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  • 1
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    Vertical mixing, critical depths, and phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-29
    Description: Phytoplankton growth and biomass accumulation vary spatially and temporally in the Ross Sea, largely as a function of ice concentrations, vertical mixing depths, and iron concentrations. To assess the role of vertical mixing in bloom initiation, we used a high-resolution numerical model to estimate changes in mixed layer depths from October 1 through early December, the period where phytoplankton growth begins and biomass accumulates, and estimate critical depths for this period. Mixed layers in October ranged from the complete water column (〉600 m) to ca. 200 m; over a 60-day period, the mixed layers decreased on average by 70%. Estimated critical depths were exceeded in October, but would allow growth to proceed in late October due to shoaling of mixed layer depths, consistent with the known onset of the spring bloom in the Ross Sea. We also analysed a series of stations sampled near the Ross Ice Shelf during January 2012. Mean vertical profiles for the stations indicated deep vertical mixing; mixed layer depths averaged 60 m and ranged up to 96 m. Chlorophyll concentrations within the mixed layer averaged 6.60 µg l –1 , and the pigment contributions were dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica . We suggest that this mesoscale region near the ice shelf is elevated in phytoplankton biomass due to frequent mixing events that redistribute biomass to depth and replenish nutrients, which in turn are utilized by an assemblage capable of utilizing low mean irradiance levels. Thus, the deep mixed layers and high biomass concentrations represent growth over long periods under reduced mixing punctuated by short periods of deeper vertical mixing that redistribute biomass. Water column vertical mixing and phytoplankton biomass in the Ross Sea are consistent with the critical depth concept as originally proposed by Sverdrup.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Sunflecks? (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Heterozygous Mutations in AAGAB Cause Type 1 Punctate Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Evidence for Increased Growth Factor Signaling (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-13
    Description: Heterozygous Mutations in AAGAB Cause Type 1 Punctate Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Evidence for Increased Growth Factor Signaling Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, 2805 (December 2013). doi:10.1038/jid.2013.243 Authors: Elizabeth Pöhler, Mozheh Zamiri, Catriona P Harkins, Julio C Salas-Alanis, William Perkins, Frances J D Smith, W H Irwin McLean & Sara J Brown
    Print ISSN: 0022-202X
    Electronic ISSN: 1523-1747
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Retracking CryoSat-2, Envisat and Jason-1 radar altimetry waveforms for improved gravity field recovery (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-13
    Description: Improving the accuracy of the marine gravity field requires both improved altimeter range precision and dense track coverage. After a hiatus of more than 15 yr, a wealth of suitable data is now available from the CryoSat-2, Envisat and Jason-1 satellites. The range precision of these data is significantly improved with respect to the conventional techniques used in operational oceanography by retracking the altimeter waveforms using an algorithm that is optimized for the recovery of the short-wavelength geodetic signal. We caution that this new approach, which provides optimal range precision, may introduce large-scale errors that would be unacceptable for other applications. In addition, CryoSat-2 has a new synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mode that should result in higher range precision. For this new mode we derived a simple, but approximate, analytic model for the shape of the SAR waveform that could be used in an iterative least-squares algorithm for estimating range. For the conventional waveforms, we demonstrate that a two-step retracking algorithm that was originally designed for data from prior missions (ERS-1 and Geosat) also improves precision on all three of the new satellites by about a factor of 1.5. The improved range precision and dense coverage from CryoSat-2, Envisat and Jason-1 should lead to a significant increase in the accuracy of the marine gravity field.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
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    Keratin 9 Is Required for the Structural Integrity and Terminal Differentiation of the Palmoplantar Epidermis (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-13
    Description: Keratin 9 Is Required for the Structural Integrity and Terminal Differentiation of the Palmoplantar Epidermis Journal of Investigative Dermatology 134, 754 (March 2014). doi:10.1038/jid.2013.356 Authors: Dun Jack Fu, Calum Thomson, Declan P Lunny, Patricia J Dopping-Hepenstal, John A McGrath, Frances J D Smith, W H Irwin McLean & Deena M Leslie Pedrioli
    Print ISSN: 0022-202X
    Electronic ISSN: 1523-1747
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Comparing health status in Belarus between 2001-10: a novel method using surveys with different response categories (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Background: Two population surveys were conducted in Belarus: The Living Conditions, Lifestyle and Health (LLH) in 2001 ( n = 2000) and The Health in Times of Transition (HITT) in 2010 ( n = 1800). Each survey included a question on health status. The LLH questionnaire provided a 4-point Verbal Response Scale, but the HITT questionnaire used a 5-point scale. When translated into Russian, only two response categories of these scales had identical wording. These differences made a direct comparison of self-reported health status between 2001 and 2010 difficult. Methods: We conducted a Health Category Response Scale (HCRS) survey in 2010 ( n = 570) using a 100ths graduated Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to understand how the response categories of different scales are perceived by Russian speakers. We implemented the HCRS survey’s data to calculate the weighted health status (WHS) for each of the original surveys and to compare health status in Belarus between 2001and 2010. Results: The WHS in Belarus showed a small, but statistically significant, improvement of 2.9 points on a 0–100 scale between 2001 and 2010 (56.2 vs. 59.1). Identical response categories were perceived differently on a 4-point and 5-point VAS. The category ‘good’ (‘opoee’) measured ~12 points higher, and the category ‘bad/poor’ (‘ooe’) measured ~16 points lower, on the 4-point compared with the 5-point VAS. Conclusion: Our HCRS survey and novel method enabled a direct comparison of questions with different response options. When applied to the LLH and HITT projects, we concluded that health status in Belarus has improved between 2001 and 2010.
    Print ISSN: 1101-1262
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-360X
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    ETV6-RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: improved outcome with contemporary therapy (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    In: Leukemia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-17
    Description: ETV6-RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: improved outcome with contemporary therapy Leukemia 26, 265 (February 2012). doi:10.1038/leu.2011.227 Authors: D Bhojwani, D Pei, J T Sandlund, S Jeha, R C Ribeiro, J E Rubnitz, S C Raimondi, S Shurtleff, M Onciu, C Cheng, E Coustan-Smith, W P Bowman, S C Howard, M L Metzger, H Inaba, W Leung, W E Evans, D Campana, M V Relling & C-H Pui
    Keywords: childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemiaETV6-RUNX1TEL-AML1
    Print ISSN: 0887-6924
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-5551
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Missing and presumed lost: extinction in the ocean and its inference (2011)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-08
    Description: Smith, W. K., and Solow, A. R. 2012. Missing and presumed lost: extinction in the ocean and its inference. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 89–94. The number of modern extinctions in the ocean is unknown. The actual demise of the last individual of a species is essentially unobservable, so extinction can only be inferred. Statistical methods are described for inferring extinction from sighting records, species–area considerations, and taxonomic samples collected at two different times. The methods are illustrated using a variety of real datasets, including a sighting record of the Caribbean monk seal and results from three surveys of benthic invertebrates.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Leaf/shoot level ecophysiology in two broadleaf and two needle-leaf species under representative cloud regimes at alpine treeline (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-06
    Description: Aims The effects of clouds are now recognized as critically important to the understanding of climate change impacts on ecosystems. Regardless, few studies have focused specifically on the ecophysiological responses of plants to clouds. Most continental mountain ranges are characterized by common convective cloud formation in the afternoons, yet little is known regarding this influence on plant water and carbon relations. Here we compare the ecophysiology of two contrasting, yet ubiquitous growth forms, needle-leaf and broadleaf, under representative cloud regimes of the Snowy Range, Medicine Bow Mountains, southeastern Wyoming, USA. Methods Photosynthetic gas exchange, water use efficiency, xylem water potentials and micrometeorological data were measured on representative clear, overcast and partly cloudy days during the summers of 2012 and 2013 for two indigenous broadleaf ( Caltha leptosepala and Arnica parryi ) and two needle-leaf species ( Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa ) that co-occur contiguously. Important Findings Reductions in sunlight with cloud cover resulted in more dramatic declines in photosynthesis for the two broadleaf species (ca. 50–70% reduction) versus the two conifers (no significant difference). In addition, the presence of clouds corresponded with lower leaf conductance, transpiration and plant water status in all species. However, the more constant photosynthesis in conifers under all cloud conditions, coupled with reduced transpiration, resulted in greater water use efficiency (ca. 25% higher) than the broadleaf species. These differences appear to implicate the potential importance of natural cloud patterns in the adaptive ecophysiology of these two contrasting, but common, plant growth forms.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Effect of climate on lodgepole pine stem taper in British Columbia, Canada (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    In: Forestry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-31
    Description: The taper equations used by the Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations in British Columbia (BC), Canada, date back to the mid-1950s. Very little work has been done on examining the effect of climate on taper, particularly for BC but elsewhere as well. The objective of our research was to determine whether climate has an effect on tree taper for lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in BC. The data for this project consisted of multiple diameter inside bark measurements along the stems of 270 trees across eight biogeoclimatic zones. In addition, 20 climate variables for the sample sites were predicted from the ClimateWNA model. Kozak's variable-exponent taper model was refitted with the climate variables in the exponent of the model. The single temperature- and precipitation-related variables that provided the best fit were incorporated into the final taper model. The model was analysed as a mixed-effects model, with spatial correlation and heteroscedastic errors being explicitly modelled. Mean annual precipitation and the Julian date of the first frost after the summer growing period were the best predictors of taper. Further work is required to understand why these variables are important predictors of taper, but a possible linkage is through the tree's crown.
    Print ISSN: 0015-752X
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3626
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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