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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Prognosis of early breast cancer by immunohistochemistry defined intrinsic sub-types in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy in the NEAT/BR9601 trial : Prognosis of Early Breast Cancer
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  International Journal of Cancer Vol. 133, No. 6 ( 2013-09-15), p. 1470-1478
    Details
    In: International Journal of Cancer, Wiley, Vol. 133, No. 6 ( 2013-09-15), p. 1470-1478
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0020-7136
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ijc.v133.6
    DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28150
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218257-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1474822-8
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  • 2
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    Cascadia Burning: The historic, but not historically unprecedented, 2020 wildfires in the Pacific Northwest, USA
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2022-06)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2022-06)
    Abstract: Wildfires devastated communities in Oregon and Washington in September 2020, burning almost as much forest west of the Cascade Mountain crest (“the westside”) in 2 weeks (~340,000 ha) as in the previous five decades (~406,00 ha). Unlike dry forests of the interior western United States, temperate rain forests of the Pacific Northwest have experienced limited recent fire activity, and debates surrounding what drove the 2020 fires, and management strategies to adapt to similar future events, necessitate a scientific evaluation of the fires. We evaluate five questions regarding the 2020 Labor Day fires: (1) How do the 2020 fires compare with historical fires? (2) How did the roles of weather and antecedent climate differ geographically and from the recent past (1979–2019)? (3) How do fire size and severity compare to other recent fires (1985–2019), and how did forest management and prefire forest structure influence burn severity? (4) What impact will these fires have on westside landscapes? and (5) How can we adapt to similar fires in the future? Although 5 of the 2020 fires were much larger than any others in the recent past and burned ~10 times the area in high‐severity patches 〉 10,000 ha, the 2020 fires were remarkably consistent with historical fires. Reports from the early 1900s, along with paleo‐ and dendro‐ecological records, indicate similar and potentially even larger wildfires over the past millennium, many of which shared similar seasonality (late August/early September), weather conditions, and even geographic locations. Consistent with the largest historical fires, strong east winds and anomalously dry conditions drove the rapid spread of high‐severity wildfire in 2020. We found minimal difference in burn severity among stand structural types related to previous management in the 2020 fires. Adaptation strategies for similar fires in the future could benefit by focusing on ignition prevention, fire suppression, and community preparedness, as opposed to fuel treatments that are unlikely to mitigate fire severity during extreme weather. While scientific uncertainties remain regarding the nature of infrequent, high‐severity fires in westside forests, particularly under climate change, adapting to their future occurrence will require different strategies than those in interior, dry forests.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.v13.6
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4070
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 3
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    High‐Performance and Stable Semi‐Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells through Composition Engineering
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Advanced Science Vol. 9, No. 22 ( 2022-08)
    Details
    In: Advanced Science, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 22 ( 2022-08)
    Abstract: Semi‐transparent perovskite solar cells (ST‐PeSCs) have tremendous potential as solar windows owing to their higher efficiency and visible transmittance. However, studies toward this application are still nascent, particularly in unraveling the interplay between how the perovskite composition impacts the achievable device performance and stability. Here, the role of A‐ and X‐site modification in APbX 3 perovskites is studied to understand their influence on these factors. Through detailed experimental and simulation work, it is found that a perovskite composition consisting of cesium (Cs) and formamidinium (FA) at the A‐site delivers the best device performance over a range of band gaps, which are tuned by changes to the X‐site anion. Using this optimized perovskite composition, power conversion efficiencies of 15.5% and 4.1% are achieved for ST‐PeSCs with average visible transmittance values between 20.7% and 52.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the CsFA‐based ST‐PeSCs show excellent long‐term stability under continuous illumination and heating. The stability of the precursor solutions across each of the studied compositions has also been considered, showing dramatic differences in the structural properties of the perovskites and their device performance for all mixed A‐site compositions possessing the archetypal methyl ammonium species, while also confirming the superior stability of the CsFA precursor solutions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2198-3844 , 2198-3844
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/advs.v9.22
    DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201487
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2808093-2
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  • 4
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    Restoring historical forest conditions in a diverse inland Pacific Northwest landscape
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2018-08)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2018-08)
    Abstract: A major goal of managers in fire‐prone forests is restoring historical structure and composition to promote resilience to future drought and disturbance. To accomplish this goal, managers require information about reference conditions in different forest types, as well as tools to determine which individual trees to retain or remove to approximate those reference conditions. We used dendroecological reconstructions and General Land Office records to quantify historical forest structure and composition within a 13,600 ha study area in eastern Oregon where the USDA Forest Service is planning restoration treatments. Our analysis demonstrates that all forest types present in the study area, ranging from dry ponderosa pine‐dominated forests to moist mixed conifer forests, are considerably denser (273–316% increase) and have much higher basal area (60–176% increase) today than at the end of the 19th century. Historically, both dry pine and mixed conifer forest types were dominated by shade‐intolerant species. Today, shade‐tolerant tree cover has increased in dry pine stands, while mixed conifer stands are now dominated by shade‐tolerant species. Federal managers in eastern Oregon are currently required to retain all live trees 〉 53 cm diameter at breast height in the course of forest management activities because this size class is assumed to be under‐represented on the landscape relative to historical conditions. However, we found the same or greater number of live trees 〉 53 cm today than in the late 19th century. Restoring historical conditions usually involves removing shade‐tolerant trees that established since Euro‐American management significantly altered natural disturbance regimes. We evaluated a wide range of tree morphological and environmental variables that could potentially predict the age of grand fir and Douglas‐fir, the most abundant shade‐tolerant species found within the study area. We describe several morphological characteristics that are diagnostic of tree age and developed decision trees that predict the approximate age of trees using morphological characteristics that are easy to measure in the field such as height to live foliage or height to dead branches. Information about structural and compositional change over time combined with tree‐age prediction tools provides a flexible framework for restoring historical conditions and meeting other resource management objectives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2018.9.issue-8
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2400
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 5
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    How does tree regeneration respond to mixed‐severity fire in the western Oregon Cascades, USA ?
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2020-01)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2020-01)
    Abstract: Dendroecological studies of historical tree recruitment patterns suggest mixed‐severity fire effects are common in Douglas‐fir/western hemlock forests of the Pacific Northwest (PNW), USA , but empirical studies linking observed fire severity to tree regeneration response are needed to expand our understanding into the functional role of fire in this forest type. Recent increases in mixed‐severity fires offered this opportunity, so we quantified the abundance, spatial distribution, species richness, and community composition of regenerating trees across a mixed‐severity fire gradient (unburned–high‐severity fire) 10 and 22 yr post‐fire, and use our results to inform a discussion of fire's functional role in western Oregon Cascades Douglas‐fir forests. Regeneration abundance was unimodal across the fire severity gradient such that the greatest mean abundance followed moderate‐severity fire (25–75% basal area mortality). Similarly, the greatest number of species was present within the most 25‐m 2 regeneration quadrants (most extensive distribution) following moderate‐severity fire, relative to any other fire severity class. On average, species richness also exhibited a unimodal distribution across the severity gradient, increasing by 100% in stands that experienced moderate‐severity fire relative to unburned forests or following high‐severity fire, as predicted by the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. Several distinct regeneration communities emerged across the fire severity gradient, including early seral tree communities indicative of those observed in initial and relay floristics successional models for this forest type. Most significantly, moderate‐severity fire alters successional trajectories and facilitates the establishment of a more diverse tree regeneration community than observed following low‐ or high‐severity fire. These communities are reflective of the diverse overstory communities commonly encountered throughout this forest type. The emergence of these diverse forests is unlikely to develop or persist in the absence of moderate‐severity fire effects, and may be perpetuated longer by recurring moderate‐severity fire relative to experiencing stand replacing fire. Therefore, moderate‐severity fire may be the most functionally important fire effect in Douglas‐fir forests and should be better represented in successional models and more prominent in ecologically based fire and forest management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.v11.1
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3003
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 6
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    Both Landsat‐ and LiDAR‐derived measures predict forest bee response to large‐scale wildfire
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, Wiley
    Abstract: Large‐scale disturbances such as wildfire can have profound impacts on the composition, structure, and functioning of ecosystems. Bees are critical pollinators in natural settings and often respond positively to wildfires, particularly in forests where wildfire leads to more open conditions and increased floral resources. The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) provides opportunities for quantifying habitat features across large spatial scales and is increasingly available to scientists and land managers for post‐fire habitat assessment. We evaluated the extent to which LiDAR‐derived forest structure measurements can predict forest bee communities after a large, mixed‐severity fire. We hypothesized that LiDAR measurements linked to post‐fire forest structure would improve our ability to predict bee abundance and species richness when compared to satellite‐based maps of burn severity. To test this hypothesis, we sampled wild bee communities within the Douglas Fire Complex in southwestern Oregon, USA. We then used LiDAR and Landsat data to quantify forest structure and burn severity, respectively, across bee sampling locations. We found that the LiDAR forest structure model was the best predictor of abundance, whereas the Landsat burn severity model had better predictive ability for species richness. Furthermore, the Landsat burn severity model was better at predicting the presence and species richness of bumble bees ( Bombus spp. ), an ecologically distinct and economically important group within the Pacific Northwest. We posit that the divergent responses of the two modeling approaches are due to distinct responses by bee taxa to variation in forest structure as mediated by wildfire, with bumble bees in particular depending on closed‐canopy forest for some portions of their life cycle. Our study demonstrates that LiDAR data can provide information regarding the drivers of bee abundance in post‐wildfire conifer forest, and that both remote sensing approaches are useful for predicting components of wild bee diversity after large‐scale wildfire.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2056-3485 , 2056-3485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/rse2.354
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2825232-9
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  • 7
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    Measurement of specific radioactivity in proteins separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  ELECTROPHORESIS Vol. 27, No. 5-6 ( 2006-03), p. 1147-1153
    Details
    In: ELECTROPHORESIS, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 5-6 ( 2006-03), p. 1147-1153
    Abstract: We report a method to quantify the specific radioactivity of proteins that have been separated by 2‐DE. Gels are stained with SyproRuby, and protein spots are excised. The SyproRuby dye is extracted from each spot using DMSO, and the fluorescence is quantified automatically using a plate reader. The extracted gel piece is then dissolved in hydrogen peroxide and radioactivity is quantified by liquid scintillation counting. Gentle agitation with DMSO for 24 h was found to extract all the SyproRuby dye from gel fragments. The fluorescence of the extract was linearly related to the amount of BSA loaded onto a series of 1‐D gels. When rat muscle samples were run on 2‐DE gels, the fluorescence extracted from 54 protein spots showed a good correlation ( r  = 0.79, p   〈  0.001) with the corresponding spot intensity measured by conventional scanning and image analysis. DMSO extraction was found not to affect the amount of radioactive protein left in the gel. When a series of BSA solutions of known specific radioactivity were run on 2‐DE gels, the specific radioactivity measured by the new method showed a good correlation ( r  = 0.98, p   〈  0.01, n  = 5) with the specific radioactivity measured directly before loading. Reproducibility of the method was measured in a series of 2‐DE gels containing proteins from the livers of rats and mice that had been injected with [ 35 S]methionine. Variability tended to increase when the amount of radioactivity in the protein spot was low, but for samples containing at least 10 dpm above background the CV was around 30%, which is comparable to that obtained when measuring protein expression by conventional image analysis of SyproRuby‐stained 2‐DE gels. Similar results were obtained whether spots were excised manually or using a spot excision robot. This method offers a high‐throughput, cost‐effective and reliable method of quantifying the specific radioactivity of proteins from metabolic labelling experiments carried out in vivo , so long as sufficient quantities of radioactive tracer are used.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0173-0835 , 1522-2683
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/elps.v27:5/6
    DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500684
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475486-1
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  • 8
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    Diameter limits impede restoration of historical conditions in dry mixed‐conifer forests of eastern Oregon, USA
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2021-03)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2021-03)
    Abstract: The U.S. Forest Service is reconsidering policies that limit the size of trees that can be removed in the course of restoration treatments in dry forests of eastern Oregon. To evaluate the effects of diameter limits on the ability of managers to meet restoration objectives, we used an existing network of long‐term research plots to summarize historical and contemporary structure and composition of mixed‐conifer forests within a one million‐ha study area in eastern Oregon. Then, we used a novel thinning simulation procedure to quantify the degree to which thinning using different diameter limits restored stands to historical conditions. Contemporary mixed‐conifer forests within the study area are significantly denser, have more basal area, and have a greater proportion of shade‐tolerant species than historical conditions. Our simulations of thinning under current policy that prohibits cutting of trees ≥53 cm show that a quarter of mixed‐conifer stands cannot be restored to within the historical range of basal area or density. Those stands that could be restored to within historical basal area ranges still had a substantially higher component of shade‐tolerant trees than historical stands. Permitting larger shade‐tolerant trees to be removed allowed restoration of all or most of stands to within historical structural and compositional ranges. Forest conditions in the late 1800s may not necessarily provide the best template for management because climate and disturbance projections suggest that eastern Oregon forests will be less well suited to shade‐tolerant species in the future. Adapting stands to future conditions will require robust monitoring of forest structural and compositional response to restoration treatments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.v12.3
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3394
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 9
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    Contemporary patterns of fire extent and severity in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA (1985–2010)
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2017-03)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2017-03)
    Abstract: Fire is an important disturbance in many forest landscapes, but there is heightened concern regarding recent wildfire activity in western North America. Several regional‐scale studies focus on high‐severity fire, but a comprehensive examination at all levels of burn severity (i.e., low, moderate, and high) is needed to inform our understanding of the ecological effects of contemporary fires and how they vary among vegetation zones at sub‐regional scales. We integrate Landsat time series data with field measurements of tree mortality to map burn severity in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA, from 1985 to 2010. We then examine temporal trends in fire extent and spatial patterns of burn severity in relation to drought and annual fire extent. Finally, we compare results among vegetation zones and with expectations based on studies of historical landscape dynamics and fire regimes. Small increases in fire extent over time were associated with drought in all vegetation zones, but fire cumulatively affected 〈 3% of wet vegetation zones, and most dry vegetation zones experienced less fire than expectations from fire history studies. Although the proportion of fire at any level of severity did not increase over time, temporal trends toward larger patches of high‐severity fire were related to drought and annual fire extent, depending on vegetation zone. In vegetation zones with historically high‐severity regimes, high‐severity fire accounted for a large proportion of recent fire extent (43–48%) and occurred primarily in patches ≥100 ha. In vegetation zones with historically low‐ and mixed‐severity regimes, low (45–54%)‐ and moderate‐severity (24–36%) fires were prevalent, but proportions of high‐severity fire (23–26%), almost half of which occurred in patches ≥100 ha, were much greater than expectations from most fire history studies. Our results support concerns about large patches of high‐severity fire in some dry forests but also suggest that spatial patterns of burn severity across much of the extent burned are generally consistent with current understanding of historical landscape dynamics in the region. This study highlights the importance of considering the ecological effects of fire at all levels of severity in management and policy initiatives intended to promote forest biodiversity and resilience to future fire activity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2017.8.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1695
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 10
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    Severe fire weather and intensive forest management increase fire severity in a multi‐ownership landscape
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Ecological Applications Vol. 28, No. 4 ( 2018-06), p. 1068-1080
    Details
    In: Ecological Applications, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 4 ( 2018-06), p. 1068-1080
    Abstract: Many studies have examined how fuels, topography, climate, and fire weather influence fire severity. Less is known about how different forest management practices influence fire severity in multi‐owner landscapes, despite costly and controversial suppression of wildfires that do not acknowledge ownership boundaries. In 2013, the Douglas Complex burned over 19,000 ha of Oregon & California Railroad (O & C) lands in Southwestern Oregon, USA . O & C lands are composed of a checkerboard of private industrial and federal forestland (Bureau of Land Management, BLM ) with contrasting management objectives, providing a unique experimental landscape to understand how different management practices influence wildfire severity. Leveraging Landsat based estimates of fire severity (Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio, Rd NBR ) and geospatial data on fire progression, weather, topography, pre‐fire forest conditions, and land ownership, we asked (1) what is the relative importance of different variables driving fire severity, and (2) is intensive plantation forestry associated with higher fire severity? Using Random Forest ensemble machine learning, we found daily fire weather was the most important predictor of fire severity, followed by stand age and ownership, followed by topographic features. Estimates of pre‐fire forest biomass were not an important predictor of fire severity. Adjusting for all other predictor variables in a general least squares model incorporating spatial autocorrelation, mean predicted Rd NBR was higher on private industrial forests (Rd NBR 521.85 ± 18.67 [mean ± SE] ) vs. BLM forests (398.87 ± 18.23) with a much greater proportion of older forests. Our findings suggest intensive plantation forestry characterized by young forests and spatially homogenized fuels, rather than pre‐fire biomass, were significant drivers of wildfire severity. This has implications for perceptions of wildfire risk, shared fire management responsibilities, and developing fire resilience for multiple objectives in multi‐owner landscapes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1051-0761 , 1939-5582
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/eap.2018.28.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1002/eap.1710
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010123-5
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 23
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