogeography of Invasive Marine Seaweeds, Based on Multiple Lines of Evidence -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Advantages of Molecular Tools in Delineating Species -- 7.3 Multiple Cryptic Endemisms or Introduced Lineages Within Cosmopolitan Species? -- 7.4 The Impact of Multiple Invasive Life Stages -- 7.5 Vectors of Introduction Promote Relocations of Seaweeds: Range Shifts Versus Niche Shifts -- 7.6 Multiple Introductions from a Single Source -- 7.7 Introductions from Multiple Sources -- 7.8 Differences Between Donor and Introduced Populations -- 7.9 Integrative Taxonomy and Phylogeography: Combining Multiple Lines of Evidence -- 7.10 The Utility of Combining Multiple Lines of Evidence in the Study of Invasive Seaweeds -- 7.11 Modern Technology and Metabarcoding in the Study of Invasive Seaweeds -- 7.12 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IVComparative Phylogeographyof Seaweeds -- 8 Phylogeography of Tropical Pacific Marine Algae -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geology of the Tropical Oceans -- 8.3 Speciation in the Marine Tropical Pacific. , 8.4 Dispersal of Seaweeds -- 8.5 General Patterns of Pacific Marine Tropical Biodiversity -- 8.6 Marine Algal Phylogeographic Patterns in the Tropical Pacific -- 8.7 Summary of Tropical Marine Algal Phylogeographic Patterns -- 8.8 Perspectives for Future Research -- References -- 9 Evolution and Biogeography of Laminarialean Kelps -- Abstract -- 9.1 Background -- 9.2 Historical Review of the Taxonomy of Laminariales -- 9.3 Systematics and Phylogeography of Selected Genera -- 9.3.1 Phylogeny and Congeneric Phylogeography of Chorda -- 9.4 Phylogeny of Laminarialean Crown Taxa -- 9.5 Phylogeny and Phylogeography of Undaria -- 9.5.1 Taxonomy of Undaria Species -- 9.5.2 Phylogeography of Undaria Pinnatifida -- 9.5.3 Indigenous Populations -- 9.5.4 Nonindigenous Populations -- 9.6 Future Work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Phylogeography of Seaweeds in the South East Pacific: Complex Evolutionary Processes Along a Latitudinal Gradient -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Major Biogeographical Characteristics of the SEP Coast: Linear Gradient or Strong Regional Pattern? -- 10.3 Phylogeography: The Problem of Cryptic Species and Consequences for the Delineation of Species Range Distributions -- 10.4 Parapatric Distribution and Speciation Processes Along a Linear Coast -- 10.4.1 Cryptic Phylogenetic Species Within Previously Reported Morphospecies: Phylogenetic Breaks that Do not Always Fit the Biogeographical Boundaries -- 10.4.2 Genetic Diversity and Structure Within SEP Endemic Taxa -- 10.5 Post-glacial Histories: Distinguishing Between Local Population Recovery and Trans-oceanic Introductions -- 10.6 Prospects and Challenges Ahead -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Climate Oscillations, Range Shifts and Phylogeographic Patterns of North Atlantic Fucaceae -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction. , 11.2 Climate-Driven Range Dynamics of North Atlantic Fucoids -- 11.2.1 Glaciations Affect SST, Sea level and Habitat Availability -- 11.2.2 Southern Glacial Ranges, Post-Glacial Range Shifts and Glacial Pockets -- 11.2.3 Glacial Refugia -- 11.2.3.1 Brittany and South-Western Ireland -- 11.2.3.2 North-western Iberia -- 11.2.3.3 Southern Iberia/Morocco -- 11.2.3.4 Northern Europe -- 11.2.3.5 Canadian Maritimes -- 11.2.4 Patterns of Post-glacial Poleward Expansions in the North-east Atlantic -- 11.3 Long-Distance Range Expansions but Poor or no Gene Flow Across Genetic Breaks -- 11.4 Human Impacts---Species Introductions and Climate Change -- 11.4.1 Unintentional Introductions Linked to Maritime Traffic Can Affect Phylogeography -- 11.4.2 Climate Change and Predicted Loss of Southern Ranges and Associated Endemic Diversity -- 11.5 General Conclusions -- References -- 12 Survival in Glacial Refugia Versus Postglacial Dispersal in the North Atlantic: The Cases of Red Seaweeds -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Climate Shifts and Environmental Variables in the North Atlantic -- 12.3 The North Atlantic as a Model for Phylogeographic Studies of Red Seaweeds -- 12.4 Two Contrasting Hypotheses -- 12.5 Glacial Refugia in the North Atlantic -- 12.5.1 Eastern North Atlantic Refugia -- 12.5.2 Western North Atlantic Refugia -- 12.6 Vicariant Isolation and Trans-Atlantic Dispersal -- 12.6.1 Demographic Histories -- 12.7 Survival in Glacial Refugia Versus Postglacial Dispersal -- 12.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Comparative Population Genetics of Red Alga Occupying Different Salinity Conditions -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Life Histories and Reproduction of Red Algae -- 13.3 Genetic Tools for Population Genetic Analyses on Red Algae -- 13.4 Challenges of Red Algal Populations Occupying Different Salinity Conditions. , 13.5 Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Red Algal Populations Occupying Different Salinity Conditions.