Note: Cover -- Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Biogeochemical cycles, rates and magnitudes -- 1.2 The geological cycle -- 1.3 The carbon cycle -- 1.4 Feedbacks and steady states -- 1.5 The greenhouse effect and the availability of water -- 1.6 The rise of oxygen -- 1.7 Non-linearity -- Chapter 2: Climate Variability, Climate Change and Earth System Sensitivity -- 2.1 Earth system sensitivity -- 2.2 Geological-scale variability -- 2.3 Glacial-interglacial variability -- 2.4 Centennial-scale variability -- 2.5 Earth system variability -- Chapter 3: Biogeochemistry and Climate -- 3.1 Climate and biogeochemical observations and proxies -- 3.2 Physical climate observations -- 3.3 Climate records -- 3.4 Measuring the composition of the atmosphere -- 3.5 Isotopes -- 3.6 Ice cores -- 3.7 Ocean sediments -- 3.8 Earth system modelling -- 3.9 Inverse modelling -- Chapter 4: The Physics of Radiation -- 4.1 Radiation first principles -- 4.2 Scattering, absorption and emission -- 4.3 Two-layer radiation models -- 4.4 The greenhouse gas effect -- Chapter 5: Aerosols and Climate -- 5.1 Aerosols and climate -- 5.2 Sources and distribution of aerosols -- 5.3 Aerosol-climate interaction -- 5.4 Aerosol-radiation interaction -- 5.5 Aerosol-cloud interaction -- 5.6 Aerosol-surface interactions -- 5.7 Dust in the glacial-interglacial records -- Chapter 6: Physics and Dynamics of the Atmosphere -- 6.1 The atmosphere as a heat engine -- 6.2 Basic atmospheric thermodynamics -- 6.3 The tropospheric lapse rate and potential temperature -- 6.4 Moisture in the atmosphere -- 6.5 The equations of motion -- 6.6 The thermal wind equation -- 6.7 Weather systems and global climate -- Chapter 7: Physics and Dynamics of the Oceans -- 7.1 Earth's oceans -- 7.2 Density, salinity and temperature -- 7.3 Ekman flow. , 7.4 Geostrophic flow in the ocean -- 7.5 The ocean circulation -- 7.6 Ocean and climate -- Chapter 8: The Hydrological Cycle and Climate -- 8.1 The global water cycle -- 8.2 Water vapour, lapse rate and cloud feedback -- 8.3 Transport of atmospheric moisture -- 8.4 Precipitation -- 8.5 Runoff and river discharge -- 8.6 Evaporation -- 8.7 Recycling of moisture -- 8.8 Frozen water -- Chapter 9: The Carbon Cycle -- 9.1 Carbon dioxide variability at geological timescales -- 9.2 The ocean carbonate system -- 9.3 The biological carbon pump -- 9.4 Ocean-air fluxes -- 9.5 Ocean carbon stocks -- 9.6 Terrestrial carbon -- 9.7 Terrestrial carbon fluxes -- 9.8 Terrestrial carbon stocks -- 9.9 Mean residence time of carbon on land -- 9.10 Geological carbon cycle -- 9.11 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum -- 9.12 Carbon cycle in glacial-interglacial cycles -- 9.13 The modern anthropogenic perturbation -- 9.14 The future carbon cycle -- Chapter 10: Methane Cycling and Climate -- 10.1 Methane -- 10.2 The terrestrial methane budget -- 10.3 Decomposition -- 10.3.1 Aerobic decomposition -- 10.3.2 Anaerobic decomposition -- 10.3.3 Rates of decomposition -- 10.4 Methane sources -- 10.4.1 Methane in wetlands -- 10.4.2 Aquatic methane -- 10.4.3 Methane in permafrost -- 10.4.4 Methane in hydrates -- 10.5 Methane in the geological perspective: the faint sun paradox -- 10.6 Methane in glacial cycles -- 10.7 The anthropogenic perturbation -- 10.8 Future methane emissions -- Chapter 11: The Nitrogen Cycle and Climate -- 11.1 The nitrogen cycle -- 11.2 Human intervention: the Haber-Bosch process -- 11.3 Atmospheric nitrogen -- 11.4 Terrestrial nitrogen cycle -- 11.5 Nitrous oxide -- 11.6 Nitrogen stimulation of plant growth -- 11.7 Oceanic nitrogen cycle -- 11.8 Nitrous oxide from oceans -- 11.9 The nitrogen cycle in geological times. , 11.10 Nitrogen in glacial-interglacial cycles -- Chapter 12: Phosphorus, Sulphur, Iron, Oxygen and Climate -- 12.1 Phosphorus, sulphur, iron and oxygen -- 12.2 The phosphorus cycle -- 12.3 Terrestrial phosphorus -- 12.4 Phosphorus at geological timescales -- 12.5 The iron cycle -- 12.6 The sulphur cycle -- 12.7 Iron, sulphur and oxygen in the geological past -- 12.8 Oxygen in the Pleistocene and the modern world -- 12.9 Oxygen in the modern ocean -- Chapter 13: The Future of Climate Change -- 13.1 Mitigation, adaptation, geoengineering -- 13.2 Planetary boundaries and adaptation -- 13.3 Carbon cycle -- 13.3.1 Fossil fuel and allowable emissions -- 13.3.2 Land use -- 13.3.3 Land and ocean sinks -- 13.3.4 Permafrost climate feedback -- 13.4 Ocean acidification -- 13.5 Mitigation and negative emissions -- 13.6 Geoengineering -- 13.7 Decarbonization of society -- Chapter 14: Reflections on the Anthropocene -- References -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 -- Index.

Note: cover -- titlepage -- copyright -- preface -- contents -- 1 Carbon dioxide, from a wild spirit to climate culprit -- 2 What does carbon dioxide do in the atmosphere? -- 3 The discovery of the carbon dioxide molecule -- 4 Carbon dioxide and the rocks of the Earth -- 5 Carbon dioxide and the vegetation of the Earth -- 6 Carbon dioxide in the geological past -- 7 Carbon dioxide and the waxing and waning of ice sheets -- 8 Humans, fire, fossil fuel, and the rise of anthropogenic CO2 -- 9 Determining atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide -- 10 Climate change, models, and the allowable carbon budget -- 11 The world comes slowly into action -- 12 The bumpy road to the future… -- Bibliography -- Index.