Note: Front Cover -- Metal-Chalcogenide Nanocomposites -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- 1 Chalcogenides and their nanocomposites: fundamental, properties and applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Thin film-based supercapacitor -- 1.1.1.1 Thin film-based perovskite solar cells -- 1.2 Metal chalcogenide thin film-based solar cells -- 1.3 Antibacterial applications of thin films -- 1.4 Future perspective/outlook -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 Chalcogenides and their nanocomposites in environmental remediation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Experimental -- 2.2.1 Hydrothermal method -- 2.2.2 Sonication method -- 2.2.3 Microemulsion method -- 2.2.4 Solvothermal method -- 2.2.5 Sol-gel method -- 2.3 Results and discussion -- 2.3.1 Sulfides (S) chalcogenides -- 2.3.2 Selenide (Se) chalcogenides -- 2.3.3 Tellurides (Te) chalcogenides -- 2.3.4 CO2 reduction -- 2.3.5 Heavy metal removal -- 2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 3 Chalcogenides and their nanocomposites in photocatalytic reactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chalcogenides for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution -- 3.2.1 General synthesis approaches of chalcogenides -- 3.2.2 Chalcogenides and their photocatalytic activities -- 3.2.2.1 Molybdenum-based chalcogenides -- 3.2.2.2 Zinc based chalcogenides -- 3.2.2.3 Copper based chalcogenides -- 3.2.2.4 Vanadium based chalcogenides -- 3.2.2.5 Cadmium based chalcogenides -- 3.2.2.6 Tin based chalcogenides -- 3.2.2.7 Titanium-based chalcogenides -- 3.3 Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- 4 Metal chalcogenides and their nanocomposites in water purification systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Background of chalcogenides -- 4.1.1.1 Methods of preparation -- Solvothermal method -- Electrospinning method -- Coprecipitation method. , 4.2 Removal of synthetic dyes using metal chalcogenide nanocomposites -- 4.3 Removal of toxic heavy metal ions using metal chalcogenides nanocomposites -- 4.4 Removal of residual antibiotics using metal chalcogenides nanocomposites -- 4.5 Future perspective/outlook -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Metal chalcogenides and their nanocomposites in industrial effluents treatments -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of metal chalcogenides -- 5.3 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Heterostructured transition metal chalcogenides photocatalysts for organic contaminants degradation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods for wastewater treatment -- 6.2.1 Homogeneous photocatalysis -- 6.2.2 Heterogeneous photocatalysis -- 6.3 Transition metal chalcogenides -- 6.4 Synthesis methodologies -- 6.4.1 Hot-Plate method -- 6.4.2 One-pot heat-up method -- 6.4.3 Hydro/solvothermal method -- 6.4.4 Electrospinning -- 6.4.5 Sonochemical -- 6.5 Characterizations -- 6.6 TMCs as heterogeneous photocatalysts -- 6.7 Application for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants -- 6.7.1 Dyes -- 6.7.2 Pesticides and endocrine disruptors -- 6.7.3 Pharmaceuticals -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chalcogenides and their nanocomposites in heavy metal decontamination -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Traditional heavy metal treatment -- 7.2.1 Ion exchange methods -- 7.2.2 Adsorption methods -- 7.3 Photocatalytic heavy metal treatment -- 7.4 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Declaration of competing interest -- References -- 8 Chalcogenides and their nanocomposites in oxygen reduction -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Molybdenum based electrocatalysts -- 8.3 Ruthenium based electrocatalysts -- 8.4 Cobalt based chalcogenides -- 8.5 Rhenium based electrocatalysts -- 8.6 Iridium based electrocatalysts -- 8.7 Other electrocatalysts -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References. , 9 Nanocomposites of chalcogenides as super capacitive materials -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chalcogenides as promising electrodes for SCs -- 9.2.1 Nickel-based chalcogenides and their composites for SCs -- 9.2.1.1 Copper-based selenides and their composites for SCs -- 9.2.1.1.1 Manganese-based chalcogenides and their composites for SCs -- 9.3 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Metal-chalcogenides nanocomposites as counter electrodes for quantum dots sensitized solar cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 QD sensitizers -- 10.3 Counter electrodes -- 10.4 Interface modification layer -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Author Contributions -- Notes -- References -- 11 II-VI semiconductor metal chalcogenide nanomaterials and polymer composites: fundamentals, properties, and applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Structure and chemical properties of II-VI chalcogenide nanomaterials -- 11.3 Different properties of II-VI chalcogenide nanomaterials -- 11.3.1 Electrical and optical properties -- 11.3.2 Thermal properties -- 11.3.3 Physical properties -- 11.3.3.1 Refractive index and dispersion -- 11.3.3.2 Linear loss mechanisms -- 11.3.3.3 Photo-induced phenomena -- 11.4 Chemical Synthesis of II-VI chalcogenide nanomaterials and polymer composites -- 11.4.1 Chemical route for preparation of II-VI chalcogenide nanocrystals in powder form -- 11.4.2 Synthesis of thin films embedded in polymers -- 11.5 Applications of chalcogenides nanomaterials -- 11.5.1 Applications of chalcogenide nanomaterials and heterostructures for quantum dot LEDs -- 11.5.2 Applications of chalcogenide nanomaterials and their heterostructures for photocatalysis -- 11.5.3 Applications of chalcogenides nanomaterials heterostructures for solar cell -- 11.5.3.1 Thin film photovoltaic cell -- 11.5.3.2 Polymer/quantum dot hybrid organic-inorganic solar cell. , 11.5.3.3 Chalcogenides nanostructures for hybrid photovoltaic cell -- 11.6 Summary and future scope -- References -- 12 Challenges and opportunities of chalcogenides and their nanocomposites -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Introduction to chalcogens -- 12.1.2 Introduction to chalcogenides -- 12.1.3 Classification of chalcogenides based on the number of elements -- 12.1.3.1 Binary chalcogenides -- 12.1.3.2 Ternary chalcogenides -- 12.1.3.3 Quaternary chalcogenides -- 12.1.4 Classification of chalcogenides based on the number of chalcogen ions -- 12.1.4.1 Mono-chalcogenides -- 12.1.4.2 Dichalcogenides -- 12.1.4.3 Trichalcogenides -- 12.1.5 Chalcogenide nanomaterials -- 12.1.5.1 Metal-based chalcogenides -- 12.1.5.2 Noble metal-based chalcogenides -- 12.1.5.3 Chalcogenide composites -- 12.2 Synthesis of metal chalcogenide and their nanocomposites -- 12.2.1 Hot-injection method -- 12.2.2 Hydrothermal method -- 12.2.3 Solvothermal method -- 12.2.4 Microwave method -- 12.2.5 Sonochemical method -- 12.2.6 Growth of metal chalcogenide nanostructure arrays on substrates -- 12.3 Preparation of chalcogenide nanocomposites -- 12.3.1 Preparation of metal chalcogenide nanocomposites with carbon materials -- 12.3.2 Preparation of chalcogenide nanocomposites with noble metals -- 12.3.3 Preparation of chalcogenide nanocomposites with metal oxides -- 12.4 Application of chalcogenide and their nanocomposites -- 12.4.1 Photocatalysts -- 12.4.2 Environmental remediation -- 12.4.3 Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds -- 12.4.4 Supercapacitors -- 12.4.5 Lithium-ion batteries -- 12.4.6 Water splitting -- 12.4.7 CO2 activation -- 12.5 Future prospects of chalcogenides -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Overview and Economic Aspect of Biosurfactants Production -- Biosurfactants: Types, Sources, and Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Superiority of Biosurfactants Over Other Synthetic and Plant-Based Surfactants -- 3 Global Biosurfactant Market -- 4 Types of Biosurfactants -- 5 Sources of Production of Biosurfactants -- 6 Factors Affecting Biosurfactants Production -- 7 Challenges and Future Research Directions -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Innovative and Sustainable Production Processes for Biosurfactants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainable Approaches to Biosurfactant Production in Submerged Fermentation Using Low-Cost Substrates -- 2.1 The Use of Renewable Resources for Glycolipids Production -- 2.2 The Use of Renewable Resources for Lipopeptide Production -- 2.3 Research Needs and Future Directions to Sustainable BS Production in Submerged Bioprocesses -- 3 Solid-State Fermentation as a Sustainable Technology for Biosurfactant Production -- 3.1 The Use of Food and Agro-industrial Wastes for Biosurfactant Production by SSF -- 3.2 Challenges and Perspectives -- 4 Genetically Enhanced and Hyper-Producing Recombinant Strains -- 5 Biosurfactant Co-production -- 6 Final Considerations -- References -- Sustainable Production of Biosurfactants Using Waste Substrates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosurfactant Production from Wastes -- 2.1 Rhamnolipids -- 2.2 Lipopeptides -- 2.3 Sophorolipids -- 2.4 Other Biosurfactants -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Characterization and Purification of Biosurfactants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Properties of Biosurfactants -- 2.1 Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) -- 2.2 Temperature and pH Tolerance -- 2.3 Biodegradability -- 2.4 Specificity -- 2.5 Emulsion Forming/Breaking -- 2.6 Antiadhesive Agents. , 3 Classification of Microbial Biosurfactant -- 3.1 Glycolipids -- 3.2 Lipopeptide -- 3.3 Neutral Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Phospholipids -- 4 Factors Affecting Biosurfactants -- 4.1 Carbon Source in Biosurfactant Production -- 4.2 Nitrogen Source in Biosurfactant Production -- 4.3 pH -- 4.4 Aeration and Agitation -- 4.5 Salinity -- 5 Characterization of Biosurfactant -- 5.1 Biochemical Assays -- 5.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography/Purified Biosurfactant Fractions -- 5.3 Product Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) -- 5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 5.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) -- 5.6 Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) -- 5.7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 6 Extraction and Purification of Biosurfactant -- 7 Purification -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Biodegradation and Cytotoxic Effects of Biosurfactants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Weight-Based Categorization of Biosurfactants -- 2.1 Low-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants -- 2.1.1 Glycolipids -- 2.1.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 2.1.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 2.1.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 2.1.2 Phospholipids -- 2.1.3 Lipopeptides -- 2.2 High-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants -- 2.2.1 Lipopolysaccharides and Amphipathic Polysaccharides -- 2.2.2 Lipoproteins -- 3 Biological Properties of Biosurfactants -- 4 Role of Biosurfactants in Biodegradation -- 5 In vitro Cytotoxic Effects of Biosurfactants -- 5.1 Breast Cancer -- 5.2 Colon Cancer -- 5.3 Leukemia -- 5.4 Liver Cancer -- 5.5 Other Cancer Types -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Challenges and Future Prospects of Biosurfactants -- References -- Comparison of Biodegradability, and Toxicity Effect of Biosurfactants with Synthetic Surfactants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Environmental Impact of Synthetic Surfactants -- 3 Cytotoxicity of Surfactants and Biosurfactants. , 4 Biodegradation of Biosurfactants -- 5 Synthetic Surfactants and Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry -- 6 Biosurfactants Applied in the Food Industry -- 7 Future Directions -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Surface Activity and Emulsification Properties of Saponins as Biosurfactants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure Diversity and Properties -- 3 Surface Properties of Saponins -- 4 Critical Micelle Concentration -- 5 Saponins as Biosurfactants -- 6 Saponin-Stabilized Nanoemulsions -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Biosurfactants: Current Industrial Applications -- Biosurfactants as Emulsifying Agents in Food Formulation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Roles of Additives and Importance of Biosurfactants in the Food Sector -- 2.1 Roles of Additives in the Food Sector -- 2.1.1 Freshness Maintenance -- 2.1.2 Safety Maintenance -- 2.1.3 Improving the Appearance and Texture -- 2.1.4 Maintenance and Improvement of Nutritional Value -- 2.2 Importance of Emulsifiers and Surfactants in the Food Sector -- 3 Biosurfactants in Food Formulations as the Emulsifiers -- 3.1 Food Formulations as Enhanced by Biosurfactants -- 3.2 Evacuating Heavy Metals from Foods Using Biosurfactants -- 3.3 Sanitations of Food Processing Using Biosurfactants -- 3.4 Biosurfactants as Food Additives -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Application of Biosurfactants as Anti-Corrosive Agents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Introduction to Biosurfactants -- 3 Biosurfactants as Anti-Corrosive Agents for Corrosion -- 4 Biosurfactants as Biocides for Biocorrosion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Role of Biosurfactants in Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Stabilization -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Biosynthesis of Microbial Nanoparticles -- 2 Biosurfactants -- 2.1 Sources of Biosurfactants -- 2.2 Isolation and Selection of Biosurfactant-Producing Microbes -- 2.3 Use of Cheaper Substrates. , 3 Biosurfactants: Types, Structures, and Properties -- 3.1 Structure -- 3.2 Types -- 3.3 Properties -- 4 Advantages of Biosurfactants -- 5 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 5.1 Biosurfactant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 5.2 Mechanism of Biosurfactant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 6 Role of Biosurfactants in Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles (Me-NPs) -- 7 Glycolipids Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles -- 7.1 Lipopeptides Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles -- 8 Chemical Surfactants and Nanoparticles -- 9 The Antimicrobial and Cellular Activity of Nanoparticles -- 10 Use of Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 11 Use of Glycolipopeptides, Glycopeptides, and Glycoproteins in the Formation of Nanoparticles -- 12 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- References -- New Trends in the Textile Industry: Utilization and Application of Biosurfactants -- 1 Textile Industry -- 2 Textile Effluent -- 2.1 Dye Toxicity -- 3 Conventional Treatment of Textile Industrial Effluents -- 4 Role of Biosurfactants in Promoting Environmental Sustainability -- 4.1 Application of Biosurfactant in the Textile Industry -- 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Biosurfactants as an Eco-Friendly Technology in Heavy Metal Remediation -- 1 Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals -- 2 Role of Biosurfactants in Metal Remediation -- 3 Mechanism of the Process of Heavy Metals Removal by Biosurfactants -- 4 Applications of the Process -- 5 Biosurfactants in Co-Contaminated Sites Remediation -- 6 Patents of Biosurfactants for Application in the Removal of Heavy Metals -- 7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Biosurfactants and Their Perspectives for Application in Drug Adsorption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Biosurfactants. , 3 General Concepts of the Adsorption Technique in the Liquid Phase -- 4 Influence of Biosurfactants on Drug Adsorption -- 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Role of Biosurfactants in Promoting Biodegradation in Waste Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Waste Management -- 2.1 Toxicity of Waste Containing Hazardous Pollutants -- 3 Bioremediation in Waste Management and Treatment -- 3.1 Land Treatment -- 3.2 Composting/Biopile -- 3.3 Bio-slurry Treatment -- 4 Microbial Degradation of Organic Pollutants Found in Waste -- 5 The Processes Involved in the Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons -- 5.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation -- 6 Role of Surfactants in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 6.1 Classification and Properties of Surfactants -- 6.2 Toxicity of Surfactants and Biosurfactants -- 6.3 Types of Biosurfactants and Biosurfactant Producing Microorganisms -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Role of Biosurfactants in Agriculture Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Unique Properties of Biosurfactants -- 3 Role of Biosurfactants in Biofilm Formation and Root Colonization -- 4 Potential of Biosurfactants as Antifungal Agents -- 5 Mechanism for Antimicrobial Action -- 6 Role of Biosurfactants in Nutrient Bioavailability in the Soil -- 7 Biosurfactants in Pesticide Degradation and Soil Rehabilitation -- 8 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- 9 Commercial Resources of Biosurfactants -- 10 Suggested Reviewers. -- References -- Biosurfactants and Their Benefits for Seeds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Antimicrobial Properties -- 3 Stimulation of Plant Immunity -- 4 Bioremediation Properties -- 5 Non-phytotoxicity of Biosurfactants -- 6 Potent Plant Growth Promoter -- 7 Synergistic Action of Biosurfactants -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Companies, Organizations, and Research Groups Working on the Topic -- References. , Role of Biosurfactants in Marine Sediment Remediation of Organic Pollutants.