Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 40 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- Chapter 1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE LANTHANIDES IN THE EARTH'S CRUST -- 1. Geochemical Behavior of the Lanthanides -- 2. Lanthanide Mineralogy -- 3. Samarium-Neodymium and Hafnium-Lutetium Isotope Geochemistry -- 4. The Oceanic Crust of the Earth -- 5. The Continental Crust -- 6. Lanthanides in the Continental Crust -- 7. Europium as a Geochemical Tracer -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 2: MOBILIZATION OF LANTHANIDES THROUGH THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE -- 1. Basic Lanthanide Chemistry -- 2. Sources of Lanthanides for Environmental Processes -- 3. Weathering of Rocks: Formation of Soil and Abundance of Lanthanides -- 4. Microbial Interactions with Lanthanides -- 5. Uptake of Lanthanides into Plants -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 3: COMPLEXES OF LANTHANIDE IONS WITH AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND OTHER LIGANDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST IN SOLUTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results from Complexes with Model Ligands -- 3. Complexes of Amino Acids with Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Lanthanide Phospholipid Complexes -- 5. Interactions of Nucleotides and Lanthanide Ions -- 6. Complexes of Lanthanides with Sugar-Type Ligands -- 7. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 4: BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT STRUCTURAL COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF SIMPLE LANTHANIDE ION COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. X-Ray Structural Studies of Simple Lanthanide Ion Complexes -- 3. Summary and Overview -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations. , References -- Chapter 5: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES IN STUDIES OF METAL ION-DEPENDENT ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modulation of Enzyme Activity by Lanthanide Ions and Suitability as Probes -- 3. Conclusions -- 4. Appendix: Methodologies -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: LANTHANIDE CHELATES AS FLUORESCENCE LABELS FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanide Fluorescent Complexes and Labels -- 3. Application to Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay -- 4. Application to DNA Hybridization Assay and Cell Activity Assay -- 5. Application to Chromatography -- 6. Application to Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RESPONSIVE LUMINESCENT LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanistic Basis for Mode of Action -- 3. pH Dependent Luminescence -- 4. Anion Dependent Luminescence -- 5. Oxygen Dependent Luminescence -- 6. Modulation by Metal Ions and Selected Molecules -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES OF ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PROTEINS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Parvalbumin/Lanthanide Model System -- 3. Proof of Electron Transfer in the Model System -- 4. Application of Markus Theory of Electron Transfer to the Model System -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 9: LANTHANIDE IONS AS LUMINESCENT PROBES OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photophysical Properties of Lanthanides -- 3. Nucleic Acids -- 4. Proteins and Enzymes -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: LANTHANIDE-PROMOTED PEPTIDE BOND HYDROLYSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Peptide Hydrolysis by Ce(IV) -- 3. Activities of Other Lanthanide and Non-Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Mechanism of Peptide Hydrolysis. , 5. Homogeneous Hydrolysis of Peptides by Lanthanide-Cyclodextrin Complexes -- 6. Origin of the Remarkable Activity of Ce(IV) -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: LANTHANIDE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction and Scope -- 2. Mechanisms of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 3. Formation of Lanthanide Complexes in Water and Their Catalytic Use -- 4. Kinetics of Catalytic Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 5. Lanthanide Alkoxide and Hydroperoxide Complexes -- 6. Catalysis with Di- and Polynuclear Complexes -- 7. Analogs of Functional Amino Acids in Catalytic Centers -- 8. Other Lanthanide-Based Systems -- 9. A Final Performance Comparison of Lanthanides with Other Metal Ions -- 10. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: SEQUENCE-SELECTIVE SCISSION OF DNA AND RNA BY LANTHANIDE IONS AND THEIR COMPLEXES -- 1. Significance of Site-Selective Scission of DNA and RNA -- 2. Molecular Design for a Sequence-Selective Scission -- 3. Sequence-Selective DNA Cutters (Artificial Restriction Enzymes) -- 4. Sequence-Selective RNA Cutters (Ribozyme Mimics) -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES FOR METAL IONS IN THE STRUCTURE AND CATALYTIC MECHANISM OF RIBOZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Using Lanthanides to Study the Catalytic Mechanism of Ribozymes -- 3. Defining Metal Ion Binding Sites by Lanthanide-Induced Cleavage of the Phosphodiester Backbone -- 4. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Ribozymes and Lanthanides -- 5. Conclusions and Possible Future Applications of Lanthanides in Ribozyme Chemistry -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 14: LANTHANIDES AS SHIFT AND RELAXATION AGENTS IN ELUCIDATING THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanides as Structural Probes -- 3. Theory of Paramagnetic NMR Effects of Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Stable Lanthanide-Macromolecule Complexes -- 5. Structural Studies of Proteins in Solution -- 6. Probing Protein Surfaces and Protein Interactions with Lanthanide Chelates -- 7. Ln3+ as Probes of Nucleic Acids -- 8. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: LANTHANIDE IONS AS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENTS. NUCLEAR AND ELECTRONIC RELAXATION PROPERTIES. APPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 3. Relaxation Enhancement Induced by Gd(III) Complexes -- 4. Application: Design of High Relaxivity Agents -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Structural Formulas of Ligands -- References -- Chapter 16: INTERACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH PROTEINS. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- 1. Generalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gd(III)-Based Contrast Agents -- 2. Interactions of Lanthanide(III) Ions with Proteins -- 3. Interactions of Gadolinium(III) Complexes with Proteins -- 4. Responsive Systems Based on Protein Binding -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF THE LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry -- 3. Sites of Deposition in Animals -- 4. Routes of Uptake by Man -- 5. Aspects of Biochemical Behavior and Toxicity -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CELL RESPONSES TO LANTHANIDES AND POTENTIAL PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Effects of Potential Medical Significance -- 3. Therapeutic Significances of the Biological Effects of Lanthanides -- 4. Problems to Be Solved. , Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- SUBJECT INDEX.