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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 output and δ13C(CO2) from Mount Etna as indicators of degassing of shallow asthenosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 58 (1997), S. 455-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Etna ; Carbon dioxide output ; Magma degassing ; Volcanic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  An estimated average CO2 output from Etna's summit craters in the range of 13±3 Mt/a has recently been determined from the measured SO2 output and measured CO2/SO2 molar ratios. To this amount the CO2 output emitted diffusely from the soil (≈ 1 Mt/a) and the amount of CO2 dissolved in Etna's aquifers (≈ 0.25 Mt/a) must be added. Data on the solubility of CO2 in Etnean magmas at high temperature and pressure allow the volume of magma involved in the release of such an amount of this gas to be estimated. This volume of magma (≈ 0.7 km3/a) is approximately 20 times greater than the volume of magma erupted annually during the period 1971–1995. On the basis of C-isotopic data of CO2 collected in the Etna area and of new hypotheses on the source of Mediterranean magmas, significant contributions of CO2 from non-magmatic sources to the total output from Etna are unlikely. Such large outputs of CO2 and also of SO2 from Etna could be due to an anomalously shallow asthenosphere beneath the volcano that allows a continuous escape of gases toward the surface, even without migration of magma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050154
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil CO2 degassing on Mt Etna (Sicily) during the period 1989–1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 52-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Etna ; Carbon dioxide ; Soil degassing ; Seasonal influences ; Volcanic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Wide variations were measured in the diffuse CO2 flux through the soils in three selected areas of Mt Etna between August 1989 and March 1993. Degassing of CO2 from the area of Zafferana Etnea-S. Venerina, on the eastern slope of the volcano, has been determined to be more strongly influenced by meteorological parameters than the other areas. The seasonal component found in the data from this area has been excluded using a filtering algorithm based on the best fitting equation calculated from the correlation between CO2 flux values and those of air temperature. The filtered data appear to have variations temporally coincident with those from the other areas, thus suggesting a common and probably deep source of gas. The highest fluxes measured in the two most peripheral areas may correlate well with other geophysical and volcanological anomalous signals that preceded the strong eruption of 1991–1993 and that were interpreted as deep pressure increases. Anomalous decreases in CO2 fluxes accompanied the onset and the evolution of that eruption and have been interpreted as a sign of upward migration of the gas source. The variations of CO2 flux at the 1989 SE fracture have also given interesting information on the timing of the magmatic intrusion that has then fed the 1991–1993 eruption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298707
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maize based diets and possible neurobehavioural after-effects among some populations in the world (1996)
    Springer
    Human evolution 11 (1996), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Maize ; Serotonin ; Aggressive behaviour ; Cannibalism ; Fanaticism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize is a cereal particularly lacking in tryptophan, which is the precursor of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter. Altough complementary foods may eliminate tryptophan deficiency, serotonin deficiency may often continue to exist because of competition made by other Large Neutral Amino Acids (LNAA) against tryptophan for neuron access, since they use the same carrier to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus serotonin synthesis depends on two variables: the amount of tryptophan and the trp/LNAA ratio (R). “R” is lowest for common maize, low for beans and, as a rule, for most vegetable foods, higher for meat. So, when maize is the preponderant food in the meal, the “R” value lowers and so in parallel serotonin synthesis does. Serotonin deficiency involves several behavioural consequences, such as the tendency towards aggressive behaviour or the religious fanaticism. Among native american populations, these consequences appear, as a rule, positively correlated with maize alimentary dependence (Aztecs appear as those who greatly suffered from serotonin deficiency). In the world these are thinkable for some african populations (i.e. Zulu) or european (i.e. Balkan peoples).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02456990
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    A case-study of complex gas–water–rock–pollutants interactions in shallow groundwater: Šalek Valley (Slovenia) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The complex geochemical interactions in the groundwater of the industrial area of S ˇ alek Valley (Slovenia) between natural and anthropogenic fluids were studied by means of major (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3 -, Cl- and SO4 2-) and trace elements’ (As , Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Se and V) abundances, geochemical classification and statistical analysis of data. Cation abundances indicate mixing between a dolomitic end-member and an evaporitic or geothermal end-member. Anion abundances indicate mixing between bicarbonate waters and either sulphateenriched waters (suggesting hydrothermalism) or chlorinerich waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the extraction of seven factors, which describe, respectively: water–rock interaction mainly on dolomitic rocks; redox conditions of water; Cd–Zn enrichment in chlorinerich waters (probably from industrial wastes); hydrothermal conditions in waters close to major faults; Pb and Cu pollution; V and K enrichments, indicating their common organic source; the role of partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in water, which is highest in three wells with bubbling gases. Average underground discharge rates of solutes from the Valley range between 0.09 t/a (V) and 1.8 9 104 t/a (HCO3 -) and indicate how natural fluids can significantly contribute to the levels of elements in the environment, in addition to the amount of elements released by human activities.
    Description: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy and Ministry of Superior Instruction, Science and Technology of Slovenia. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-89
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: groundwater ; Slovenia ; geothermal systems ; Principal Component Analysis ; pollution ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Natural tritium determination in groundwater on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide, due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation, becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt. Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of 100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was also evaluated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 861-866
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tritium ; Tritiated water ; Liquid scintillation ; Mt. Etna ; Drinking water ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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