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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of Correlation between Pad Temperature and Asperity Angle in Chemical Mechanical Planarization
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-02-07), p. 1507-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-02-07), p. 1507-
    Abstract: Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is a technology widely employed in device integration and planarization processes used in semiconductor fabrication. In CMP, the polishing pad plays a key role both mechanically and chemically. The surface of the pad, consisting of asperities and pores, undergoes repeated cycles of glazing induced by polishing followed by the recovery of roughness by a conditioning process applied during CMP. As a polymer material, the pad also experiences thermal expansion from changes in temperature. Such changes can be expressed in terms of surface roughness values, but these do not fully capture the actual changes to the pad surface. In this study, the change in pad temperature occurring during CMP was analyzed with regard to its effect on the asperity angle, and the influence on CMP outcome was assessed. The changes in the surface asperities according to the steady-state pad temperature were evaluated using various measurement methods. The change in pad roughness was characterized in terms of the asperity angle, and the contact state predicted according to temperature were validated by measuring the contact perimeter, the number of contact points, and related values. Through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and micro-CT analysis, it was confirmed that in the continuous polishing process and the conditioning process, the changes in asperity angle due to changes in pad temperature affect the polishing outcome.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app11041507
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Single-Use Disposable Waste Upcycling via Thermochemical Conversion Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 16 ( 2021-08-06), p. 2617-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 16 ( 2021-08-06), p. 2617-
    Abstract: Herein, the pyrolysis of two types of single-use disposable waste (single-use food containers and corrugated fiberboard) was investigated as an approach to cleanly dispose of municipal solid waste, including plastic waste. For the pyrolysis of single-use food containers or corrugated fiberboard, an increase in temperature tended to increase the yield of pyrolytic gas (i.e., non-condensable gases) and decrease the yield of pyrolytic liquid (i.e., a mixture of condensable compounds) and solid residue. The single-use food container-derived pyrolytic product was largely composed of hydrocarbons with a wide range of carbon numbers from C1 to C32, while the corrugated fiberboard-derived pyrolytic product was composed of a variety of chemical groups such as phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and oxygenates involving alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, acetates, and esters. Changes in the pyrolysis temperature from 500 °C to 900 °C had no significant effect on the selectivity toward each chemical group found in the pyrolytic liquid derived from either the single-use food containers or corrugated fiberboard. The co-pyrolysis of the single-use food containers and corrugated fiberboard led to 6 times higher hydrogen (H2) selectivity than the pyrolysis of the single-use food containers only. Furthermore, the co-pyrolysis did not form phenolic compounds or polycyclic aromatic compounds that are hazardous environmental pollutants (0% selectivity), indicating that the co-pyrolysis process is an eco-friendly method to treat single-use disposable waste.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13162617
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Role of Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Development
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2022-05-19), p. 1692-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2022-05-19), p. 1692-
    Abstract: The lymphatic system is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and interstitial fluid and regulating the immune cell development and functions. Developmental anomaly-induced lymphatic dysfunction is associated with various pathological conditions, including lymphedema, inflammation, and cancer. Most lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from a subset of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein. However, recent studies have reported that the developmental origin of LECs is heterogeneous. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways, are involved in lymphatic development and functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic regulation of transcription is critical for embryonic LEC development and functions. In addition to the chromatin structures, epigenetic modifications may modulate transcriptional signatures during the development or differentiation of LECs. Therefore, the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and function of the lymphatic system can aid in the management of various congenital or acquired lymphatic disorders. Future studies must determine the role of other epigenetic factors and changes in mammalian lymphatic development and function. Here, the recent findings on key factors involved in the development of the lymphatic system and their epigenetic regulation, LEC origins from different organs, and lymphatic diseases are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11101692
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Study on Biocompatible Polymer-Based Packaging of Neural Interface for Chronic Implantation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2022-03-26), p. 516-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2022-03-26), p. 516-
    Abstract: This paper proposed and verified the use of polymer-based packaging to implement the chronic implantation of neural interfaces using a combination of a commercial thermal epoxy and a thin parylene film. The packaging’s characteristics and the performance of the vulnerable interface between the thermal epoxy layer and polyimide layer, which is mainly used for neural electrodes and an FPCB, were evaluated through in vitro, in vivo, and acceleration experiments. The performance of neural interfaces—composed of the combination of the thermal epoxy and thin parylene film deposition as encapsulation packaging—was evaluated by using signal acquisition experiments based on artificial stimulation signal transmissions through in vitro and in vivo experiments. It has been found that, when commercial thermal epoxy normally cured at room temperature was cured at higher temperatures of 45 °C and 65 °C, not only is its lifetime increased with about twice the room-temperature-based curing conditions but also an interfacial adhesion is higher with more than twice the room-temperature-based curing conditions. In addition, through in vivo experiments using rats, it was confirmed that bodily fluids did not flow into the interface between the thermal epoxy and FPCB for up to 18 months, and it was verified that the rats maintained healthy conditions without occurring an immune response in the body to the thin parylene film deposition on the packaging’s surface.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi13040516
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    INO80 Is Required for the Cell Cycle Control, Survival, and Differentiation of Mouse ESCs by Transcriptional Regulation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 23 ( 2022-12-06), p. 15402-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 23 ( 2022-12-06), p. 15402-
    Abstract: Precise regulation of the cell cycle of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is critical for their self-maintenance and differentiation. The cell cycle of ESCs differs from that of somatic cells and is different depending on the cell culture conditions. However, the cell cycle regulation in ESCs via epigenetic mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we showed that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler Ino80 regulates the cell cycle genes in ESCs under primed conditions. Ino80 loss led to a significantly extended length of the G1-phase in ESCs grown under primed culture conditions. Ino80 directly bound to the transcription start site and regulated the expression of cell cycle-related genes. Furthermore, Ino80 loss induced cell apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of Ino80 in differentiating ESC cycle slightly differed; an extended S-phase was detected in differentiating inducible Ino80 knockout ESCs. RNA-seq analysis of differentiating ESCs revealed that the expression of genes associated with organ development cell cycle is persistently altered in Ino80 knockout cells, suggesting that cell cycle regulation by Ino80 is not limited to undifferentiated ESCs. Therefore, our study establishes the function of Ino80 in ESC cycle via transcriptional regulation, at least partly. Moreover, this Ino80 function may be universal to other cell types.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315402
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dynamic Change of R-Loop Implicates in the Regulation of Zygotic Genome Activation in Mouse
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-18), p. 14345-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-18), p. 14345-
    Abstract: In mice, zygotic genome activation (ZGA) occurs in two steps: minor ZGA at the one–cell stage and major ZGA at the two–cell stage. Regarding the regulation of gene transcription, minor ZGA is known to have unique features, including a transcriptionally permissive state of chromatin and insufficient splicing processes. The molecular characteristics may originate from extremely open chromatin states in the one–cell stage zygotes, yet the precise underlying mechanism has not been well studied. Recently, the R-loop, a triple–stranded nucleic acid structure of the DNA/RNA hybrid, has been implicated in gene transcription and DNA replication. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the changes in R-loop dynamics during mouse zygotic development, and its roles in zygotic transcription or DNA replication. Our analysis revealed that R-loops persist in the genome of metaphase II oocytes and preimplantation embryos from the zygote to the blastocyst stage. In particular, zygotic R-loop levels dynamically change as development proceeds, showing that R-loop levels decrease as pronucleus maturation occurs. Mechanistically, R-loop dynamics are likely linked to ZGA, as inhibition of either DNA replication or transcription at the time of minor ZGA decreases R-loop levels in the pronuclei of zygotes. However, the induction of DNA damage by treatment with anticancer agents, including cisplatin or doxorubicin, does not elicit genome-wide changes in zygotic R-loop levels. Therefore, our study suggests that R-loop formation is mechanistically associated with the regulation of mouse ZGA, especially minor ZGA, by modulating gene transcription and DNA replication.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214345
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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