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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Every-other-day acetylmethadol disturbs circadian cycles of human motility (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 62 (1979), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acetylmethadol ; Methadone ; Motility ; Circadian rhythm ; Drug abuse ; Human behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1-Alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) maintenance treatment has been proposed as a favorable alternative to methadone maintenance. With an un-obtrusive actometer we recorded two successive 24-h cycles of spontaneous motor activity from 12 patients receiving LAAM every other day, and from five receiving methadone every day. LAAM patients were about 50% more active on days of drug administration than on no-dose days (P〈0.001). There were no significant day-to-day differences in motility of methadone patients. LAAM administered every other day may significantly modify the human circadian rhythm of spontaneous motility; further research is thus needed before this treatment is widely akopted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427129
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naltrexone: No effect on simian social and motor behavior (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 250-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431818
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic sea ice I: effect of orbital insolation changes (1988)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 3 (1988), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of orbitally induced insolation changes on Antarctic sea-ice cover are examined by means of a dynamic-thermodynamic seaice model. Results are compared with modified CLIMAP 18 000 B.P. sea-ice reconstructions. Calculations suggest that changes in insolation receipt had only a minor influence on Pleistocene sea-ice distributions. The small response can be explained by a number of factors: albedo effects reduce the insolation perturbation at the surface; some of the shortwave radiation entering the ocean contributes to bottom ablation rather than lateral melting; the radiation perturbation at the upper surface of the ice must go to warming the surface to the melting point before melting ensues; and, finally, the relatively high heat capacity of open water dampens the surface temperature response to altered seasonal insolation perturbations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080902
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bedtime flurazepam and the human circadian rhythm of spontaneous motility (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 62 (1979), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepine ; Human behavior ; Chronobiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen male students received bedtime placebo and flurazepam 30 mg at home in a counter-balanced double-blind, crossover design. For 24 h after each treatment the subjects' spontaneous motor activity was recorded each 15 min with an unobtrusive actometer, worn as the subjects attended classes. The circadian activity curves were submitted to cosinor analyses. The 24 h post-flurazepam activity was a mean of 15.1% lower than post-placebo activity (P〈0.025). On the average, both the nocturnal trough and the daytime peak of motility dropped; the latter change was greater, reducing by a mean of 19.4% the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of activity (P〉0.01). The timing, or phase, of the rhythm was not shifted. Although the drug did not consistently modify reports of subjective feelings on the Profile of Mood States (POMS), 13 subjects correctly discriminated drug from placebo sessions (P〈0.05). A bedtime dose of 30 mg of flurazepam appears to significantly reduce spontaneous human motility that night and during the next day. Activity recording revealed an important residual, behavioral effect of the drug which was not reflected in POMS reports of subjective feelings, suggesting that activity recording may provide a more sensitive measure for psychotropic drug effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427130
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in simian motor and social behavior with alternating-day acetylmethadol (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug Abuse ; Methadone treatment ; Spontaneous motility ; Social behavior ; Sexual behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monkeys receiving acetylmethadol thrice weekly were more active on dosing days, and less active on between-dose days, than while drug-free. Aggressive social behaviours increased significantly on drug-dosing days, while quiescent resting behaviors were much more common on between-dose days. Tolerance to these effects was modest, and the effects were not blocked by naltrexone. These subtle but potentially disruptive behavioral effects appear to parallel many of the actions of acetylmethadol in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428201
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose-dependent facilitation or supression of rat fighting by methamphetamine, phenobarbital, or imipramine (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamines ; Barbiturates ; Stimulants ; Antidepressants ; Drug Abuse ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the effects of different doses of methamphetamine HCl, Na phenobarbital, and imipramine HCl on aggressive behavior, the drugs were administered to pairs of rats trained to regularly fight on an electric shock grid. Fighting time and motor activity were measured during the shock sessions. Each drug was given to a different group of rats, in the following doses (mg/kg i.p.): methamphetamine HCl 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, and 4; Na phenobarbital 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80; imipramine HCl 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20. At lower doses methamphetamine and phenobarbital both stimulated fighting behavior, and at higher doses both reduced it. Motor activity rose above control with lower doses of both of these drugs; it fell markedly with higher doses of phenobarbital, while remaining elevated at higher doses of methamphetamine. Imipramine reduced fighting time at higher doses. The results show that, depending upon the dose, the “stimulant”, methamphetamine, and the “sedative”, phenobarbital, can both increase or decrease aggressive behaviors. Together with previous animal studies, these findings fit with clinical observations that amphetamines and barbiturates can increase aggressive behavior, and suggest that dose may be important in that increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422801
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of thyrotropin-releasing hormone with melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor as pentobarbital antagonists in monkeys (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 53 (1977), S. 205-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Analeptic drugs ; Brain peptides ; Melanocyte ; Motor activity ; Telemetry ; Thyrotropin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 0.1 mg/kg, i.m., significantly counteracted pentobarbital narcosis in six monkeys, but melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor (MIF), 0.1 mg/kg i.m., did not. Earlier dose-response studies in unanesthetized monkeys had shown that this dose of MIF stimulated motor activity; this dose of TRH had shown no stimulant effect, but a higher dose depressed activity. Thus, an MIF dose that stimulates unanesthetized monkeys does not reverse pentobarbital narcosis; a TRH dose that by itself is neither stimulant nor depressant does partially reverse pentobarbital narcosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426494
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monkey motor stimulation and altered social behavior during chronic methadone administration (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Narcotics ; Drug Abuse ; Drug Addiction ; Operant Conditioning ; Animal Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess the effects of chronic methadone administration on locomotor, social, and eating behavior of drug-naive individuals under circumstances approximating those of methadone “maintenance” clinics, we gave single, daily oral doses of methadone to 5 Macaca radiata monkeys living in a social group. We obtained motor activity counts automatically during 6 weeks of baseline, 10 weeks of drug administration, and 3 weeks of post-drug abstinence. Social behaviors of association, dominance, submission, and sexuality were counted 5 days per week, and animal weights, food eaten, and food-reinforced work were recorded. Plasma methadone levels were near those achieved in methadone clinics. Methadone produced mixed stimulation and sedation in the daytime, with stimulation predominating for 4 hrs following administration. At night the subjects moved less while taking the drug. Associative behaviors were reduced by methadone, but dominance, submission, and sexual behaviors were not altered. The monkeys ate less while taking the drug, losing weight and working less for food. In these primates methadone had significant stimulant properties, impaired important social behaviors, and reduced the potency of food as a reinforcer of work. The results are compared with methadone's effects upon humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421016
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic sea ice II: effect of interhemispheric deep-ocean heat exchange (1988)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 3 (1988), S. 93-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Variations in production rates of warm North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) have been proposed as a mechanism for linking climate fluctuations in the northern and southern hemispheres during the Pleistocene. We have tested this hypothesis by examining the sensitivity of a thermodynamic/dynamic model for Antarctic sea ice to changes in vertical ocean heat flux and comparing the simulations with modified CLIMAP sea-ice maps for 18 000 B.P. Results suggest that changes in NADW production rates, and the consequent changes in the vertical ocean heat flux in the Antarctic, can only account for about 20%–30% of the overall variance in Antarctic sea-ice extent. This conclusion has been validated against an independent geological data set involving a time series of sea-surface temperatures from the subantarctic. The latter comparison suggests that, although the overall influence of NADW is relatively minor, the linkage may be much more significant at the 41 000-year obliquity period. Despite some limitations in the models and geological data, we conclude that NADW variations may have played only a modest role in causing late Pleistocene climate change in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Our conclusion is consistent with calculations by Manabe and Broccoli (1985) suggesting that atmospheric CO2 changes may be more important for linking the two hemispheres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080903
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Snowline instability in a general circulation model: application to Carboniferous glaciation (1994)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 10 (1994), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For over twenty years it has been known that energy balance models (EBMs) with snow-albedo feedback are characterized by unstable behavior in some areas of parameter space. This behavior leads to rapid changes in snow area due to small changes in forcing, and has been termed the small ice cap instability (SICI). It has never been clarified whether this behaviour reflects a real feature of the climate system or a limitation in EBMs. In this study we demonstrate that evidence for similar unstable behavior can also be found in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM), using a realistic set of boundary conditions for the Carboniferous (300 Ma), one of the most extensive periods of glaciation in Earth history. When solar luminosity is sequentially lowered to near values appropriate for the Carboniferous, there is a discontinuous increase in summer snow area. The instability occurs in approximately the same area of parameter space as one previously found in an EBM. Analysis of selected fields indicates that the circulation is primarily affected in the area of snow increase; far-field effects are minimal. There is good agreement between model-generated summer snowcover and one reconstruction of Carboniferous ice cover. Although more work is required on this topic, our results provide increased support for the possibility that the snowline instability represents a real feature of the climate system, and that it may help explain some cases of glacial inception and abrupt transitions in Earth history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219476
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