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  • 1
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    Middle atmospheric O3, CO, N2O, HNO3, and temperature profiles during the warm Arctic winter 2001-2002 (2007)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: Ground-based measurements of stratospheric constituents were carried out from Thule Air Base, Greenland (76.5 N, 68.7 W), during the winters of 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, involving operation of a millimeter-wave spectrometer (GBMS) and a lidar system. This work focuses on the GBMS retrievals of stratospheric O3, CO, N2O, and HNO3, and on lidar stratospheric temperature data obtained during the first of the two winter campaigns, from mid-January to early March 2002. For the Arctic lower stratosphere, the winter 2001–2002 is one of the warmest winters on record. During a large fraction of the winter, the vortex was weakened by the influence of the Aleutian high, with low ozone concentrations and high temperatures observed by GBMS and lidar above 27 km during the second half of February and in early March. At 900 K ( 32 km altitude), the low ozone concentrations observed by GBMS in the Aleutian high are shown to be well correlated to low solar exposure. Throughout the winter, PSCs were rarely observed by POAM III, and the last detection was recorded on 17 January. During the lidar and GBMS observing period that followed, stratospheric temperatures remained above the threshold for PSCs formation throughout the vortex. Nonetheless, using correlations between GBMS O3 and N2O mixing ratios, in early February a large ozone deficiency owing to local ozone loss is noted inside the vortex. GBMS O3-N2O correlations suggest that isentropic transport brought a O3 deficit also to regions near the vortex edge, where transport most likely mimicked local ozone loss.
    Description: Published
    Description: D14304
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: remote sensing ; polar stratosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Changes in atmospheric composition discerned from long-term NDACC measurements: evolution of the winter stratosphere from Thule, Greenland, and the exceptional winters of 2008-2009 and 2010-2011. (2012)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: Several instruments are operational at Thule Air Base (76.5oN, 68.8oW) as part of the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change. A lidar was installed in 1990 and has been operational particularly during the winter season. Lidar measurements are used to derive the aerosol backscatter ratio between about 10 and 35 km, and the atmospheric temperature (T) profile from 25 up to 70 km, with a resolution of 150 m. A ground-based millimeter-wave spectrometer (GBMS) was installed at Thule in 2001, and has been operational during the winter seasons of 2001-2003 and 2009-2011. The GBMS permits to derive the atmospheric concentration profiles of different chemical species, such as O3, CO, N2O, and HNO3, between about 15 and 80 km at a resolution of 6-8 km. The Arctic winter stratosphere is characterized by a high variability, and detection of trends is particularly difficult. The evolution of the vortex and the temperatures in the lower stratosphere has a large impact on formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) and on the stratosphere chemical evolution. Coldest winters occurred in 1999-2000, and 2004-2005. Intensive measurement campaigns were conducted at Thule Air Base during winters 2008-2009 and 2010-2011. These two winters have been deeply different in their thermal, dynamical and chemical evolution. The 2008-2009 Arctic winter has been characterized by the most intense Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event ever observed, and the maximum of this warming was detected over Greenland. Thus, ground-based observations of the thermal structure and chemical composition of the middle atmosphere from the station at Thule Air Base have permitted to show the evolution of the phenomenon and its interactions with the dynamical structure of the polar vortex in the region of maximum warming. On the contrary, the 2010-2011 has been a very cold winter, and polar stratospheric clouds have been detected by lidar from mid-February to mid-March at Thule Air Base. This very cold winter, together with the massive formation of PSCs, has caused the record stratospheric ozone loss that is occurring in spring 2011 in the Arctic. In this study, we will present a summary of the measurements of the thermal and chemical stratospheric structure obtained at Thule Air Base between 1990 and 2011, with special attention to the two winters of 2008-2009 and 2010-2011.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel, Denver, CO, USA
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: open
    Keywords: stratospheric composition ; ozone ; nitric acid ; sudden stratospheric warming ; Greenland ; Arctic ozone loss ; lidar observations ; microwave remote sensing ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.01. Composition and Structure
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Abstract
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  • 3
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    Reply to comment by Rolf Müller and Simone Tilmes on ‘‘Middle atmospheric O3, CO, N2O, HNO3, and temperature profiles during the warm Arctic winter 2001–2002’’ (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Reply to comment by Rolf Müller and Simone Tilmes on "Middle atmospheric O3, CO, N2O, HNO3, and temperature profiles during the warm Arctic winter 2001–2002"
    Description: [1] Muscari et al. [2007] (hereafter referred to as M07) analyzed Arctic winter stratospheric conditions for 2001–2002 by means of ground-based measurements of stratospheric trace gases and temperature from Thule Air Base, Greenland (76.5°N, 68.7°W). The paper characterized stratospheric air masses observed over Thule from 20 January to 5 March 2002. Topics that were discussed included: the passage of both the polar vortex and the Aleutian high over Thule, with significant changes in ozone mixing ratio and temperature values; variations of measured O3 total column; vertical descent of air masses observed by means of CO measurements; observations of "ozone pockets" [Manney et al., 1995]; the correlation between illumination fraction and ozone mixing ratio at 900 K, indicating the relative significance of dynamics and photochemistry on ozone concentration at this altitude; the complete absence of polar stratospheric clouds, as concurrently monitored with a lidar system at Thule; and a qualitative (not quantitative) estimation of local ozone deficiency by means of N2O/O3 correlations. Müller and Tilmes [2008] (hereafter referred to as MT08) question the significant ozone deficiencies reported by M07 inside the vortex, which, as also pointed out by M07, are difficult to explain by heterogeneous chemistry during the warm winter 2001–2002. Nonetheless, M07 did speculate that heterogeneous activation of halogen compounds during mid-December and early January could have been the origin of the substantial ozone deficiency observed at the end of January/beginning of February in the small portion of the vortex core sampled by the Ground-Based Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer (GBMS). MT08 question this claim, as it "cannot be reconciled with the current understanding of halogen driven chemical ozone destruction in the Arctic." They suggest flaws in the N2O selection criteria used by M07 in order to identify intravortex N2O/O3 correlations, arising from their contention that GBMS measurements of N2O do not have the necessary spatial resolution needed for the task. MT08 favor instead the use of Potential Vorticity (PV) fields from European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses. [2] As a result of the criticism of MT08, we have looked at N2O/O3 correlations from independent measurements carried out by the Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer (Odin/SMR) [Murtagh et al., 2002] and have also reprocessed the GBMS O3 measurements using a different deconvolution technique. The GBMS O3 reanalysis furnishes a significantly smaller qualitative estimate of local ozone loss (here and in the following we use "ozone loss" specifically to indicate an ozone deficiency due to heterogeneous activation of halogen compounds) and is consistent with the Odin/SMR data (section 2). This has resulted in a corrected and enriched version of Figure 9a of M07 (see Figure 2 in section 2). Although we value the comments of MT08 which prompted us to reanalyze GBMS ozone data, correcting and improving Figure 9 of M07 and the related discussion, we do reject some of the comments of MT08 concerning the N2O selection criteria used by M07, and reiterate the choice of GBMS N2O measurements rather than ECMWF PV values to separate air masses located inside, outside, or at the edge of the polar vortex (section 3). Furthermore, we stress that the use of N2O/O3 correlation curves to determine ozone loss inside the vortex, in particular near its edge (a region often called "the outer vortex"), can indeed cause an overestimation of local ozone loss near the vortex edge region and possibly also an overestimation of the vortex averaged loss (section 4).
    Description: Published
    Description: D18304
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: remote sensing ; polar stratosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Retrieval of foreign-broadened water vapor continuum coefficients from emitted spectral radiance in the H2O rotational band from 240 to 590 cm −1 (2008)
    Optical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper presents a novel methodology to retrieve the foreign-broadened water vapor continuum absorption coefficients in the spectral range 240 to 590 cm−1 and is the first estimation of the continuum coefficient at wave numbers smaller than 400 cm−1 under atmospheric conditions. The derivation has been accomplished by processing a suitable set of atmospheric emitted spectral radiance observations obtained during the March 2007 Alps campaign of the ECOWAR project (Earth COoling by WAter vapor Radiation). It is shown that, in the range 450 to 600 cm−1, our findings are in good agreement with the widely used Mlawer, Tobin-Clough, Kneizys-Davies (MT_CKD) continuum. Below 450 cm−1 however the MT_CKD model overestimates the magnitude of the continuum coefficient.
    Description: Published
    Description: 15816-15833
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: remote sensing ; Spectroscopy, far infrared ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    The development of a new 22 GHz microwave spectrometer for monitoring middle atmospheric water vapour at polar latitudes (2012)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Water vapour is a crucial element of the climate system. Accurate observations of stratospheric humidity are needed in the equatorial belt, where water vapour crosses the tropopause, and in the Polar regions, that are affected the most by climate change trends [IPCC, 2007; Solomon et al., 2010]. Satellite-based observations provide atmospheric composition data with extensive spatial and temporal coverage, but these need to be validated and integrated by ground-based networks like GAW and NDACC Changes in middle atmospheric water vapour on time scales longer than the a satellite mission have been successfully observed by ground-based instruments [Nedoluha et al., 2009]. Several ground-based spectrometers have been developed in the last decades to detect the water vapour rotational emission line at 22.235 GHz with heterodyne microwave receivers [e.g., Nedoluha et al., 2009; Straub et al., 2011, Forkman et al., 2003, De Wachter et al., 2011] (see map on the left). The proposed sites for long-term installation of the new spectrometer are Concordia Station, Antarctica (3233 m asl 75.10°S, 123.3°E, NDACC site) or Thule Air Base, Greenland (76.5°N, 68.8°W; NDACC site) for polar monitoring, or Mount Chacaltaya, Bolivia (5.320 m asl, 16.2ºS, 68.1ºW, GAW site) for tropical observations.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Saint Paul, Reunion Island, France
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: open
    Keywords: microwave remote sensing ; water vapour ; stratosphere ; Antarctica ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 6
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    Millimeter wave spectroscopic measurements of stratospheric and mesospheric constituents over the Italian Alps: stratospheric ozone (2008)
    Editrice Compositori
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-06
    Description: Measurements of rotational lines emitted by middle atmospheric trace gases have been carried out from the Alpine station of Testa Grigia (45.9°N, 7.7°E, elev. 3500 m) by means of a Ground-Based Millimeter-wave Spectrometer (GBMS). Observations of species such as O3, HNO3, CO, N2O, HCN, and HDO took place during 4 winter periods, from February 2004 to March 2007, for a total of 116 days of measurements grouped in about 18 field campaigns. By studying the pressure-broadened shape of emission lines the vertical distribution of the observed constituents is retrieved within an altitude range of ∼17-75 km, constrained by the 600 MHz pass band and the 65 kHz spectral resolution of the back-end spectrometer. This work discusses the behavior of stratospheric O3 during the entire period of operation at Testa Grigia. Mid-latitude O3 columnar content as estimated using GBMS measurements can vary by large amounts over a period of very few days, with the largest variations observed in December 2005, February 2006, and March 2006, confirming that the northern winter of 2005-2006 was characterized by a particularly intense planetary wave activity. The largest rapid variation from maximum to minimum O3 column values over Testa Grigia took place in December 2006 and reached a relative value of 72% with respect to the average column content for that period. During most GBMS observation times much of the variability is concentrated in the column below 20 km, with tropospheric weather systems and advection of tropical tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere over Testa Grigia having a large impact on the observed variations in column contents. Nonetheless, a wide variability is also found in middle stratospheric GBMS O3 measurements, as expected for mid-latitude ozone. We find that O3 mixing ratios at ∼32 km are very well correlated with the solar illumination experienced by air masses over the previous ∼15 days, showing that already at 32 km altitude ozone photochemistry dominates over transport processes. The correlation of lower stratospheric ozone concentrations with potential vorticity as an indicator of transport is instead not as clear-cut, due to very complex mixing processes that characterize stratospheric air at mid-latitudes. Correlations of O3 over Testa Grigia with stratospheric tracers such as N2O and HCN, also observed by means of the GBMS, are planned for the future, in order to better characterize lower stratospheric dynamics and therefore lower stratospheric ozone concentrations at mid-latitudes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 469-482
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: millimeter-wave spectroscopy ; stratospheric ozone ; isentropic transport ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Development of a 22 GHz ground-based 1 spectrometer for middle atmospheric water vapour monitoring (2012)
    Associazione Italiana Telerilevamento
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The water Vapour Emission SPectrometer for Antarctica at 22 GHz (VESPA-22) has been 15 designed for long-term middle atmospheric climate change monitoring and satellite data 16 validation. It observes the water vapour spectral line at 22.235 GHz using the balanced beam17 switching technique. The receiver antenna has been characterized, showing an HPBW of 3.5°and a sidelobe level 40 dB below the main lobe. The receiver front-end has a total gain of 105 dB and a LNA noise temperature of 125 K. A FFT spectrometer (bandwidth 1 GHz, resolution 63 20 kHz) will be used as back-end, allowing the retrieval of H2O concentration profiles in the 20 to 80 km altitude range. The control I/O interface is based on reconfigurable hardware (USB22 CPLD).
    Description: Published
    Description: 51-61
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: microwave remote sensing ; water vapour ; stratosphere ; Antarctica ; antenna measurements ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS: AD MAJORA (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Annals of Geophysics (ISSN: 1593-5213; from 2010, 2037-416X) is a bimonthly international journal, which publishes scientific papers in the field of geophysics sensu lato. It derives from Annali di Geofisica (ISSN: 0365-2556), which commenced publication in January 1948 as a quarterly periodical devoted to general geophysics, seismology, Earth magnetism, and atmospheric studies....
    Description: Published
    Description: E0191
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 5T. Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post-terremoto
    Description: 6T. Sismicità indotta e caratterizzazione sismica dei sistemi naturali
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: 6IT. Sale operative
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: editorial ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.01. Composition and Structure ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.05. Radiation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.06. Thermodynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.01. Ion chemistry and composition ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.03. Forecasts ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.07. Scintillations ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.01. Interplanetary physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.02. Magnetic storms ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.03. Magnetospheric physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.04. Structure and dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.05. Solar variability and solar wind ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.06. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.01. Active layer ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.02. Cryobiology ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.03. Cryosol ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.04. Periglacial processes ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.05. Seasonally frozen ground ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.06. Thermokarst ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.07. Tundra ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.01. Avalanches ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.02. Cryosphere/atmosphere Interaction ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.03. Geomorphology ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.04. Ice ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.05. Ice dynamics ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.06. Mass balance ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.07. Ocean/ice interaction ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.08. Rock glaciers ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.09. Snow ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.10. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.01. Aerosols ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.02. Atmospheric Chemistry ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.03. Climate Indicators ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.04. Ice Core Air Bubbles ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.05. Paleoclimate ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.06. Precipitation ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.07. Teleconnection ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.08. Temperature ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.01. Atmosphere/sea ice/ocean interaction ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.02. Leads ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.03. Polynas ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.04. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.02. Equatorial and regional oceanography ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.05. Operational oceanography ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.06. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.07. Physical and biogeochemical interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.01. Channel networks ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.06. Water resources ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.02. General circulation ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.04. Upper ocean and mixed layer processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.05. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.01. Biogeochemical cycles ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.04. Ecosystems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.01. Composition and state ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.02. Gravity methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.03. Heat flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.02. Earth rotation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.03. Gravity and isostasy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.04. Gravity anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.02. Geochronology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.01. Dynamo theory ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.05. Main geomagnetic field ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.09. Environmental magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.01. Continents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.05. Collections ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.06. Methods::05.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.02. Hydrogeological risk ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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