Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: The Mechanism of Stem Cell Differentiation into Smooth Muscle Cells -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching in Atherosclerosis -- 1.3 Smooth Muscle Progenitors -- 1.4 Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation Mechanism -- 1.5 Microenvironment and Integrins in SMC Differentiation -- 1.6 Regulation of SMC Differentiation by TGF- b -- 1.7 PDGFs and SMC Differentiation -- 1.8 Epigenetic Modifications and HDAC Signalling -- 1.9 Nox4 and Nrf3 in SMC Differentiation -- 1.10 MicroRNA and SMC Differentiation -- 1.11 Perspective in Therapeutic Potential -- References -- Chapter 2: Recent Advances in Embryonic Stem Cell Engineering Toward Tailored Lineage Differentiation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Engineering ESC Niche for Tailored Cellular Differentiation -- 2.2.1 Physical Strategies to Optimize ESC Niche -- 2.2.1.1 Geometrical Constraint -- 2.2.1.2 External Mechanical Stimulation -- 2.2.1.3 Physical Properties of Matrix -- 2.2.2 Engineering Biochemical Cues to Induce ESC Differentiation -- 2.2.2.1 Genetic Engineering -- 2.2.2.2 Immobilized Growth Factors -- 2.2.2.3 Coculture -- 2.2.2.4 Synthetic Small Molecules -- 2.2.3 Controlling ESC Fate in 3D Microenvironment -- 2.2.3.1 Hydrogel -- 2.2.3.2 Engineered Tissue Scaffold -- 2.2.3.3 Decellularized Scaffold -- 2.3 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Human Amniotic Membrane: A Potential Tissue and Cell Source for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine -- 3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Concept -- 3.2 Human Amniotic Membrane or Amnion -- 3.3 Localization of Human Amniotic Membrane-Derived Cells -- 3.4 Human Amniotic Membrane as a Source of Stem Cells -- 3.5 Differentiation Potential of Human Amniotic Membrane-Derived Cells -- 3.6 Preclinical Studies of Amnion-Derived Cells Applications. , 3.7 Clinical Application of Human Amniotic Membrane as Scaffold -- 3.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Novel Strategies Applied to Provide Multiple Sources of Stem Cells as a Regenerative Therapy for Parkinson's Disease -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stem Cell Therapy -- 4.2.1 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) -- 4.2.2 Human ESCs -- 4.2.3 Adult NSCs -- 4.2.4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) -- 4.2.5 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) -- References -- Chapter 5: Hair Follicle: A Novel Source of Stem Cells for Cell and Gene Therapy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hair Follicle Biology -- 5.3 Location and Differentiation Potential of Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.3.1 Bulge and Hair Germ -- 5.3.2 Isthmus/Infundibulum -- 5.3.3 Sebaceous Gland -- 5.3.4 Dermal Papilla and Dermal Sheath -- 5.4 Putative Hair Follicle Stem Cell Markers -- 5.4.1 Murine Hair Follicles -- 5.4.1.1 Bulge -- 5.4.1.2 Upper Bulge -- 5.4.1.3 Dermal Papilla and Dermal Sheath -- 5.4.2 Human Hair Follicles -- 5.5 Methods for Isolating Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.5.1 Microdissection -- 5.5.2 Enzymatic Digestion -- 5.5.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting -- 5.6 Hair Follicle Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy -- 5.6.1 Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts -- 5.6.2 Tissue Engineering of Cartilage, Bone, and Fat -- 5.6.3 Skin Regeneration -- 5.6.4 Nerve Regeneration -- 5.6.5 Engineering Functional Hair Follicle -- 5.6.6 Drug Delivery Through the Hair Follicle -- 5.6.7 Cell and Gene Therapy Using Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.6.8 Reprogramming of Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.7 Conclusions: Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Genetically Modified Stem Cells for Transplantation -- 6.1 Critical Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy -- 6.1.1 Types of Stem Cells -- 6.1.2 Potential of Stem Cells -- 6.1.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. , 6.2 Current Research on Gene Modification of Stem Cells -- 6.2.1 Transgenics -- 6.2.2 Cre/lox P System -- 6.2.3 Antisense Inhibition -- 6.2.4 siRNA Gene Silencing -- 6.2.5 microRNA -- 6.2.6 Reporter Genes -- 6.2.7 Cell-Specific Promoters -- 6.2.8 Gene Switches -- 6.3 The Application of Genetic Modification of Stem Cells -- 6.3.1 Cardiology and Blood -- 6.3.1.1 Increase Graft Cell Survival -- 6.3.1.2 Increase Angiogenesis in Ischemic Heart Disease -- 6.3.1.3 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Hemophilia -- 6.3.2 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Replenish b Cells for Treating Diabetes -- 6.3.3 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Spinal Cord Injury -- 6.3.4 Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Stroke -- 6.3.5 Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Parkinson's Disease -- 6.3.6 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Alzheimer's Disease -- 6.3.7 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Bone Defect Disease -- 6.3.8 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Cancer -- References -- Chapter 7: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Basics and the Application in Disease Model and Regenerative Medicine -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Comparison Between ES Cells and iPS Cells -- 7.2.1 Morphology -- 7.2.2 Gene-Expression Patterns -- 7.2.3 Telomerase Activity -- 7.2.4 Capacity of Forming Embryonic Body -- 7.2.5 Teratoma Formation -- 7.2.6 Tetraploid Complementation Assay -- 7.3 Applications of iPS Cells in Human Disease Models -- 7.3.1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy -- 7.3.2 Rett Syndrome -- 7.3.3 Familial Dysautonomia -- 7.3.4 Alzheimer's Disease -- 7.3.5 Parkinson's Disease -- 7.3.6 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome -- 7.4 Shortcut Approach to Generate Interested Somatic Cell Types for Modeling Human Diseases -- 7.5 Applications of iPS Cells in Gene Therapy and Cell-Based Therapy -- 7.5.1 Sickle Cell Disease -- 7.5.2 b -Thalassemia -- 7.5.3 Type I Diabetes. , 7.6 Auditor Hair Cell Regeneration Through the iPS-Cell-Based Approach -- 7.6.1 Histology of Mouse Cochlea -- 7.6.2 Development of Mouse Cochlea -- 7.6.3 Auditory HC Regeneration in Nonmammalian Vertebrates Versus Mammals -- 7.6.4 iPS Cells Can Differentiate into New HCs In Vitro -- 7.6.5 Challenges of Auditory HC Regeneration Using iPS Cells In Vivo -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Gene Transfer to the Heart: Emerging Strategies for the Selection of Vectors, Delivery Techniques, and Therapeutic Targets -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Strategies for Genetic Manipulation of the Cardiovascular System -- 8.2.1 Overexpression of Target Gene -- 8.2.2 Specific Gene Blockade -- 8.2.2.1 Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) -- 8.2.2.2 Decoy-Based Gene Therapy -- 8.2.2.3 Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) -- 8.2.2.4 Ribozymes -- 8.3 Cardiac Gene Delivery Vectors -- 8.3.1 Nonviral Vectors -- 8.3.2 Viral Vectors -- 8.3.2.1 Lentiviruses -- 8.3.2.2 Adenoviruses -- 8.3.2.3 Adeno-Associated Viruses -- AAV Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking -- Challenges -- 8.4 Gene Delivery Techniques -- 8.4.1 Direct Gene Delivery -- 8.4.1.1 Intramyocardial Delivery -- 8.4.1.2 Intrapericardial Delivery -- 8.4.2 Transvascular Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.1 Antegrade Intracoronary Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.2 Retrograde Intracoronary Sinus Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.3 Transvascular Intracoronary Wall Delivery -- 8.4.2.4 Ex Vivo Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.5 Cardiopulmonary Bypass-Based Gene Delivery -- 8.4.3 Physical Methods for Enhancement Gene Transfer -- 8.4.3.1 Sonoporation -- 8.4.3.2 Electroporation -- 8.4.3.3 Magnetic Field-Enhanced Transfection (Magnetofection) -- 8.4.4 Guidance Systems to Identify Targeted Area -- 8.4.4.1 X-Ray Fluoroscopy -- 8.4.4.2 Real-Time MRI -- 8.4.4.3 Electromechanical Mapping -- 8.4.4.4 Echocardiography Guidance -- Challenges. , 8.5 Cardiac Gene Therapy Molecular Targets -- 8.5.1 Heart Failure -- 8.5.1.1 The Calcium Cycling Proteins -- SERCA2a -- S100A1 -- Phospholamban (PLN) -- 8.5.1.2 The b -Adrenergic Signaling Cascade -- b ARKct -- 8.5.2 Ischemic Heart Disease -- 8.5.2.1 Stimulation of Cardiac Angiogenesis -- VEGF -- Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) -- 8.5.3 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 8.5.4 Congenital Diseases -- 8.5.4.1 Challenges -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Injury -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Injection Therapy of Dissociated Cells -- 9.2.1 Skeletal Myoblasts -- 9.2.2 Cardiac Stem Cells -- 9.2.3 Bone Marrow- and Peripheral Blood-Derived Cells -- 9.3 Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.1 Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.2 Cell Sheet-Based Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Culture Surface -- 9.3.2.2 Skeletal Myoblast Sheet -- 9.3.2.3 Adult Stem/Progenitor Cell Sheets -- 9.3.3 Pulsatile 3D Cardiac Tissue -- 9.3.3.1 Fabrication of Cardiac Tissue Using Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.3.2 Human Cell Sources of Beating Cardiomyocytes -- 9.4 Challenging Trials: From Tissue Engineering to Organ Engineering -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: New Advances in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Potential and Challenges of iPS Cells: Comparison with ESC -- 10.3 Methods Used to Generate iPS -- 10.3.1 Methods Used to Generate iPS: Donor Cells -- 10.3.2 Methods Used to Generate iPS: Vectors -- 10.4 Tumor Formation -- 10.5 Differentiation to Cardiomyocytes -- 10.6 Methods Used to Differentiate iPS Cells -- 10.6.1 Methods Used to Differentiate iPS Cells: EB -- 10.6.2 Methods Used to Differentiate iPS Cells: Techniques Used for Cardiomyocyte Isolation -- 10.7 Application of iPS Cells in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. , 10.8 Application of iPS Cells in the Genetic Analysis of Cardiac Disease.