Note: Twenty-Fourth Symposium on NAVAL HYDRODYNAMICS -- Twenty-Fourth Symposium on NAVAL HYDRODYNAMICS -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Contents -- Opening Remarks -- Microbubbles: Drag Reduction Mechanism and Applicability to Ships -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SKIN FRICTION REDUCTION BY MICROBUBBLES -- 2.1 Experiment at The Pennsylvania State Univ. -- 2.2 Kawakita's experiment in a cavitation tunnel -- 2.3 Experiment at NMRI using Small High-speed Water Tunnel (HSWT) -- 2.4 Experiments using 20m and 40m flat plate ships by Watanabe 1998 -- 2.5 Experiments using a 12m flat plate ship at NMRI -- 2.6 Experiments using a 50m flat plate ship at NMRI -- 3. LOCAL VOID RATIO DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBUBBLES -- 4. SKIN FRICTION REDUCTION MECHANISM OF MICROBUBBLES -- 5. FRICTIONAL DRAG REDUCTION BY MICROBUBBLES -- 6. APPLICABILITY OF MICROBUBBLES TO SHIPS -- 7. FULL-SCALE MICROBUBBLE EXPERIMENT -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- Wave Patterns and Minimum Wave Resistance for High-Speed Vessels -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HAVELOCK SOURCES -- THIN SHIPS -- Generalisations of thin-ship theory -- Computational considerations -- Sample results -- PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS -- Results for simple pressure patches -- Minimum wave resistance patches -- Free-wave spectrum -- PLANING SURFACES -- Edge conditions -- Flat plate example -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- References -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- Prediction of High Reynolds Number Flow around Naval Vessels -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Project goal -- Project organisation -- Model test programme -- Numerical program -- HULL FORMS -- FULL SCALE MEASUREMENTS -- Instrumentation -- « De Ruyter» trials -- «Alliance» Trials -- Data analysis -- Full scale LDV results -- Full scale pitot tube data. , TESTS IN THE WATER TUNNEL -- Facility -- Instrumentation -- EUCLID Submarine in the GTH -- Alliance in the GTH -- Uncertainty assessment -- TESTS IN THE TOWING TANK -- Facility -- Instrumentation -- Alliance in the towing Tank -- NUMERICAL SIMULATION USING COMMERCIAL CODE -- Code selection -- Turbulence model implementation -- EUCLID Sub calculation -- Validation on the "Alliance" -- Full scale computations -- NUMERICAL SIMULATION USING INSEAN CODE -- Code description -- Turbulence models -- Mesh Generation -- Propeller model -- Verification and validation -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- Frontiers in Experimental Techniques -- INTRODUCTION -- PIV MEASUREMENTS IN TURBOMACHINES -- OCEANOGRAPHIC APPLICATION OF PIV -- 3-D VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS USING HPIV -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHOR'S REPLY -- TOWARD VIRTUAL REALITY BY COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FREE-SURFACE SHOCK WAVE -- 3. THIN, LONG-PROTRUDENT BULB -- 4. TUMMAC -- 5. WAVE BREAKING SIMULATION -- 6. SEPARATED FLOW -- 7. MOVING TECHNOLOGY -- 8. RACING YACHT DESIGN -- 9. SHIPS IN WAVES -- 10. DESIGN BY VIRTUAL REALITY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHOR'S REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHOR'S REPLY -- Study on the CFD Application for VLCC Hull-Form Design -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NUMERICAL METHOD -- Governing equation -- Turbulence model -- Computational method -- Boundary conditions and grid generation -- SELECTION OF OBJECT SHIPS AND MODEL TESTS -- Selection of object ships -- Model tests -- RESULTS AND COMPARISONS -- DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- Unsteady RANS Simulation of a Surface Combatant with Roll Motion -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION. , 2 RANS SOLUTION METHODOLOGY -- 2.1 Governing Equations -- 2.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions -- 2.3 Numerical Method -- 2.3.1 Discretization -- 2.3.2 Pressure-Velocity Coupling -- 2.3.3 Kinematic Free-Surface Boundary Condition Solver (KFSBC) -- 2.3.4 Summary -- 3 SHIP MOTIONS -- 3.1 Prescribed Motions -- 3.2 Predicted Motions -- 4 GEOMETRY, DATA, AND CONDITIONS -- 4.1 Geometry -- 4.2 Data -- 4.3 Conditions -- 5 COMPUTATIONAL GRIDS AND TIME STEP -- 5.1 Verification and Validation of Steady Flow -- 5.2 Unsteady Roll Simulations -- 5.3 Time Step -- 6 VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION -- 7 RESULTS -- 7.1 Boundary Layer -- 7.2 Free-surface -- 7.3 FORCES AND MOMENTS -- 7.4 Free Roll Decay -- 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- On the Role played by Turbulence Closures in Hull Shape Optimization at Model and Full Scale -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DESIGN PROCEDURE -- 2.1 Problem statement -- 2.2 Optimization loop -- 3 FLOW SOLVER -- 3.1 Conservation equations -- 3.2 Numerical framework -- 4 TURBULENCE MODELS -- 4.1 Reynolds Stress Model -- 4.2 Turbulent Frequency Equation for the Reynolds Stress Model -- 5 PARAMETERIZATIONS -- 6 MESH UPDATE -- 7 OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM -- 7.1 Strategy -- 7.2 Algorithm -- 8 APPLICATION TO HULL SHAPE OPTIMIZATION -- 8.1 Study of the flow around the KVLCC2 tanker -- 8.2 Drag Reduction -- 8.2.1 Model scale -- 8.2.2 Full scale -- 8.2.3 Comparison of results at model and full scale -- 8.3 Homogenization of the flow at the propeller location -- 9 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- The Use of a RANS Code in the Design and Analysis of a Naval Combatant -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GOV'T-2 GEOMETRY MODIFICATIONS -- GRID GENERATION -- Bare Hull Configurations -- Hulls Appended with Propulsor -- Transom Stern Issues -- FLOW SOLVER. , FLOW SOLUTIONS -- Bare Hull Configurations -- Concept-3 with Propulsor -- GOV'T-2 CALCULATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Efficient Methods to Compute Steady Ship Viscous Flow with Free Surface -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 STATE OF THE ART IN RANS/FS METHODS -- Methods used -- Quality of the predictions -- Desired improvements -- 3 COMPUTING VISCOUS FLOW UNDER A PRECOMPUTED WAVE SURFACE -- Inviscid wave pattern computation -- Computation of the viscous flow -- The composite approach -- Results and applications -- 4 A STEADY ITERATIVE SOLUTION METHOD FOR FREE-SURFACE VISCOUS FLOWS -- Motivation -- Time dependence and integration times -- Derivation of the method -- Free-surface potential flows -- Free-surface viscous flows -- Implementation -- Results -- 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- Hydrofoil Near-wake Structure and Dynamics at High Reynolds Number -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP -- RESULTS-PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS -- RESULTS-DEPENDENCE OF SHEDDING ON GEOMETRY -- RESULTS-DEPENDENCE OF SHEDDING ON REYNOLDS NUMBER -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A: ERROR ANALYSIS OF THE VELOCITY SPECTRA MEASUREMENTS -- APPENDIX B: THE RIGID HYDROFOIL APPROXIMATION -- Unstructured Nonlinear Free Surface Simulations for the Fully-Appended DTMB Model 5415 Series Hull Including Rotating Propuls -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTION ALGORITHM -- GOVERNING EQUATIONS -- NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS -- RECONSTRUCTION -- RESIDUAL EVALUATION -- SPATIAL RESIDUAL -- TEMPORAL RESIDUAL -- TIME EVOLUTION -- BOUNDARY CONDITIONS -- TURBULENCE MODEL -- PARALLELIZATION -- NONLINEAR FREE SURFACE ALGORITHM -- GOVERNING EQUATIONS -- NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR FREE SURFACE. , FREE SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITION -- GRID MOVEMENT ALGORITHM -- EXAMPLES -- UNPOWERED FULLY-APPENDED 5415 -- POWERED FULLY-APPENDED 5415 -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- Bow Waves on a Free-Running, Heaving And/or Pitching Destroyer -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Brief Review -- Bow Wave, Sheet Separation, and Spray -- EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES -- Supercritical Flow Facility -- Bow Wave Facility -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Basic Bow Wave -- Heave Motions -- Pitch Motions -- Combined Heave and Pitch Motions -- Ship at Higher Frs with Yaw -- Surfactants and Supercritical Flow -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Numerical simulation of two-dimensional breaking waves past a submerged hydrofoil -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- A LOCAL MODEL FOR SPILLING BREAKING -- TEST CASE -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHORS' REPLY -- GENESIS OF DESIGN WAVE GROUPS IN EXTREME SEAS FOR THE EVALUATION OF WAVE/STRUCTURE INTERACTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LINEAR TRANSIENT WAVE DESCRIPTION -- NONLINEAR TRANSIENT WAVE DESCRIPTION -- INTEGRATION OF DESIGN WAVE GROUPS IN IRREGULAR SEAS-LINEAR APPROACH -- INTEGRATION OF A NONLINEAR ROGUE WAVE SEQUENCE INTO EXTREME SEAS -- COMPUTER CONTROLLED CAPSIZING TESTS USING TAILORED WAVE SEQUENCES -- DYNAMICS OF SEMISUBMERSIBLES IN ROGUE WAVES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- AUTHOR'S REPLY -- DISCUSSION -- DISCUSSION -- AUTHOR'S REPLY -- REFERENCES -- Direct numerical simulation of surface tension dominated and non-dominated breaking waves -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NUMERICAL MODEL -- Domain Decomposition Technique -- Navier-Stokes solver. , Free surface capturing via Level-Set technique.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Note: Drought Management and Its Impact on Public Water Systems -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS -- RESEARCH CONCERNS -- MANAGEMENT CONCERNS -- LEGAL CONCERNS -- CONCLUSIONS -- BACKGROUND PAPERS -- 1 Dimensions of Drought Management for Public Water Supplies (Colloquium Keynote Address) -- DIMENSIONS -- WATER AMONG OTHER PUBLIC SERVICES -- DROUGHT AS ONE HAZARD AMONG MANY -- TIME -- SPACE -- ORGANIZATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Causes and Occurrence of Drought -- DEFINITION OF DROUGHT -- CAUSES OF DROUGHT IN TEMPERATE LATITUDES -- POTENTIAL FOR DROUGHT FORECASTING -- CURRENT OPERATIONAL DROUGHT FORECASTING TECHNIQUES IN CALIFORNIA AND THE WESTERN UNITED STATES -- Meteorological Forecasts -- Hydrologic Forecasts -- FORECAST ACCURACY -- POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN DROUGHT FORECASTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 3 What are Acceptable Risks for Public Systems? -- FLOOD MANAGEMENT PLANNING -- AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT -- THE GREAT CALIFORNIA DROUGHT OF 1976-1977 -- DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1977 -- WATER PLANNING IN CALIFORNIA -- POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF URBAN WATER SHORTAGES -- URBAN AND AGRICULTURAL COMPETITION AND COOPERATION -- PUBLIC COMMITENT -- WATER AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY -- FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS -- DROUGHT MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCE -- 4 Drought Management Options -- THE "DESIGN DROUGHT" APPROACH -- DROUGHT EMERGENCY PROGRAMS -- MINIMIZING THE LONG-RUN COST OF COPING WITH DROUGHTS -- AVAILABILITY OF ANALYTICAL TOOLS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Legal and Institutional Aspects of Drought Management -- SYSTEM NEEDS -- ORGANIZATIONS THAT SUPPLY WATER -- CONTRACT PROTECTIONS -- POWER TO REGULATE -- THE NEED FOR MANAGEMENT OF DROUGHT CONDITIONS -- WATER ALLOCATION AND CONJUNCTIVE USE -- PREFERENTIAL USE -- INTERSTATE TRANSFERS -- PUBLIC TRUST -- CONCLUDING REMARKS. , APPENDIXES -- Appendix A The Emergency Water Conservation Plan of the City of Los Angeles and the Summary of the Los Angeles Emergency… -- The Emergency Water Conservation Plan of the City of Los Angeles [Added by Ord. No. 149,700, Effecti ... -- Article I -- Summary of Los Angeles Emergency Water Conservation Ordinance -- Appendix B Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District Rationing Plan -- Notice of Water Restrictions -- What Does Four Hours of Watering Per Week Mean? -- Update of Water Situation -- Present Water Situation -- Our Position -- What You Can Do -- Will This Situation Exist During Every Dry Year? -- Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Principal Contributors -- Appendix D Attendees at Boulder Colloquium.

Note: STATISTICS AND PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- 1 OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- Purpose and Scope of This Report -- Oceanography-A Brief Sketch -- OCEANOGRAPHIC MODELING, DATA, AND NOISE -- The Many Meanings of the Term "Model" -- Diverse Definitions of the Term "Data" -- Low Noise Is Good Noise -- 2 STATISTICAL ISSUES IN THE MULTIPLE-SCALE VARIABILITY OF OCEANOGRAPHIC FIELDS -- OCEANOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY -- SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS -- ISSUES FOR STATISTICAL RESEARCH -- 3 LAGRANGIAN AND EULERIAN DATA AND MODELS -- PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH -- 4 FEATURE IDENTIFICATION -- TRACKING OF FRONTS AND RINGS -- SEA ICE TRACKING -- ESTIMATION OF HORIZONTAL VELOCITIES FROM IMAGE SEQUENCES -- PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH -- 5 VISUALIZATION -- USES OF VISUALIZATION -- CHALLENGES FOR VISUALIZATION -- OUTSTANDING STATISTICAL ISSUES -- 6 INTERPOLATION, NONLINEAR SMOOTHING, FILTERING, AND PREDICTION -- INTERPOLATION OF SATELLITE DATA SETS -- Characteristics of Satellite Data -- Mapping Satellite Data: Motivation and Methods -- DATA ASSIMILATION: USE OF DYNAMICAL MODELS FOR SMOOTHING AND FILTERING -- INVERSE METHODS -- PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH -- 7 MODEL AND DATA COMPARISONS -- 8 NON-GAUSSIAN RANDOM FIELDS -- STATISTICAL RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- 9 ENCOURAGING COLLABORATION BETWEEN STATISTICIANS AND OCEANOGRAPHERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium -- The Telescope as a Time Machine -- The First Sources of Light in the Universe -- How Galaxies Took Shape -- Violent Events in the Cosmos -- What Happens at the Heart of a Galaxy -- The Origins of Stars and Planets -- Surveying the Universe with Increased Accuracy -- Gravitational Radiation: A New Way to See the Cosmos -- Solar Astrophysics -- The Quest for Other Earths -- High-Priority Projects in Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Note: Improving Energy Demand Analysis -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Formal Modeling and Problem-Oriented Research -- UNDERSTANDING THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY -- ABOUT THIS BOOK -- FORMAL MODELS OF ENERGY DEMAND -- Types of Models -- Problems with Formal Demand Models -- The Place of Behavioral Variables in Formal Demand Models -- PROBLEM-ORIENTED ANALYSES OF ENERGY POLICY ISSUES -- Methods of Problem-Oriented Analysis -- Surveys -- Analysis of Existing Data -- Natural Experiments -- Controlled Experiments -- Evaluation Research -- The Strengths and Weaknesses of Problem-Oriented Research -- CONCLUSIONS -- 2 The Effects of Price on Demand -- DO CONSUMERS REACT TO AVERAGE OR MARGINAL PRICES? -- DO CONSUMERS REACT TO REAL OR NOMINAL PRICES? -- DO CONSUMERS REACT TO PRICE LEVELS OR PRICE CHANGES? -- IS THERE A THRESHOLD FOR THE RESPONSE TO PRICE? -- DO PRICE INCREASES AND DECREASES PRODUCE DIFFERENT RESPONSES? -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 The Effects of Financial Incentives on Energy-Efficient Investments in Residential Buildings -- HOW DOES THE SIZE OF AN INCENTIVE AFFECT CONSUMERS' RESPONSES? -- Incentives as Attention-Getting Devices -- Incentives as an Impetus to Speed Changes Already Planned -- HOW DOES THE TYPE OF INCENTIVE AFFECT CONSUMERS' RESPONSES? -- HOW DO CONSUMERS RESPOND TO NONFINANCIAL FEATURES OF INCENTIVE PROGRAMS? -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 The Effects of Information on Energy-Efficient Investment -- HOW COMPLETE IS CONSUMERS' INFORMATION? -- Treatment of Information in Formal Models -- Knowledge About Information From Problem-Oriented Research -- Improving Consumers' Information -- HOW DOES INFORMATION AFFECT BEHAVIOR? -- Rational Action Based on Imperfect Information -- Diffusion of Innovation -- CONCLUSIONS -- 5 Behavioral Study of Appliance Efficiency Decisions -- ISSUES AND LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT ANALYSIS. , Analytic Representation of Appliances -- Analytic Representation of Energy Price Expectations -- Determinants of Appliance Use -- Consumers' Decision Processes -- THE IDEAL DATA FOR BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF APPLIANCE CHOICES -- PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR DATA COLLECTION -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- THE ROLE OF FORMAL MODELS -- THE ROLE OF PROBLEM-ORIENTED RESEARCH -- Surveys -- Analysis of Existing Data -- Natural Experiments -- Controlled Experiments -- Evaluation Research -- THE ROLE OF DATA COLLECTION -- USING VARIOUS RESEARCH METHODS IN CONCERT -- References -- Appendix A Incorporating Data from Problem-Centered Research on Incentives and Information in Formal Demand Models -- Appendix B Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff.

Note: Hazardous Materials in the Hydrologic Environment: The Role of Research by the U.S. Geological Survey -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of the Federal Effort in Hazardous Material Regulation and Remediation -- LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND -- THE EVOLUTION OF RESEARCH IN HYDROLOGY -- OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT USGS PROGRAMS -- COMPARISON OF USGS HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH TO THAT OF OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- FROM PROCESS DISCOVERY TO APPLICATION: THE ROLE OF THE USGS -- 3 Characterization: Processes and Methods for Improving Understanding -- THE NEED -- STATE-OF-THE-ART OF CHARACTERIZATION -- Constituents -- Processes -- Subsurface Processes -- Surface Processes -- Characterization Methods -- CRITICAL AREAS OF RESEARCH -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USGS -- 4 Remediation -- INTRODUCTION -- STATE-OF-THE-ART IN THE FIELD -- CRITICAL AREAS FOR RESEARCH -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USGS -- 5 Mathematical Models and Decision Support -- PREDICTIVE FLOW AND TRANSPORT MODELS -- Saturated Flow in Porous Media -- Unsaturated Flow in Porous Media -- Multiphase Flow in Porous Media -- Advection and Dispersion -- Radioactive Decay, Biological Processes, and Multiphase Interactions -- Coupled Flow Processes -- Flow and Transport in Fractured Media -- Issues in Flow and Transport Modeling at the USGS -- DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS -- Existing and Potential USGS Initiatives -- OPTIMIZATION AND DECISION ANALYSIS -- DECISION SUPPORT IN THE USGS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SCIENCE PROGRAM -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USGS IN MODELING -- 6 Conclusions -- OVERALL PROGRAM FRAMEWORK -- USGS COLLABORATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES -- SOME CRITICAL ISSUES -- EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES -- ISSUES IN PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION -- References -- Appendix A U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division Plan for Hazardous Materials Science -- INTERRELATIONSHIP OF PROGRAMS. , Activities-Research and Methods Development -- Activities-Site-specific Investigations -- Program Development and Interaction -- CORE HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH PROGRAM PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS -- Origin -- Plans for Program Development -- Decision-making Process -- USGS TOXIC SUBSTANCES HYDROLOGY PROGRAM PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS -- Origin -- Plans for Program Development -- Decision-making Process -- FEDERAL-STATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS -- Origin -- Plans for Program Development -- Decision-making Process -- DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION HYDROLOGY PROGRAM-PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS -- Origin -- Plans for Program Development -- Decision-making Process -- SUMMARY -- Appendix B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.

Note: An Evaluation of the Role of Microbiological Criteria for Foods and Food Ingredients -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC CONSIDERATIONS -- APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA TO FOODS AND FOOD INGREDIENTS -- Dairy Products -- Raw Meats and Poultry -- Fish, Molluscs, and Crustaceans -- Processed Animal Products -- Eggs and Egg Products -- Fruits and Vegetables -- Fruit Beverages -- Canned Foods -- Cereals and Cereal Products -- Fats and Oils -- Sugar, Cocoa, Chocolate, and Confectioneries -- Spices -- Yeasts -- Formulated Foods -- Nuts -- Miscellaneous Additives -- Bottled Water, Processing Water, and Ice -- Pet Foods -- EXPANSION OF THE HACCP SYSTEM IN FOOD PROTECTION PROGRAMS -- PLANS OF ACTION -- Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION (CHAPTER 1) -- DEFINITIONS, PURPOSES, AND NEEDS FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA (CHAPTER 2) -- SELECTION OF FOODS FOR CRITERIA RELATED TO SAFETY (CHAPTER 3) -- SELECTION OF PATHOGENS AS COMPONENTS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA (CHAPTER 4) -- Pathogens -- Clostridium botulinum -- Shigella -- Vibrio cholerae -- Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis -- Viruses -- Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) -- Ciguatera Toxin(s) -- Mycotoxins -- Salmonella -- Pathogenic Escherichia coli (PEC) -- Streptococcus pyogenes -- Staphylococcus aureus -- Clostridium perfringens -- Bacillus cereus -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Coxiella burnetii -- Histamine -- Yersinia enterocolitica -- Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni -- Trichinella spiralis -- General Actions -- Research -- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports -- SELECTION OF INDICATOR ORGANISMS AND AGENTS AS COMPONENTS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA (CHAPTER 5) -- Aerobic Plate Count -- Direct Microscopic Count -- Microscopic Mold Counts -- Machinery Mold -- Yeast and Mold Counts -- Heat-Resistant Molds -- Thermophilic Spore Count. , Dye or Indicator Reduction Time -- pH -- Trimethylamine and Total Volatile Nitrogen (TMA and TVN) -- Indole -- Ethanol -- Diacetyl -- Histamine -- LLT and ATP -- Staphylococci -- Escherichia coli -- Fecal Coliforms -- Enterococci -- Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- Coliform Bacteria -- Enterobacteriaceae -- Thermonuclease Test (TNase) -- Aflatoxin Detection by Ultraviolet Light -- Phosphatase Test -- CONSIDERATIONS OF SAMPLING ASSOCIATED WITH A CRITERION (CHAPTER 6) -- CONSIDERATION OF DECISION (ACTION) TO BE TAKEN WHEN A CRITERION (LIMIT) IS EXCEEDED (CHAPTER 7) -- CURRENT STATUS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA AND LEGISLATIVE BASES (CHAPTER 8) -- APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA TO FOODS AND FOOD INGREDIENTS (CHAPTER 9) -- Dairy Products -- Raw Meats -- Processed Meats -- Raw (Eviscerated, Ready-To-Cook) Poultry -- Processed Poultry Products -- Eggs and Egg Products -- Fish, Molluscs, and Crustaceans -- Fruits and Vegetables -- Fruit Beverages -- Canned Foods: Low-Acid, Acid, and Water Activity Controlled -- Cereals and Cereal Products -- Fats and Oils -- Peanut Butter -- Salad Dressings and Mayonnaise -- Sugar, Cocoa, Chocolate, and Confectioneries -- Spices -- Yeasts -- Formulated Foods -- Nuts -- Miscellaneous Additives -- Bottled Water, Processing Water, and Ice -- Pet Foods -- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HACCP SYSTEM IN FOOD PROTECTION SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 10) -- PLANS OF ACTION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HACCP SYSTEM AND OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA (CHAPTER 11) -- 1 Introduction -- SOURCES OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS -- MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN FOODS -- Historical Aspects -- Spoilage, Pathogenic, and Useful Microorganisms -- Food as a Selective Environment -- Microflora of Processed Foods -- CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS -- APPROACHES TO MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN FOODS -- Education and Training Programs -- Inspection of Facilities and Operations. , Microbiological Testing -- Composite Programs -- The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System -- THE CURRENT ROLE OF CRITERIA IN MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN FOODS -- CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING CRITERIA -- THE CURRENT REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Definitions, Purposes, and Needs for Microbiological Criteria -- DEFINITIONS -- Components of a Microbiological Criterion -- Mandatory and Advisory Criteria -- Types of Microbiological Criteria -- Standard -- Guideline -- Specification -- PURPOSES -- NEED FOR ESTABLISHMENT -- APPLICATIONS OF CRITERIA -- Standards -- Guidelines -- Specifications -- RELATIONSHIP TO CODEX -- ATTRIBUTES OF QUALITY AMENABLE TO MEASUREMENT BY MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA -- REFERENCES -- 3 Selection of Foods for Criteria Related to Safety -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTAMINATION -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR SURVIVAL -- PROCESSING CONDITIONS -- SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PROBABLE CONSUMERS -- ULTIMATE TREATMENT -- REFERENCES -- 4 Selection of Pathogens as Components of Microbiological Criteria -- INTRODUCTION -- PATHOGENS -- Severe Hazards -- Clostridium botulinum -- Shigella -- Vibrio cholerae -- Salmonella -- Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, and Mycobacterium bovis -- Viruses -- Fish and Shellfish Toxins -- Mycotoxins -- Moderate Hazards, Potentially Extensive Spread -- Salmonella -- Pathogenic Escherichia coli (PEC) -- Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield Group A, beta hemolytic) -- Moderate Hazards, Limited Spread -- Staphylococcus aureus -- Clostridium perfringens -- Bacillus cereus -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Coxiella burnetii -- Histamine Poisoning -- Yersinia enterocolitica -- Campylobacter -- Trichinella spiralis -- REFERENCES -- 5 Selection of Indicator Organisms and Agents as Components of Microbiological Criteria. , ASSESSMENT OF NUMBERS OF MICROORGANISMS AND/OR MICROBIAL ACTIVITY -- Estimating Numbers of Microorganisms -- Aerobic Plate Count -- Thermoduric, Psychrotrophic, Thermophilic, Proteolytic, and Lipolytic Counts -- Direct Microscopic Count -- Microscopic Mold Counts -- Yeast and Mold Counts -- Heat-resistant Molds -- Thermophilic Spore Count -- Measuring Metabolic Products -- Organoleptic Examination -- Dye or Indicator Reduction Time -- pH -- Trimethylamine and Total Volatile Nitrogen -- Indole -- Ethanol -- Diacetyl -- Histamine -- Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Test -- Extract Release Volume -- Adenosine Triphosphate -- ASSESSMENT OF INDICATORS -- Indicators of Potential Human or Fecal Contamination or Possible Presence of Pathogens -- Staphylococci -- Escherichia coli -- Fecal Coliforms -- Enterococci -- Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- Indicators of Post-Heat Processing Contamination -- Coliform Bacteria -- Enterobacteriaceae -- TESTS FOR OTHER COMPONENTS -- Tests for Metabolic Products of Pathogens That Indicate a Health Hazard -- Thermonuclease Test for Evidence of Growth of Staphylococci and Presence of Enterotoxins -- Aflatoxin Detection by Ultraviolet Light -- Test for Phosphatase -- REFERENCES -- 6 Consideration of Sampling Associated With a Criterion -- 2-CLASS ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING PLANS -- 3-CLASS ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING PLANS -- VARIABLES SAMPLING PLANS -- OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES -- ESTABLISHING LIMITS -- RESAMPLING -- APPLICATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Consideration of Decision (Action) to be Taken When a Criterion (Limit) is Exceeded -- DECISION CATEGORIES -- Evidence of Existence of a Direct Health Hazard -- Evidence That a Direct Health Hazard Could Develop -- Indications That a Product Was Not Produced Under Conditions Assuring Safety -- Indications That a Raw Material May Adversely Affect Shelf-Life. , Evidence That a Critical Control Point Is Not Under Control -- REFERENCES -- 8 Current Status of Microbiological Criteria and Legislative Bases -- INTRODUCTION -- Early Programs in the United States -- Current Levels of Concern and Application -- INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES -- Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program -- European Economic Community -- International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) -- Canadian Microbiological Standards for Foods -- U.S. FEDERAL AGENCIES -- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -- Compliance Policy Guides -- Food Defect Action Levels -- Efforts for Microbiological Standards -- Cooperative Programs -- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) -- Dairy Products -- Dry Milk Products -- Egg Products -- Meat and Poultry Products -- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) -- History -- Current Cooperative Agreements -- Research -- U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Center -- Federal and Regional Level Cooperation -- State Level -- City-County (Local) Level -- INDUSTRY -- REFERENCES -- 9 Application of Microbiological Criteria to Foods and Food Ingredients -- INTRODUCTION -- A. DAIRY PRODUCTS -- Introduction -- Sensitivity of Products Relative to Quality -- Sensitivity of Products Relative to Safety -- Dried Milk -- Cheese -- Fluid Milk -- References -- B. RAW MEATS -- Sensitivity of Products Relative to Safety and Quality -- Need for Microbiological Criteria -- References -- C. PROCESSED MEATS -- Introduction -- Sensitivity of Products Relative to Safety and Quality -- Raw Ground Beef -- Perishable Raw Salted and Salted Cured Meats -- Shelf-Stable Raw Salted and Salted Cured Meats -- Cooked Uncured Meats -- Cooked Cured Meats -- Fermented Sausages -- Canned Uncured Meat -- Shelf-Stable Canned Cured Meats -- Perishable Canned Cured Meats -- Dried Meats -- Need for Microbiological Criteria. , Raw Ground Beef.

Note: Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- ASSESSMENT OF MODEL FOR CARDIAC SENSITIZATION -- EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR HFC-134A -- EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVEL FOR HCFC-123 -- 1 Introduction -- STATEMENT OF TASK -- DEFINITIONS -- Emergency Exposure Guidance Level -- Continuous Exposure Guidance Level -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Evaluation of the Dog Cardiac Sensitization Test -- INTRODUCTION -- MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR CHEMICALLY INDUCED ARRHYTHMIAS -- PROTOCOL FOR A CARDIAC SENSITIZATION SCREENING STUDY -- CARDIAC SENSITIZATION EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING SELECTED HALOCARBONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 Exposure Guidance Levels for Hydrofluorocarbon-134a -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND INFORMATION -- Physical and Chemical Properties -- Occurrence and Use -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY INFORMATION -- Acute Toxicity -- Cardiac Sensitization -- Subacute Toxicity -- Subchronic Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Genotoxicity -- Carcinogenicity -- SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Exposure Guidance Levels for Hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 -- INTRODUCTION -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A -- SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION FOR THE EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON-123 -- BACKGROUND INFORMATION -- Physical and Chemical Properties -- Occurrence and Use -- TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY INFORMATION -- Effects in Humans -- Effects in Animals -- Single-Exposure Studies -- Repeat-Exposure Studies -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVEL -- REFERENCES -- ATTACHMENT 1 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET -- ATTACHMENT 2 HALOTHANE -- BACKGROUND INFORMATION -- Physical and Chemical Properties -- Occurrence and Use -- ACUTE TOXICITY INFORMATION. , Acute Toxicity and CNS Depression -- Cardiac Sensitization -- Effects in Humans -- Malignant Hyperthermia -- Hepatotoxicity -- DISCUSSION -- HCFC-123 AND Halothane Comparison -- Acute Toxicity and CNS Depression -- Cardiac Sensitization -- Malignant Hyperthermia -- Hepatotoxicity -- REFERENCES -- ATTACHMENT 3 SUMMARY OF TOXICITY STUDIES OF HCFC-123 -- I. ANIMAL STUDIES: SINGLE EXPOSURE -- II. ANIMAL STUDIES: REPEAT EXPOSURE -- III. REFERENCES -- ATTACHMENT 4 SUMMARY OF ACUTE PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF HCFC-123 IN DOGS BY INHALATION -- OBJECTIVE -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Exposure System -- Blood and Tissue Sampling -- Analysis of Blood and Tissue Samples -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION.

Note: Organizing U.S. Participation in GOALS -- Copyright -- INTRODUCTION -- ORGANIZATIONAL NEEDS FOR GOALS -- PRECEDENT OF TOGA -- PROPOSED GOALS INFRASTRUCTURE -- APPENDIX. STATEMENT OF TASK FOR THE GOALS PANEL -- ACRONYMS AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.