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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 16, No. 9 ( 2018-09-14), p. 336-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 9 ( 2018-09-14), p. 336-
    Abstract: Solar radiation represents a key abiotic factor in the evolution of life in the oceans. In general, marine, biota—particularly in euphotic and dysphotic zones—depends directly or indirectly on light, but ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) can damage vital molecular machineries. UV-R induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs intracellular structures and enzymatic reactions. It can also affect organismal physiologies and eventually alter trophic chains at the ecosystem level. In Antarctica, physical drivers, such as sunlight, sea-ice, seasonality and low temperature are particularly influencing as compared to other regions. The springtime ozone depletion over the Southern Ocean makes organisms be more vulnerable to UV-R. Nonetheless, Antarctic species seem to possess analogous UV photoprotection and repair mechanisms as those found in organisms from other latitudes. The lack of data on species-specific responses towards increased UV-B still limits the understanding about the ecological impact and the tolerance levels related to ozone depletion in this region. The photobiology of Antarctic biota is largely unknown, in spite of representing a highly promising reservoir in the discovery of novel cosmeceutical products. This review compiles the most relevant information on photoprotection and UV-repair processes described in organisms from the Southern Ocean, in the context of this unique marine polar environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md16090336
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biodiversity of UV-Resistant Bacteria in Antarctic Aquatic Environments
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2023-05-01), p. 968-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2023-05-01), p. 968-
    Abstract: Antarctica is an untapped reservoir of bacterial communities, which are able to adapt to a huge variety of strategies to cope with extreme conditions and, therefore, are capable of producing potentially valuable compounds for biotechnological applications. In this study, 31 UV-resistant bacteria collected from different Antarctic aquatic environments (surface sea waters/ice and shallow lake sediments) were isolated by UV-C assay and subsequently identified. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that the isolates were affiliated with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, and they were clustered into 15 bacterial genera, 5 of which were Gram negative (Brevundimonas, Qipengyuania, Sphingorhabdus, Sphingobium, and Psychrobacter) and 10 of which were Gram positive (Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Mesobacillus, Kocuria, Gordonia, Rhodococcus, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Agrococcus, and Salinibacterium). Strains belonging to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla were the most abundant species in all environments. The genus Psychrobacter was dominant in all collection sites, whereas bacteria belonging to Actinobacteria appeared to be the most diverse and rich in terms of species among the investigated sites. Many of these isolates (20 of 31 isolates) were pigmented. Bacterial pigments, which are generally carotenoid-type compounds, are often involved in the protection of cells against the negative effects of UV radiation. For this reason, these pigments may help bacteria to successfully tolerate Antarctic extreme conditions of low temperature and harmful levels of UV radiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse11050968
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nitric Oxide Production and Regulation in the Teleost Cardiovascular System
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-05-12), p. 957-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-05-12), p. 957-
    Abstract: Nitric Oxide (NO) is a free radical with numerous critical signaling roles in vertebrate physiology. Similar to mammals, in the teleost system the generation of sufficient amounts of NO is critical for the physiological function of the cardiovascular system. At the same time, NO amounts are strictly controlled and kept within basal levels to protect cells from NO toxicity. Changes in oxygen tension highly influence NO bioavailability and can modulate the mechanisms involved in maintaining the NO balance. While NO production and signaling appears to have general similarities with mammalian systems, the wide range of environmental adaptations made by fish, particularly with regards to differing oxygen availabilities in aquatic habitats, creates a foundation for a variety of in vivo models characterized by different implications of NO production and signaling. In this review, we present the biology of NO in the teleost cardiovascular system and summarize the mechanisms of NO production and signaling with a special emphasis on the role of globin proteins in NO metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050957
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The Evolution of Nitric Oxide Function: From Reactivity in the Prebiotic Earth to Examples of Biological Roles and Therapeutic Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2022-06-22), p. 1222-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2022-06-22), p. 1222-
    Abstract: Nitric oxide was once considered to be of marginal interest to the biological sciences and medicine; however, there is now wide recognition, but not yet a comprehensive understanding, of its functions and effects. NO is a reactive, toxic free radical with numerous biological targets, especially metal ions. However, NO and its reaction products also play key roles as reductant and oxidant in biological redox processes, in signal transduction, immunity and infection, as well as other roles. Consequently, it can be sensed, metabolized and modified in biological systems. Here, we present a brief overview of the chemistry and biology of NO—in particular, its origins in geological time and in contemporary biology, its toxic consequences and its critical biological functions. Given that NO, with its intrinsic reactivity, appeared in the early Earth’s atmosphere before the evolution of complex lifeforms, we speculate that the potential for toxicity preceded biological function. To examine this hypothesis, we consider the nature of non-biological and biological targets of NO, the evolution of biological mechanisms for NO detoxification, and how living organisms generate this multifunctional gas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071222
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Marine Terpenoids from Polar Latitudes and Their Potential Applications in Biotechnology
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 18, No. 8 ( 2020-07-29), p. 401-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 8 ( 2020-07-29), p. 401-
    Abstract: Polar marine biota have adapted to thrive under one of the ocean’s most inhospitable scenarios, where extremes of temperature, light photoperiod and ice disturbance, along with ecological interactions, have selected species with a unique suite of secondary metabolites. Organisms of Arctic and Antarctic oceans are prolific sources of natural products, exhibiting wide structural diversity and remarkable bioactivities for human applications. Chemical skeletons belonging to terpene families are the most commonly found compounds, whereas cytotoxic antimicrobial properties, the capacity to prevent infections, are the most widely reported activities from these environments. This review firstly summarizes the regulations on access and benefit sharing requirements for research in polar environments. Then it provides an overview of the natural product arsenal from Antarctic and Arctic marine organisms that displays promising uses for fighting human disease. Microbes, such as bacteria and fungi, and macroorganisms, such as sponges, macroalgae, ascidians, corals, bryozoans, echinoderms and mollusks, are the main focus of this review. The biological origin, the structure of terpenes and terpenoids, derivatives and their biotechnological potential are described. This survey aims to highlight the chemical diversity of marine polar life and the versatility of this group of biomolecules, in an effort to encourage further research in drug discovery.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md18080401
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    NO and Heme Proteins: Cross-Talk between Heme and Cysteine Residues
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 321-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 321-
    Abstract: Heme proteins are a diverse group that includes several unrelated families. Their biological function is mainly associated with the reactivity of the heme group, which—among several other reactions—can bind to and react with nitric oxide (NO) and other nitrogen compounds for their production, scavenging, and transport. The S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, which also results from the reaction with NO and other nitrogen compounds, is a post-translational modification regulating protein activity, with direct effects on a variety of signaling pathways. Heme proteins are unique in exhibiting this dual reactivity toward NO, with reported examples of cross-reactivity between the heme and cysteine residues within the same protein. In this work, we review the literature on this interplay, with particular emphasis on heme proteins in which heme-dependent nitrosylation has been reported and those for which both heme nitrosylation and S-nitrosylation have been associated with biological functions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020321
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enzymes from Marine Polar Regions and Their Biotechnological Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 17, No. 10 ( 2019-09-23), p. 544-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 10 ( 2019-09-23), p. 544-
    Abstract: The microorganisms that evolved at low temperatures express cold-adapted enzymes endowed with unique catalytic properties in comparison to their mesophilic homologues, i.e., higher catalytic efficiency, improved flexibility, and lower thermal stability. Cold environments are therefore an attractive research area for the discovery of enzymes to be used for investigational and industrial applications in which such properties are desirable. In this work, we will review the literature on cold-adapted enzymes specifically focusing on those discovered in the bioprospecting of polar marine environments, so far largely neglected because of their limited accessibility. We will discuss their existing or proposed biotechnological applications within the framework of the more general applications of cold-adapted enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md17100544
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bioactivity Screening of Antarctic Sponges Reveals Anticancer Activity and Potential Cell Death via Ferroptosis by Mycalols
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2021-08-14), p. 459-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2021-08-14), p. 459-
    Abstract: Sponges are known to produce a series of compounds with bioactivities useful for human health. This study was conducted on four sponges collected in the framework of the XXXIV Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) in November-December 2018, i.e., Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata, Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi, Hemimycale topsenti, and Hemigellius pilosus. Sponge extracts were fractioned and tested against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), lung carcinoma (A549), and melanoma cells (A2058), in order to screen for antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity. Two different chemical classes of compounds, belonging to mycalols and suberitenones, were identified in the active fractions. Mycalols were the most active compounds, and their mechanism of action was also investigated at the gene and protein levels in HepG2 cells. Of the differentially expressed genes, ULK1 and GALNT5 were the most down-regulated genes, while MAPK8 was one of the most up-regulated genes. These genes were previously associated with ferroptosis, a programmed cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, confirmed at the protein level by the down-regulation of GPX4, a key regulator of ferroptosis, and the up-regulation of NCOA4, involved in iron homeostasis. These data suggest, for the first time, that mycalols act by triggering ferroptosis in HepG2 cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md19080459
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Metataxonomic Approach Reveals Diversified Bacterial Communities in Antarctic Sponges
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2021-03-22), p. 173-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2021-03-22), p. 173-
    Abstract: Marine sponges commonly host a repertoire of bacterial-associated organisms, which significantly contribute to their health and survival by producing several anti-predatory molecules. Many of these compounds are produced by sponge-associated bacteria and represent an incredible source of novel bioactive metabolites with biotechnological relevance. Although most investigations are focused on tropical and temperate species, to date, few studies have described the composition of microbiota hosted by Antarctic sponges and the secondary metabolites that they produce. The investigation was conducted on four sponges collected from two different sites in the framework of the XXXIV Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA) in November–December 2018. Collected species were characterized as Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata, Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi, Hemigellius pilosus and Microxina sarai by morphological analysis of spicules and amplification of four molecular markers. Metataxonomic analysis of these four Antarctic sponges revealed a considerable abundance of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. In particular, M. (Oxymycale) acerata, displayed several genera of great interest, such as Endozoicomonas, Rubritalea, Ulvibacter, Fulvivirga and Colwellia. On the other hand, the sponges H. pilosus and H. (Rhizoniera) dancoi hosted bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudhongella, Roseobacter and Bdellovibrio, whereas M. sarai was the sole species showing some strains affiliated to the genus Polaribacter. Considering that most of the bacteria identified in the present study are known to produce valuable secondary metabolites, the four Antarctic sponges could be proposed as potential tools for the discovery of novel pharmacologically active compounds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md19030173
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
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