Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Liquefaction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Observations in the Near Field -- 2.3 Laboratory Studies -- 2.3.1 Cyclic Loading Experiments -- 2.3.2 Dissipated Energy for Liquefaction by Undrained Consolidation -- 2.4 Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field -- 2.4.1 Seismic Energy Density as a Metricfor Liquefaction Distribution -- 2.4.2 Mechanism for Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field -- 2.5 Experiment at Wildlife Reserve, California -- 2.6 Dependence of Liquefaction on Seismic Frequency -- 2.6.1 Field Observation from Taiwan -- 2.6.2 Laboratory Studies -- 2.6.3 Numerical Models -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Mud Volcanoes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Response of Mud Volcanoes to Earthquakes -- 3.3 Insights from Triggered Eruptions of Magmatic Volcanoes -- 3.4 Mechanisms -- 3.4.1 Static or Dynamic Stresses? -- 3.4.2 Mechanisms for Initiating Eruptions -- 3.4.2.1 Mechanisms Involving Bubbles -- 3.4.2.2 Liquefaction -- 3.4.2.3 Breaching Reservoirs -- 3.5 Effect of Earthquakes on Already-Erupting Mud Volcanoes -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Increased Stream Discharge -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Observations -- 4.3 Characteristics of Increased Discharge -- 4.3.1 Recession Analysis -- 4.3.2 Estimate Excess Discharge -- 4.4 Proposed Mechanisms -- 4.4.1 Coseismic Elastic Strain -- 4.4.2 Enhanced Permeability -- 4.4.3 Coseimic Consolidation and Liquefaction -- 4.5 Debate About Mechanisms -- 4.5.1 Geochemical and Temperature Constraints -- 4.5.2 Constraints from Multiple Earthquakes -- 4.5.3 Constraints from Recession Analysis -- 4.5.4 Constraints from Multiple Stream Gauges -- 4.5.5 Role of Anisotropic Permeability -- 4.6 Streamflow Increase in Hydrothermal Areas -- 4.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Groundwater Level Change -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 Step-like Changes in the Near Field -- 5.2.1 Observations -- 5.2.2 Causal Mechanisms -- 5.2.2.1 Static Strain Hypothesis -- 5.2.2.2 Undrained Consolidation Hypothesis -- 5.2.2.3 Energy to Initiate Undrained Consolidation -- 5.2.2.4 Seismic Energy Density and Groundwater-Level Change -- 5.3 Sustained Changes in the Intermediate Field -- 5.3.1 Observations -- 5.3.2 Causal Mechanisms -- 5.3.2.1 Proposed Hypotheses -- 5.3.2.2 Field Tests of Hypotheses -- 5.3.2.3 Earthquake- Enhanced Permeability Experiment -- 5.4 Groundwater Oscillations in the Far Field -- 5.5 Role of S waves and Love Waves on Groundwater Oscillations -- 5.6 Pore-Pressure Changes on the Sea Floor -- 5.7 Postseismic Groundwater Recession -- 5.7.1 Recession Analysis -- 5.7.2 Interpretation of the Postseismic Recession -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Temperature and Composition Changes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Earthquake-Induced Change in Groundwater Temperature -- 6.2.1 Hot Springs -- 6.2.2 Wells -- 6.2.3 Marine Hydrothermal Systems -- 6.2.3.1 Temperature Change in Hydrothermal Vents on Mid-Oceanic Ridges -- 6.2.3.2 Temperature Change in ODP Boreholes on Ridge Flanks -- 6.2.4 Mechanisms -- 6.2.4.1 Hot Springs -- 6.2.4.2 Wells -- 6.2.4.3 Marine Geothermal Systems -- 6.3 Earthquake-Induced Changes in Water Composition -- 6.3.1 Observations -- 6.3.1.1 Change in Stream Water Composition -- 6.3.1.2 Change in Groundwater Composition -- 6.3.2 Mechanisms -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Geysers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Response of Geysers to Earthquakes -- 7.3 Response of Geysers to Other Sources of Stress -- 7.4 Mechanisms -- 7.4.1 How do Geysers Work? -- 7.4.2 Mechanisms for Altering Eruptions -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 Earthquakes Influenced by Water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fluids and Rock Failure. , 8.3 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection and Extraction -- 8.4 Reservoir-Induced Seismicity -- 8.5 Natural Hydrological Triggering of Earthquakes -- 8.6 Earthquake Triggering of Earthquakes via Hydrological Processes -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Hydrologic Precursors -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 What is a Precursor? -- 9.3 Identifying Hydrologic Precursors -- 9.4 Examples -- 9.4.1 China: Haicheng, 1975 and Tangshan, 1976 -- 9.4.2 Kobe, Japan, 1995 -- 9.4.3 Nankaido, Japan, 1946 -- 9.4.4 Kettleman Hills, California, 1985 -- 9.4.5 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999 -- 9.4.6 Kamchatka, 1992 -- 9.4.7 Pyrenees, France, 1996 -- 9.4.8 Reservoir Induced Seismicity, Koyna, India -- 9.4.9 Calistoga Geyser, California -- 9.4.10 Precursory Changes in Spring Temperature -- 9.5 Outlook -- References -- 10 Epilogue -- 10.1 A General Framework -- 10.2 Directions for Future Research -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Notation -- Appendix B: Basic Equations for Groundwater Flow -- B.1 Darcy's law -- B.2 Porosity and Permeability -- B.3 Elements in a Groundwater System -- B.4 Driving Potential -- B.5 The Continuum Approach -- B.6 The Groundwater Flow Equations -- B.7 Physical Meaning of the Specific Storage -- B.8 Flow Equation for Isotropic Aquifer -- B.9 Calculating Permeability from Tidal Response of Groundwater Level -- B.10 Equation Derivations -- References -- Appendix C: Groundwater Transport -- C.1 Governing Equations for Heat Transport -- C.2 Relative Significance of Advective Versus Conductive Heat Transport -- C.3 Governing Equations for Solute Transport -- C.4 Relative Significance of Advective Versus Diffusive Solute Transport -- Appendix D: Hydromechanical Coupling -- D.1 Introduction -- D.2 Effective Stress Principle -- D.3 Poroelasticity and Hydrodynamic Coupling -- D.3.1 Some Poroelastic Constitutive Relations and Parameters. , D.3.2 General Constitutive Relations for Poroelastic Media -- D.3.3 Groundwater Flow Equations for Poroelastic Media -- D.4 Non-elastic Deformation -- D.5 Deformation Under Cyclic Loading -- References -- Appendix E: Data for Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes -- E.1 Stream and Spring Responses -- References -- E.2 Groundwater Level Responses -- References -- E.3 Hot Spring Responses -- Reference -- E.4 Liquefaction Occurrence During Earthquakes -- References -- E.5 Triggered Mud Volcanoes -- References -- E.6 Triggered Earthquakes -- References -- Index.