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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide, 4-hydroxyifosfamide, chloroacetaldehyde, and 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide in patients on fractionated intravenous ifosfamide therapy (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 33 (1993), S. 36-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The initial metabolism of the oxazaphosphorine cytostatic ifosfamide (IF) consists of two different pathways: ring oxidation at carbon-4 forms the cytostatically active metabolite 4-hydroxyifosfamide (4-OH-IF, “activated ifosfamide”), whereas side-chain oxidation with liberation of the presumably neurotoxic compound chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) that may also be responsible for IF-associated nephrotoxicity results in the formation of the cytostatically inactive metabolites 2-dechloroethylifosfamide (2-DCE-IF) and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide (3-DCE-IF). The pharmacokinetics of IF and its metabolites were investigated in 11 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma receiving IF on a 5-day divided-dose schedule (1.5 g/m2 daily). Blood samples were drawn on days 1 and 5 for up to 24 h after the start of the IF infusion. IF, 2-DCE-IF, and 3-DCE-IF were simultaneously quantified by gas chromatography (GC) with an NIP flame-ionization detector (NPFID), CAA was determined by GC with an electron-capture detector (ECD), and the highly unstable compound 4-OH-IF was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with fluorometric detection of 7-OH-quinoline, which is formed by the condensation of 4-OH-IF-derived acrolein withm-aminophenol. As compared with the values obtained on day 1, on day 5 the terminal half-life and AUC values determined for IF were reduced by 30% (6.36 vs 4.06 h and 1781 vs 1204 nmol h ml−1, respectively), whereas the maximal concentration (Cmax) values were not affected significantly (199.1 vs 181.1 nmol ml−1). This known phenomenon is explained by autoinduction of hepatic IF metabolism and was paralleled by increased metabolite levels. The mean Cmax values determined for 4-OH-IF, CAA, 3-DCE-IF, and 2-DCE-IF (on day 1/on day 5) were 1.51/2.59, 2.69/4.85, 12.9/26.5, and 8.6/16.7 nmol ml−1, respectively. The corresponding AUC values were 11.3/16.5, 30.3/34.3, 146/354, and 111/209 nmol h ml−1, respectively. As calculated by intraindividual comparison, the mean Cmax (day 5)∶Cmax (day 1) ratios for 4-OH-IF, CAA, 3-DCE-IF, and 2-DCE-IF were 1.94*, 2.05*, 2.52*, and 2.33*, respectively; the corresponding AUC (day 5)∶AUC (day 1) ratios were 1.51*, 1.29, 2.34*, and 2.23*, respectively (* P〈0.05). These data reveal that during fractionated-dose IF therapy the cancerotoxic effect of the drug increases. If the assumed role of CAA in IF-associated neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity is a dose-dependent phenomenon, the probability of developing these side effects would also increase during prolonged IF application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686020
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporary Vena Cava Filters and Ultrahigh Streptokinase Thrombolysis Therapy: A Clinical Study (2000)
    Springer
    CardioVascular & interventional radiology 23 (2000), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-086X
    Keywords: Key words: Venae cavae, filters—Embolism, pulmonary—Thrombolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: To assess the efficacy of temporary vena cava filters in patients undergoing ultrahigh-dose streptokinase thrombolysis for iliocaval thrombosis and to determine therapy success and filter and therapy complications. Methods: Forty-five patients were studied regarding extension and characteristics of thrombosis, duration, success, and complications of thrombolysis therapy, filter type, access route, pulmonary embolisms, and filter complications. Results: Complete recanalization was achieved in 57% of cases. Filters were inserted predominantly via a transbrachial route. One fatal pulmonary embolism (2%) occurred 1 day after starting thrombolysis. No other pulmonary embolism was noted. Other complications were induced by thrombolysis alone (n = 12), thrombolysis and filter (n = 9), and filter alone (n = 11). Conclusion: Fatal pulmonary embolisms as a complication of ultrahigh-dose treatment of pelvic or caval thrombosis can not safely be prevented by the temporary vena cava filters currently available. Filter design needs to be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002700010068
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saisonale Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Nahrung beim Neuntöter (Lanius collurio) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 134 (1993), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The remains of prey in 293 pellets of the Red-backed Shrike, collected 1990 and 1991 in NW-Germany, consisted on average of 51,3% Coleoptera, 37,2% Hymenoptera, 5,0% Saltatoria, 2,7% Diptera, 1,5% Lepidoptera and 0,9% vertebrates. Generally, the part of extremly scleroticized insects was high. Careful and thorough pellet-analyses of the Red-backed Shrike can be used for quantitative studies with tolerable error. The pellets were all found on pasture-ground; thus they are comparable concerning their contents. From May to August the percentage of Coleoptera increased, whereas the part of Hymenoptera decreased constantly. Other arthropods as well as vertebrates could be found in constant parts. The decreasing number of beetles is due to the decline of coprophile species, mainlyAphodius fossor (Scarabaeidae). The inclining number of Hymenoptera may find an explanation in the increasing abundance of eusocial bumble-bees and wasps in the course of summer. The minimal size of the Red-backed Shrike's prey is about 4 mm. Smaller prey is only caught when appearing in large amounts like ants. The Red-backed Shrike is an unspecialized hunter of small prey. The optimal prey is big, abundant and easy to hunt.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Beutetierreste aus 293 Gewöllen des Neuntöters, gesammelt 1990 und 1991 in 10 Jahresrevieren in Nordrhein-Westfalen ergaben im Mittel aller Aufsammlungsorte 51,3 Individuen-% Käfer, 37,2% Hautflügler, 5,0% Springschrecken, 2,7% Zweiflügler, 1,5% Schmetterlinge und 0,9% Wirbeltiere. Der Anteil stark sklerotisierter Insekten war hoch. Die Werte aus Gewölle- und Mageninhalts-Analysen (Literaturangaben) sind prinzipiell vergleichbar. Gewölleanalysen können daher beim Neuntöter mit tolerablem Fehler zur Quantifizierung seiner Nahrung verwendet werden. Von Mai bis August nahm der Anteil der Käfer ab, jener der Hautflügler stetig zu. Die Summe der anderen Arthropodengruppen und die Wirbeltiere konnten in annähernd konstanten Anteilen nachgewiesen werden. Die Abnahme der Käfern ist auf den Rückgang des Anteils koprophiler Arten, insbesondere von Aphodius fossor (Scarabaeidae) zurückzuführen; die Zunahme des Hautflügler-Anteils durch die Abundanzsteigerung der eusozialen Hummeln und Wespen im Verlauf des Sommers zu erklären. Die Minimalbeutegröße des Neuntöters liegt bei etwa 4 mm Körperlänge. Kleinere Beutetiere werden nur bei kummuliertem Auftreten aufgenommen (Ameisen). Der Neuntöter ist ein unspezialisierter Kleintierjäger. Die Optimalbeute ist groß, häufig und dabei leicht zu erjagen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01661128
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reefs from space: Satellite imagery, marine ecology, and ethnography in the Dominican Republic (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 355-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: remote sensing ; marine ecology ; ethnography ; fisheries ; Dominican Republic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Coral reef bleaching is an obvious indication that coastal marine ecosystems are being stressed. However, bleached reefs alone are poor indicators because they reflect the final stages of stress. This research project used multidate satellite imagery to look for coral reef changes as indicators of stress. Findings suggest that (1) satellite imagery can be used to identify small-scale changes in coastal marine ecosystems, including coral reefs; (2) remote sensing, marine ecology, and ethnographic data can be integrated to suggest potential causes of coral reef stress; and (3) changes in reef, seagrass, and mangrove ecozones are more closely tied to fishing, tourism, and land use practices than to global warming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168857
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translocation breakpoints in three patients with campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal map more than 130 kb from SOX9 (1996)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 97 (1996), S. 186-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Campomelic dysplasia (CMPD1) and autosomal XY sex reversal (SRA1) are caused by mutations in the SRY-related gene SOX9 on 17q. Unexpectedly, the 17q breakpoints in four CMPD l translocation cases previously analyzed by us and others map 50 kb or more from SOX9. Here, we present clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular data from a new CMPD1/SRA1 patient with t(6; 17) (q14; q24). Fluorescence in situ hybridization has shown that the 17q breakpoint in this case maps to the same region as the breakpoints in the other translocation cases, at least 130 kb from SOX9. Likewise, the breakpoints in two of the previously described cases also map more than 130 kb and, as shown by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis, at most 400 kb or 690 kb from SOX9. By using a SOX9 coding sequence polymorphism, expression of both SOX9 alleles has been demonstrated by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in lymphoblastoid cells from one of the translocation cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265263
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translocation breakpoints in three patients with campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal map more than 130 kb from SOX9 (1996)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 97 (1996), S. 186-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Campomelic dysplasia (CMPD1) and autosomal XY sex reversal (SRA1) are caused by mutations in the SRY-related gene SOX9 on 17q. Unexpectedly, the 17q breakpoints in four CMPD1 translocation cases previously analyzed by us and others map 50 kb or more from SOX9. Here, we present clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular data from a new CMPD1/SRA1 patient with t(6; 17) (q14; q24). Fluorescence in situ hybridization has shown that the 17q breakpoint in this case maps to the same region as the breakpoints in the other translocation cases, at least 130 kb from SOX9. Likewise, the breakpoints in two of the previously described cases also map more than 130 kb and, as shown by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis, at most 400 kb or 690 kb from SOX9. By using a SOX9 coding sequence polymorphism, expression of both SOX9 alleles has been demonstrated by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in lymphoblastoid cells from one of the translocation cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265263
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local hyperthermia enhances cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide andcis-diamminedichloroplatinum cytotoxicity on human-derived breast carcinoma and sarcoma xenografts in nude mice (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 118 (1992), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Hyperthermia ; Cyclophosphamide ; Ifosfamide ; cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum ; Intratumoral pH andPO2 ; Human tumour xenografts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antitumour response and toxicity of locally applied hyperthermia with or without cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, andcis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) have been compared. The model systems were human breast carcinoma (MX1/3) and human sarcoma (S117) grown in nude mice. In order to detect changes of tumour oxygenation intratumoralPO2 and pH were measured before, during and following hyperthermia. In both human tumour lines a monotherapy with one of the cytotoxic drugs or with hyperthermia caused a transient growth delay, while the combination of the same dose of the drugs with hyperthermia (at 43° C for 1 h) resulted in complete tumour remissions. During hyperthermia, in both tumour types oxygenation was improved. Intratumoral pH remained practically unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187501
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of natural killer cells during acute psychological stress (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical immunology 13 (1993), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Stress ; natural killer cells ; catecholamines ; cortisol ; parachute jumping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Emotional stress is often followed by increased susceptibility to infections. One major role in the immediate immune response to infection is played by natural killer (NK) cells. This study was designed to establish whether acute psychological stress influences cellular immune functions and to elucidate the role of endocrine parameters as potent mediators of stress induced alterations of the immune system. Forty-five first-time tandem parachutists were examined continuously for their plasma concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines from 120 min before to 60 min after jumping. Lymphocyte subsets, NK activity, and ADCC were determined 2 hr before, immediately after, and 1 hr after jumping. There was a significant increase in sympathetic-adrenal hormones during (adrenaline, noradrenaline) and shortly after jumping (cortisol). Lymphocyte subsets and the functional capacity of NK cells revealed an increase immediately after jumping followed by a decrease significantly below starting values 1 hr later. These changes were significantly correlated to plasma concentrations of noradrenaline. Thus, quick mobilization of NK cells is suggested as one major mechanism for this effective adaptation of the immune system to stress situations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00919268
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamines induce alterations of distribution and activity of human natural killer (NK) cells (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical immunology 13 (1993), S. 344-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; noradrenaline ; lymphocytes ; natural killer (NK) activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Catecholamines have been suggested to be responsible for altered cellular immunity after stress. This study was performed to determine the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cell functions. Subjects were given a subcutaneous injection of either NaCl, adrenaline (5 µg/kg), or noradrenaline (10 µg/kg). Catecholamine concentrations, subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes, NK activity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were analyzed before (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection. There were no differences between groups in the distribution of CD2+ and CD8+ lymphocytes over time. However, CD3+ and CD4+ T cells decreased significantly 5 to 60 min after injection of adrenaline. In contrast, NK cell numbers (CD16+, CD56+) increased significantly 5 min after injection of adrenaline and noradrenaline, reached the highest values 15 to 30 min postinjection, and subsequently declined to baseline values 60 (noradrenaline) and 120 (adrenaline) min, respectively, after injection. Similar alterations for NK activity and ADCC were observed after administration of both catecholamines. These data suggest that both sympatheticadrenal hormones are similarly potent modulators of natural immunity and provide further evidence that catecholamines might be responsible for the observed alterations in immune functions after phases of acute stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920243
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limits and Cycles of Environmental Policy (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 11 (1998), S. 155-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: overlapping generations ; emission permits ; pollution boundaries ; environmental policy cycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The OLG-model analyzes emissions of an accumulative pollutant in a laissez-faire economy and an economy regulated through a government controlled license market. The government either takes the price on the license market as given or sells the licenses demanded at the Cournot price. The first type of regulation is called a 'liberal environmental policy', and the second type a 'monopolistic environmental policy'. The forward looking temporary and the stationary equilibria as well as the pollution boundaries of the mechanisms are studied. If people can choose between laissez-faire and regulation (or between the liberal and the monopolistic environmental policy regime), then in general no steady state exists. Instead endogenous policy cycles can alternate between laissez-faire and regulation or between liberal and monopolistic regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008218114525
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