Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Random Variables in Environmental and Water Engineering -- 1.1.1 Rainfall -- 1.1.2 Temperature -- 1.1.3 Frost, Fog, and Sunshine Hours -- 1.1.4 Wind -- 1.1.5 Snowfall -- 1.1.6 Runoff -- 1.1.7 Flood -- 1.1.8 Drought -- 1.1.9 Hydrogeology -- 1.1.10 Water Quality -- 1.2 Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.2.1 Stoppa System -- 1.2.2 Dagum System -- 1.2.3 Johnson System -- 1.2.4 General Classification -- 1.3 Need for Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 Pearson System of Frequency Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Differential Equation of Pearson System -- 2.3 Generalization of Pearson System -- 2.4 Pearson Distributions -- 2.4.1 Nonnegative Discriminant -- 2.4.2 Negative Discriminant -- 2.4.3 Pearson Type 0 Distribution -- 2.4.4 Pearson Type I Distribution -- 2.4.5 Pearson Type II Distribution -- 2.4.6 Pearson Type III Distribution -- 2.4.7 Pearson Type IV Distribution -- 2.4.8 Pearson Type V Distribution -- 2.4.9 Pearson Type VI Distribution -- 2.4.10 Pearson Type VII Distribution -- 2.4.11 Pearson Type VIII Distribution -- 2.4.12 Pearson Type IX Distribution -- 2.4.13 Pearson Type X Distribution -- 2.4.14 Pearson Type XI Distribution -- 2.4.15 Pearson Type XII Distribution -- 2.5 Graphical Representation of Shapes Based on the Relation of α23 versus d and α23 versus α4 -- 2.5.1 Graphical Representation of Pearson Distributions -- 2.5.2 Type I(U): -- 2.5.3 Type III(B): -- 2.5.4 Type IV(B): -- 2.5.5 Type VI: -- 2.6 Application -- Normal Distribution -- Gamma Distribution -- Pearson III Distribution -- Log-Pearson III Distribution -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Characteristics of Probability Distribution Functions -- 3.3 Burr Hypothesis -- 3.4 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.4.1 Burr I Distribution -- 3.4.2 Burr II Distribution -- 3.4.3 Burr III Distribution -- 3.4.4 Burr IV Distribution -- 3.4.5 Burr V Distribution -- 3.4.6 Burr VI Distribution -- 3.4.7 Burr VII Distribution -- 3.4.8 Burr VIII Distribution -- 3.4.9 Burr IX Distribution -- 3.4.10 Burr X Distribution -- 3.4.11 Burr XI Distribution -- 3.4.12 Burr XII Distribution -- 3.5 Parameter Estimation by Cumulative Moment Theory -- 3.6 Application -- 3.6.1 Peak Flow -- 3.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 3.6.3 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 3.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 D'Addario System of Frequency Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 D'Addario System -- 4.2.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 4.2.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 4.2.3 Lognormal (2-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.4 Lognormal (3-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.5 Davis Distribution -- 4.2.6 Amoroso Distribution -- 4.3 Application -- 4.3.1 Peak Flow -- 4.3.2 Monthly Discharge -- 4.3.3 Deseasonalized TPN -- 4.3.4 Daily Maximum Precipitation -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Dagum System of Frequency Distributions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dagum System of Distributions -- 5.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 5.3.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 5.3.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 5.3.3 Pareto Type III Distribution -- 5.3.4 Benini Distribution -- 5.3.5 Weibull Distribution -- 5.3.6 Log-Gompertz Distribution -- 5.3.7 Fisk Distribution -- 5.3.8 Singh-Maddala Distribution -- 5.3.9 Dagum I Distribution -- 5.3.10 Dagum II Distribution -- 5.3.11 Dagum III Distribution -- 5.4 Application -- 5.4.1 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 5.4.2 Peak Flow -- 5.4.3 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 5.4.4 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 5.5 Conclusion. , References -- 6 Stoppa System of Frequency Distributions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stoppa System of Distributions -- 6.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 6.3.1 Generalized Power Distribution (Stoppa Type I Distribution) -- 6.3.2 Generalized Pareto Type II Distribution -- 6.3.3 Generalized Exponential Distribution (Type III Distribution) -- 6.3.4 Stoppa Type IV Distribution -- 6.3.5 Stoppa Type V Distribution -- 6.3.6 Four-Parameter Generalized Pareto Distribution -- 6.4 Relation between Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.5 Relations among Burr distributions and Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.6 Application -- 6.6.1 Monthly Suspended Sediment -- 6.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 6.6.3 Peak Flow -- 6.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 6.6.5 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Esteban System of Frequency Distributions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Esteban System of Distributions -- 7.2.1 Three-Parameter Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.2 Special Cases of Generalized Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.3 Generalized Beta Distribution of First Kind -- 7.2.4 Special Cases of GB1 Distribution -- 7.2.5 Generalized Beta Distribution of Second Kind -- 7.2.6 Special Cases of GB2 Distribution -- 7.3 Application -- 7.3.1 TPN -- 7.3.2 Peak Flow -- 7.3.3 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 7.3.4 Annual Rainfall -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Singh System of Frequency Distributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Singh System of Distributions -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Systems of Frequency Distributions Using Bessel Functions and Cumulants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.1 Moments of Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.2 Bessel Function Line -- 9.2.3 Inverse Gaussian Distribution -- 9.2.4 Other Distributions -- Product of Two Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im, In). , Product of the Two Bessel Functions of the Second Kind (Km, Kn) -- Product of the Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im) and the Second Kind (Kn) -- 9.3 Frequency Distributions by Series Approximation -- 9.3.1 Chebyshev (Probabilists')-Hermite Polynomials -- 9.3.2 Cumulants -- 9.3.3 Basic Concept of Approximating Frequency Distribution with Series Approximation -- 9.3.4 Gram-Charlier Type A Series -- 9.3.5 Edgeworth Series with Baseline Gaussian Distribution -- 9.3.6 Gram-Charlier/Edgeworth Series with Non-Gaussian Distribution -- Gamma Distribution as Baseline PDF -- Beta Distribution as Baseline PDF -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Frequency Distributions by Entropy Maximization -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Entropy Maximization -- 10.3 Application -- 10.3.1 Peak Flow -- 10.3.2 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Transformations for Frequency Distributions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Transformation to Normal Distribution -- 11.3 Transformation of Normal Distribution: The Johnson family -- 11.4 Transformation Based on the First Law of Laplace -- 11.5 Transformation of Logistic Distribution -- 11.6 Transformation of Beta Distribution -- 11.7 Transformation of Gamma Distribution -- 11.8 Transformation of Student-t Distribution -- 11.9 Application -- 11.9.1 Peak Flow and Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 11.9.2 Monthly Sediment and Annual Rainfall -- 11.10 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Genetic Theory of Frequency -- 12.1 Basic Concept of Elementary Errors -- 12.2 General Discussion of Charlier Type A and B Curves -- 12.3 Charlier Type A Curve -- 12.4 Charlier Type B Curve -- 12.5 Extensions by Wicksell -- References -- Appendix Datasets for Applications -- Index.