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  • 1
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    Greenhouse-gas forced changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and related worldwide sea-level change (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The effect of anthropogenic climate change in the ocean is challenging to project because atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) respond differently to forcing. This study focuses on changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), ocean heat content (Δ OHC), and the spatial pattern of ocean dynamic sea level (Δ ζ). We analyse experiments following the FAFMIP protocol, in which AOGCMs are forced at the ocean surface with standardised heat, freshwater and momentum flux perturbations, typical of those produced by doubling CO 2. Using two new heat-flux-forced experiments, we find that the AMOC weakening is mainly caused by and linearly related to the North Atlantic heat flux perturbation, and further weakened by a positive coupled heat flux feedback. The quantitative relationships are model-dependent, but few models show significant AMOC change due to freshwater or momentum forcing, or to heat flux forcing outside the North Atlantic. AMOC decline causes warming at the South Atlantic-Southern Ocean interface. It does not strongly affect the global-mean vertical distribution of Δ OHC, which is dominated by the Southern Ocean. AMOC decline strongly affects Δ ζ in the North Atlantic, with smaller effects in the Southern Ocean and North Pacific. The ensemble-mean Δ ζ and Δ OHC patterns are mostly attributable to the heat added by the flux perturbation, with smaller effects from ocean heat and salinity redistribution. The ensemble spread, on the other hand, is largely due to redistribution, with pronounced disagreement among the AOGCMs.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Repeating pattern of non-RVD variations in DNA-binding modules enhances TALEN activity (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-30
    Description: Transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nuclease (TALEN) is a site-specific nuclease, which can be freely designed and easily constructed. Numerous methods of constructing TALENs harboring different TALE scaffolds and repeat variants have recently been reported. However, the functionalities of structurally different TALENs have not yet been compared. Here, we report on the functional differences among several types of TALENs targeting the same loci. Using HEK293T cell-based single-strand annealing and Cel-I nuclease assays, we found that TALENs with periodically-patterned repeat variants harboring non-repeat-variable di-residue (non-RVD) variations (Platinum TALENs) showed higher activities than TALENs without non-RVD variations. Furthermore, the efficiencies of gene disruption mediated by Platinum TALENs in frogs and rats were significantly higher than in previous reports. This study therefore demonstrated an efficient system for the construction of these highly active Platinum TALENs (Platinum Gate system), which could establish a new standard in TALEN engineering. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep03379
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    Common dysfunctional variants of ABCG2 have stronger impact on hyperuricemia progression than typical environmental risk factors (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-10
    Description: Gout/hyperuricemia is a common multifactorial disease having typical environmental risks. Recently, common dysfunctional variants of ABCG2, a urate exporter gene also known as BCRP, are revealed to be a major cause of gout/hyperuricemia. Here, we compared the influence of ABCG2 dysfunction on serum uric acid (SUA) levels with other typical risk factors in a cohort of 5,005 Japanese participants. ABCG2 dysfunction was observed in 53.3% of the population investigated, and its population-attributable risk percent (PAR%) for hyperuricemia was 29.2%, much higher than those of the other typical environmental risks, i.e. overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0; PAR% = 18.7%), heavy drinking (〉196 g/week (male) or 〉98 g/week (female) of pure alcohol; PAR% = 15.4%), and aging (≥60 years old; PAR% = 5.74%). SUA significantly increased as the ABCG2 function decreased (P = 5.99 × 10−19). A regression analysis revealed that ABCG2 dysfunction had a stronger effect than other factors; a 25% decrease in ABCG2 function was equivalent to “an increase of BMI by 1.97-point” or “552.1 g/week alcohol intake as pure ethanol” in terms of ability to increase SUA. Therefore, ABCG2 dysfunction originating from common genetic variants has a much stronger impact on the progression of hyperuricemia than other familiar risks. Our study provides a better understanding of common genetic factors for common diseases. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep05227
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    ABCG2 dysfunction causes hyperuricemia due to both renal urate underexcretion and renal urate overload (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-21
    Description: Gout is a common disease which results from hyperuricemia. We have reported that the dysfunction of urate exporter ABCG2 is the major cause of renal overload (ROL) hyperuricemia, but its involvement in renal underexcretion (RUE) hyperuricemia, the most prevalent subtype, is not clearly explained so far. In this study, the association analysis with 644 hyperuricemia patients and 1,623 controls in male Japanese revealed that ABCG2 dysfunction significantly increased the risk of RUE hyperuricemia as well as overall and ROL hyperuricemia, according to the severity of impairment. ABCG2 dysfunction caused renal urate underexcretion and induced hyperuricemia even if the renal urate overload was not remarkable. These results show that ABCG2 plays physiologically important roles in both renal and extra-renal urate excretion mechanisms. Our findings indicate the importance of ABCG2 as a promising therapeutic and screening target of hyperuricemia and gout. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep03755
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The predictability of clinical antitumor effects using two distinctive in vitro chemosensitivity tests: An analysis of true positive cases (1993)
    Springer
    Surgery today 23 (1993), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: in vitro chemosensitivity test ; antitumor effect ; gastrointestinal and lung cancers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The results of two types of in vitro chemosensitivity tests, namely, the human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA) and the succinic dehydrogenase inhibition assay (SDIA), for solid tumors, including stomach, colorectal and lung cancers, were analyzed and their correlation with clinical effects evaluated. The anticancer agents employed were mitomycin C (MMC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin (ADM) and cisplatin (DDP). The evaluability rates of the assays were 54.5% for HTCA and 89.0% for SDIA. Among the 29 cases with evaluable lesions subjected to HTCA, there were 4 true positives, 9 false positives, and 16 true negatives, whereas among the 32 cases subjected to SDIA, the corresponding numbers were 2, 6, and 24, respectively. There were no false negatives for either assay, the accuracy of prediction for HTCA being 69.0% and for SDIA, 81.3%. The true positives of both assays included one complete response (CR) and five partial responses (PR), although the eventual outcome was cancer death in all cases. Interestingly, in five out of the six true positive cases, the agent involved was either ADM or DDP, both the which are usually regarded as “second line” anticancer agents for gastrointestinal carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309227
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear Sigma Models in (1+2) Dimensions and an Infinite Number of Conserved Currents (1998)
    Springer
    Letters in mathematical physics 46 (1998), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0530
    Keywords: nonlinear sigma models ; conserved currents.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this Letter, we treat nonlinear sigma models such as the C P1-model, Q P1-model, etc. in 1+2 dimensions. For submodels of such models, we definitely construct an infinite number of nontrivial conserved currents. Our result is a generalization of Alvarez, Ferreira and Guillen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007540225039
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Born–Infeld Action in (n+2)-Dimension, the Field Equation and a Soliton Solution (1999)
    Springer
    Letters in mathematical physics 47 (1999), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0530
    Keywords: Born–Infeld action ; Schur polynomials.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this Letter we introduce the (n+2)-dimensional Born–Infeld action with a dual field strength $$\tilde H$$ . We compute the field equation by using Schur polynomials and give a soliton solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007540727191
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daily changes of structure, function and rhodopsin content in the compound eye of the crabHemigrapsus sanguineus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1987), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compound eye of the crabHemigrapsus sanguineus undergoes daily changes in morphology as determined by light and electron microscopy, both in the quantity of chromophore substances studied by HPLC and in visual sensitivity as shown by electrophysiological techniques. 1. At a temperature of 20 °C, the rhabdom occupation ratio (ROR) of an ommatidial retinula was 11.6% (maximum) at midnight, 8.0 times larger than the minimum value at midday (1.4%) (Figs. 2, 6). 2. Observations by freeze-fracture revealed that the densities of intra-membranous particles (9–11 nm in diameter) of rhabdomeric membrane were ca. 2000/μm2 and ca. 3000/μm2 for night and daytime compound eyes, respectively (Fig. 3). 3. Screening pigment granules migrated longitudinally and aggregated at night, but dispersed during the day. Reflecting pigment granules migrate transversally in the proximal half of the retinula layer i.e. cytoplasmic extensions containing reflecting pigment granules squeeze between neighbouring retinula cells causing optical isolation (Fig. 4). Thus the screening pigment granules within the retinula cells show longitudinal migration and radial movement so that the daytime rhabdoms are closely surrounded by the pigment granules (Fig. 2). 4. At 20 °C, the total amount of chromophore of the visual pigment (11-cis and all-trans-retinal) was 1.4 times larger at night than during the day i.e. 46.6 pmol/eye at midnight and 33.2 pmol/eye at midday (Fig. 9). Calculations of the total surface area of rhabdomeric membrane, total number of intra-membranous particles in rhabdomeric membrane and the total number of chromophore molecules in a compound eye, indicate that a considerable amount of chromophore-protein complex exists outside the rhabdom during the day. 5. The change in rhabdom size and quantity of chromophore were highly dependent on temperature. At 10 °C both rhabdom size and amount of chromophore stayed close to daytime levels throughout the 24 hours (Figs. 6, 9). 6. The intracellularly determined relative sensitivity of the dark adapted night eye to a point source of light was about twice as high as the darkadapted day eye (Fig. 10). Most of the increase in the sensitivity is attributed primarily to the effect of reflecting pigment migration around the basement membrane (Fig. 4) and, secondarily, to the changes in the amount and properties of the photoreceptive membrane. The results form the basis of a detailed discussion as to how an apposition eye can function possibly as a night-eye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615238
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies of chromophore contents inside and outside the rhabdoms of arthropod compound eyes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 165 (1989), S. 589-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intracellular distribution of visual pigments in the retinular cells of compound eyes of a butterfly (Papilio), a moth (Actias), a water scorpion (Ranatra), a dragonfly (Pantala), a crayfish (Procambarus), and a crab (Hemigrapsus) were investigated. The experiments measured the total surface area of rhabdom membrane in single compound eyes by light and electron microscopy, the densities of intramembrane particles in rhabdoms of compound eyes by freeze-fracture methods, and the quantities of chromophore molecules in compound eyes by high pressure liquid chromatography. Four species (moth, water scorpion, dragonfly, and crayfish) contain more than 75% of total chromophore probably as visual pigments in their rhabdoms, but the butterfly and the crab contain only 28.6% and 39.2%, respectively. The remainder of the chromophore molecules (Papilio 71.4%,Actias 5.7%,Ranatra 18.9%,Pantala 23.2%,Procambarus 24.3%, andHemigrapsus 60.8%) are supposed to exist mostly in the cytoplasm of the retinular cells. The localizing sites of such extrarhabdomeric chromophores are discussed in relation to the cytoplasmic membrane systems such as endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomal elements. In view of the results of the present experiment, it seems clear that the butterfly,Papilio, possesses a very large extra-rhabdomeric pool of chromophore that is available for rapid regeneration of visual pigment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610991
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of Equatorial Pacific Mean Temperature Field to Intraseasonal Wind Forcing (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 56 (2000), S. 485-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Intraseasonal variation ; ENSO ; zonal wind ; warm water pool ; equatorial Pacific ; GCM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effects of intra-seasonal wind forcing on the mean field of the tropical Pacific Ocean has been studied using an ocean general circulation model (GCM). Idealized intra-seasonal zonal wind forcing with zero mean, which propagates eastward, induces net eastward jets at the equator that shift the warm water pool to the east. The mean temperature of the upper 200 m of the ocean increases off the equator and decreases at the equator. The change is independent of the propagation speed of the intra-seasonal wind forcing. The magnitude of the change depends on the amplitude and the period of the forcing, and the ocean structure, while the spatial pattern is independent of these parameters. A simple shallow water model is used to explain these changes. It is found that the term responsible for the enhanced eastward Equatorial jet is the Reynolds stress term, which arises from a phase shift of the zonal current due to friction. The resultant convergence of eastward momentum on the equator and geostrophic adjustment of the interface to the change of zonal current brings about the thermal redistribution of the upper ocean seen in the GCM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011140708962
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