Note: Intro -- Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean -- CIRCE - Climate Change and Impact Research: The Mediterranean Environment -- Foreword -- CIRCE - Climate Change and Impact Research: The Mediterranean Environment -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Box -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Case Studies -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background to the Mediterranean Case Studies -- 1.2 Objectives -- 1.3 The Case-Studies Integrating Framework -- 1.4 Case Studies -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 Urban -- 1.4.2.1 Athens (Greece) -- 1.4.2.2 Beirut (Lebanon) -- 1.4.2.3 Alexandria (Egypt) -- 1.4.3 Rural -- 1.4.3.1 Tuscany, Italy -- 1.4.3.2 Apulia, Italy -- 1.4.3.3 Tel Hadya, Syria -- 1.4.3.4 Judean Foothills, Israel -- 1.4.4 Coastal -- 1.4.4.1 Gulf of Valencia - Catalan Coast, Spain -- 1.4.4.2 Gulf of Oran, Algeria -- 1.4.4.3 Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia -- 1.4.4.4 West Nile Delta, Egypt -- References -- Chapter 2: Stakeholders -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Level of Stakeholder Involvement -- 2.3 Objectives of Stakeholder Involvement -- 2.4 Stakeholder Contribution to the Case Studies -- 2.4.1 Conceptual Framework and Indicators -- 2.4.2 Data and Knowledge -- 2.4.3 Identification of Thresholds -- 2.4.4 Risk Assessment and Management -- 2.4.5 Adaptation Strategies -- 2.4.6 Policy Recommendations -- 2.5 Barriers to Stakeholder Participation and a Good Practice Checklist -- References -- Chapter 3: Physical and Socio-economic Indicators -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Selection Criteria -- 3.2.2 Reviewing and Refining Indicators -- 3.2.3 Assessment for Trend, Thresholds and Coping Range -- 3.2.4 Data and Methodological Challenges -- 3.2.5 Methods of Presentation -- 3.2.6 Integrated Vulnerability Assessment -- 3.3 Climate and Atmosphere Indicators -- 3.3.1 Core Climate Indicators. , 3.3.2 Additional Case-Study Specific Climate Indicators -- 3.4 Biogeophysical Indicators -- 3.4.1 Key Themes -- 3.4.1.1 Urban Case-Study Themes -- 3.4.1.2 Rural Case-Study Themes -- 3.4.1.3 Coastal Case-Study Themes -- 3.4.2 Key Challenges -- 3.5 Social Indicators -- 3.5.1 Key Themes -- 3.5.1.1 Urban Case-Study Themes -- 3.5.1.2 Rural Case-Study Themes -- 3.5.1.3 Coastal Case-Study Themes -- 3.5.2 Key Challenges -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Impact Assessments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Urban -- 4.2.1 Climate Related Impacts -- 4.2.2 Climate Hazards -- 4.2.3 Biogeophysical and Social Vulnerabilities -- 4.3 Rural -- 4.3.1 Climate Related Impacts -- 4.3.2 Climate Hazards -- 4.3.3 Biogeophysical and Social Vulnerabilities -- 4.4 Coastal -- 4.4.1 Climate Related Impacts -- 4.4.2 Climate Hazards -- 4.4.3 Biogeophysical and Social Vulnerabilities -- References -- Chapter 5: Integration of the Climate Impact Assessments with Future Projections -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate Projections -- 5.3 Biogeophysical and Socioeconomic Projections -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Key Messages on Mediterranean Changes in Biogeophysical and Socioeconomic Systems from the CIRCE Project -- 5.3.2.1 Water Resources -- 5.3.2.2 Mediterranean Agriculture, Forest and Ecosystem Services -- 5.3.2.3 Mediterranean Communities -- Economic Impacts -- Human Health and Well Being -- Energy -- Mediterranean Tourism -- 5.3.3 Specific Examples from the CIRCE Case Studies -- 5.3.3.1 Athens Urban Case Study -- Peri-Urban Fires -- Air-Pollution -- Human Health Risks -- Energy Demand -- 5.3.3.2 Gulf of Gabès Coastal Case Study -- 5.3.4 Summary and Discussion of Key Projected Changes -- 5.3.4.1 Future Changes in Biogeophysical Systems -- 5.3.4.2 Future Changes in Social Systems and Communities -- 5.3.4.3 Linking Vulnerabilities and Impacts -- 5.4 Assessment Uncertainties -- References. , Chapter 6: Synthesis and the Assessment of Adaptation Measures -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Linking Impacts and Vulnerability with Adaptation -- 6.2.1 Indicators, Thresholds, Coping Range and Adaptation -- 6.2.2 Vulnerability, Adaptation and Adaptive Capacity -- 6.3 Adaptation Measures at Local and Regional Scales -- 6.3.1 The CIRCE Stakeholder Perspective on Adaptation -- 6.3.1.1 Athens Case Study Workshop -- 6.3.1.2 Beirut Case-Study Dialogue -- 6.3.1.3 Tuscany Case-Study Stakeholder Workshop -- 6.3.1.4 Apulia Case-Study Stakeholder Workshop -- 6.3.1.5 The Judean Foothills Case-Study Stakeholder Workshop -- 6.3.1.6 The Tel Hadya Case-Study Seminars -- 6.3.1.7 Alexandria and West Nile Delta Stakeholder Workshop -- 6.3.1.8 Gulf of Gabès Case-Study Stakeholder Workshop -- 6.3.1.9 Gulf of Oran Meetings with Scientists, Civil Society and Decision Makers -- 6.3.1.10 Gulf of Valencia-Catalan Case-Study Stakeholder Workshop -- 6.3.2 Consolidating the Case-Study Information on Adaptation -- 6.3.2.1 Agriculture, Forestry and Ecosystems -- 6.3.2.2 Mediterranean Communities -- 6.3.2.3 Integrating Adaptation Options Across Scales and Sectors -- 6.4 Moving Beyond the Case Studies -- 6.4.1 Changes, Impacts and Events Outside the Case-Study Regions -- 6.4.1.1 Supply and Demand Issues (for Energy, Water, Food) -- 6.4.1.2 Global Effects on Regional Tourism -- 6.4.1.3 Migration -- 6.4.1.4 Governance Issues -- 6.4.2 Adaptation Policy -- 6.5 Conclusions: Lessons Learnt and Key Messages from the CIRCE Case Studies -- 6.6 Research Needs and Gaps -- References -- Chapter 7: Executive Summary -- Appendices -- Appendix 1: The CIRCE Case-Study Abbreviations -- Appendix 2: Key Case-Study Indicators -- Index.