Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Origin and scope of the book -- Structure of Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 1: Deep-Sea Benthic Habitats -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ecosystem and habitat diversity in the deep sea -- 1.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2: Deep-Sea Fauna -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Life forms -- 2.3 Life habits -- 2.4 Adaptations -- 2.5 Spatial distribution patterns -- 2.6 Temporal patterns -- 2.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3: Survey and Sampling Design -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General survey design -- 3.3 Case studies -- 3.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Environmental Sampling -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Conductivity, temperature and depth -- 4.3 Acoustic Doppler current profilers -- 4.4 Particulate organic matter -- 4.5 Sampling strategies -- 4.6 Future outlook and summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5: Benthic Habitat Mapping -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Habitat - what do we mean? -- 5.3 Acquisition of remote-sensed data -- 5.4 Key elements of survey design for habitat mapping -- 5.5 Data processing, categorization and map generation -- 5.6 Acquisition of ground-truth data -- 5.7 Synthesis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6: Deep-Sea Zooplankton Sampling -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General considerations in deep-sea zooplankton sampling -- 6.3 Examples of zooplankton samplers used in deep-sea studies -- 6.4 Sampling operations -- 6.5 Environmental impact of sampling operations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: Trawls -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General description of gear types -- 7.3 Sampling operations -- 7.4 Dealing with rough seafloor -- 7.5 Evaluation of trawl gear performance. , 7.6 Sample sorting and processing -- 7.7 Interpretation of data -- 7.8 Environmental impact considerations -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 7.1 Net, ground gear and rigging plans for a typical rough-bottom trawl used both commercially and for research on seamounts in the southern hemisphere (Reproduced with permission of NIWA) -- Appendix 7.2 Details of a beam trawl design used by CEFAS in European waters (CEFAS. Reproduced with permission) -- Appendix 7.3 Flow diagram of Scanmar sensor use from the International Bottom Trawl Survey Manual (Reproduced with permission. ICES, 2010) -- References -- Chapter 8: Longlines -- 8.1 General introduction -- 8.2 Gear description, specifications and modifications -- 8.3 Sampling operations -- 8.4 Measurements, metrics and data considerations -- 8.5 Comparisons with other methods that sample fishes -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 8.1 Characteristics of some longline component materials -- References -- Chapter 9: Epibenthic Sledges -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Description of dredge and sledge types, specifications and modifications -- 9.3 Sampling operations: how to choose and use a sledge -- 9.4 Sample sorting and processing -- 9.5 Interpretation of data -- 9.6 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Corers and Grabs -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Description of gear types -- 10.3 Sampling operations -- 10.4 Sample processing -- 10.5 Data interpretation -- References -- Chapter 11: Landers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Experimental design -- 11.3 Interpretation of data -- 11.4 Future developments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12: Towed Cameras -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Towed camera systems -- 12.3 Fundamentals of towed camera imaging systems -- 12.4 Deployment and survey design -- 12.5 Management of images and metadata -- 12.6 Data extraction and analysis. , 12.7 Methods reporting -- 12.8 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13: Submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 General descriptions of submersibles and ROVs -- 13.3 Submersible and ROV sample collection gear -- 13.4 Submersible and ROV sample storage gear -- 13.5 Other gear used during submersible and ROV sampling -- 13.6 Submersible and ROV sampling operations -- 13.7 Submersible and ROV sample processing -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14: Seafloor Observatories -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Planning an observatory system -- 14.3 Cabled observatories -- 14.4 Autonomous observatories -- 14.5 Data processing, management and archiving -- 14.6 Outreach for seafloor observatories -- 14.7 The future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15: Sorting, Recording, Preservation and Storage of Biological Samples -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Pre-voyage preparation -- 15.3 Sorting -- 15.4 Preservation -- 15.5 Sample labelling and recording -- 15.6 Photographing specimens -- 15.7 Sample storage and transport -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 15.1 Example of forms that help sorting staff with consistent taxonomic identification, recording, and preservation standards -- Appendix 15.2 Shipping of samples in ethanol or formalin -- Appendix 15.3 Recommendations for the completion of a shipping letter (adapted from the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, AQIS) for shipping ethanol by air -- References -- Chapter 16: Information Management Strategies for Deep-Sea Biology -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 General information management considerations -- 16.3 Considerations for specific data types -- 16.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 17: Data Analysis Considerations -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Hypotheses - what is your question?. , 17.3 Faunal data - what type of data do you have? -- 17.4 Environmental data - what should you use? -- 17.5 Sampling biases - how can you account for them? -- 17.6 Stratification and covariance - how can you partition out main effects? -- 17.7 Interpretation - how can you make the best sense of your results? -- References -- Chapter 18: Application of Biological Studies to Governance and Management of the Deep Sea -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 What is managed and who are the managers? -- 18.3 The role of science -- 18.4 Management approaches and needs -- 18.5 Case studies -- 18.6 Biological studies at the science-policy interface -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19: The Future of Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Data collection -- 19.3 Data management -- 19.4 Data analysis -- 19.5 Future motivations for sampling -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- Index -- Supplemental Images -- End User License Agreement.