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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Obesity and Trends in Life Expectancy
    Hindawi Limited ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Obesity Vol. 2012 ( 2012), p. 1-4
    Details
    In: Journal of Obesity, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2012 ( 2012), p. 1-4
    Abstract: Background. Increasing levels of obesity over recent decades have been expected to lead to an epidemic of diabetes and a subsequent reduction in life expectancy, but instead all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality rates have decreased steadily in most developed countries and life expectancy has increased. Methods. This paper suggests several factors that may be masking the effects of obesity on life expectancy. Results. It is possible that health and life expectancy gains could be even greater if it was not for the increasing prevalence of extreme obesity. It is also possible that the principal impact of obesity is on disability-free life expectancy rather than on life expectancy itself. Conclusion. If the principal impact of obesity were through disability-free life expectancy rather than on life expectancy itself, this would have substantial implications for the health of individuals and the future burden on the health care system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2090-0708 , 2090-0716
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2012/107989
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2573566-4
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pharmacotherapies for Obesity: Past, Current, and Future Therapies
    Hindawi Limited ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Obesity Vol. 2011 ( 2011), p. 1-18
    Details
    In: Journal of Obesity, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2011 ( 2011), p. 1-18
    Abstract: Past therapies for the treatment of obesity have typically involved pharmacological agents usually in combination with a calorie-controlled diet. This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies for obesity focusing on drugs approved for long-term therapy (orlistat), drugs approved for short-term use (amfepramone [diethylpropion], phentermine), recently withdrawn therapies (rimonabant, sibutamine) and drugs evaluated in Phase III studies (taranabant, pramlintide, lorcaserin and tesofensine and combination therapies of topiramate plus phentermine, bupropion plus naltrexone, and bupropion plus zonisamide). No current pharmacotherapy possesses the efficacy needed to produce substantial weight loss in morbidly obese patients. Meta-analyses support a significant though modest loss in bodyweight with a mean weight difference of 4.7 kg (95% CI 4.1 to 5.3 kg) for rimonabant, 4.2 kg (95% CI 3.6 to 4.8 kg) for sibutramine and 2.9 kg (95% CI 2.5 to 3.2 kg) for orlistat compared to placebo at ≥12 months. Of the Phase III pharmacotherapies, lorcaserin, taranabant, topiramate and bupropion with naltrexone have demonstrated significant weight loss compared to placebo at ≥12 months. Some pharmacotherapies have also demonstrated clinical benefits. Further studies are required in some populations such as younger and older people whilst the long term safety continues to be a major consideration and has led to the withdrawal of several drugs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2090-0708 , 2090-0716
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2011/179674
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2573566-4
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oral Health in a Sample of Pregnant Women from Northern Appalachia (2011–2015)
    Hindawi Limited ; 2015
    In:  International Journal of Dentistry Vol. 2015 ( 2015), p. 1-12
    Details
    In: International Journal of Dentistry, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2015 ( 2015), p. 1-12
    Abstract: Background . Chronic poor oral health has a high prevalence in Appalachia, a large region in the eastern USA. The Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) has been enrolling pregnant women and their babies since 2011 in the COHRA2 study of genetic, microbial, and environmental factors involved in oral health in Northern Appalachia. Methods . The COHRA2 protocol is presented in detail, including inclusion criteria (healthy, adult, pregnant, US Caucasian, English speaking, and nonimmunocompromised women), recruiting (two sites: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, USA), assessments (demographic, medical, dental, psychosocial/behavioral, and oral microbial samples and DNA), timelines (longitudinal from pregnancy to young childhood), quality control, and retention rates. Results . Preliminary oral health and demographic data are presented in 727 pregnant women, half from the greater Pittsburgh region and half from West Virginia. Despite similar tooth brushing and flossing habits, COHRA2 women in West Virginia have significantly worse oral health than the Pittsburgh sample. Women from Pittsburgh are older and more educated and have less unemployment than the West Virginia sample. Conclusions . We observed different prevalence of oral health and demographic variables between pregnant women from West Virginia (primarily rural) and Pittsburgh (primarily urban). These observations suggest site-specific differences within Northern Appalachia that warrant future studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1687-8728 , 1687-8736
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2015/469376
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2546524-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN LATE LIFE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE: THE IMPORTANCE OF INTELLIGENCE AND LESION LOCATION : Research Article: Depressive Symptoms and Cerebrovascular Disease
    Hindawi Limited ; 2013
    In:  Depression and Anxiety Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 77-84
    Details
    In: Depression and Anxiety, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 77-84
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1091-4269
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/da.22022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2001248-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Caries Experience Differs between Females and Males across Age Groups in Northern Appalachia
    Hindawi Limited ; 2015
    In:  International Journal of Dentistry Vol. 2015 ( 2015), p. 1-8
    Details
    In: International Journal of Dentistry, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2015 ( 2015), p. 1-8
    Abstract: Sex disparities in dental caries have been observed across many populations, with females typically exhibiting higher prevalence and more affected teeth. In this study we assessed the sex disparities in two Northern Appalachian populations from West Virginia (WV, N = 1997 ) and Pennsylvania (PA, N = 1080 ) by comparing caries indices between males and females across four phases of dental development: primary dentition in children aged 1–5 years, mixed dentition in children aged 6–11 years, permanent dentition in adolescents aged 12–17 years, and permanent dentition in adults aged 18–59 years. No significant sex differences were observed for children aged 1–5 years. Contrary to national and international trends, WV girls aged 6–11 years had 1.5 fewer affected teeth than boys ( p 〈 0.001 ) . However, by ages 12–17, caries indices in the WV girls matched those in boys. In both WV and PA adults, women and men had similar total counts of affected teeth (i.e., DMFT), although women had more dental restorations ( p 〈 0.001 ) and men had more current decay ( p 〈 0.001 ) . These results suggest that in some Appalachian populations, young girls benefit from protection against caries that is lost during adolescence and that adult women utilize dental health care to a greater degree than men.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1687-8728 , 1687-8736
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2015/938213
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2546524-7
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    A Preliminary Genome-Wide Association Study of Pain-Related Fear: Implications for Orofacial Pain
    Hindawi Limited ; 2017
    In:  Pain Research and Management Vol. 2017 ( 2017), p. 1-12
    Details
    In: Pain Research and Management, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2017 ( 2017), p. 1-12
    Abstract: Background . Acute and chronic orofacial pain can significantly impact overall health and functioning. Associations between fear of pain and the experience of orofacial pain are well-documented, and environmental, behavioral, and cognitive components of fear of pain have been elucidated. Little is known, however, regarding the specific genes contributing to fear of pain. Methods . A genome-wide association study (GWAS; N = 990 ) was performed to identify plausible genes that may predispose individuals to various levels of fear of pain. The total score and three subscales (fear of minor, severe, and medical/dental pain) of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-9 (FPQ-9) were modeled in a variance components modeling framework to test for genetic association with 8.5 M genetic variants across the genome, while adjusting for sex, age, education, and income. Results . Three genetic loci were significantly associated with fear of minor pain (8q24.13, 8p21.2, and 6q26; p 〈 5 × 10 - 8 for all) near the genes TMEM65 , NEFM , NEFL , AGPAT4 , and PARK2 . Other suggestive loci were found for the fear of pain total score and each of the FPQ-9 subscales. Conclusions . Multiple genes were identified as possible candidates contributing to fear of pain. The findings may have implications for understanding and treating chronic orofacial pain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1203-6765 , 1918-1523
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2017/7375468
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2048409-4
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Emotion on Pain Reports, Tolerance and Physiology
    Hindawi Limited ; 2002
    In:  Pain Research and Management Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2002), p. 21-30
    Details
    In: Pain Research and Management, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2002), p. 21-30
    Abstract: The effects of specific emotional states on a laboratory pain task were tested by examining the behavioural, verbal and psychophysiological responses of 80 student volunteers (50% female). Participants were assigned to one of four Velten-style emotion-induction conditions (ie, anxiety, depression, elation or neutral). The sexes of experimenters were counterbalanced. Overt escape behaviour (ie, pain tolerance), pain threshold and severity ratings, verbal reports of emotion and physiological measures (ie, electrocardiogram, corrugator and trapezium electromyogram) were recorded. A pressure pain task was given before and after the emotion induction. As predicted, those who participated in the anxiety or depression condition showed reduced pain tolerance after induction of these negative emotions; pain severity ratings became most pronounced in the depression condition. Emotion induction did not have a discernable effect on pain tolerance or severity ratings in the elation condition. A pattern of participant and experimenter sex effects, as well as trials effects, was seen in the physiological data. The influence of negative affective states (ie, anxiety and depression) on acute pain are discussed along with the unique contributions of behavioural, verbal and physiological response systems in understanding the interactions of pain and emotions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1203-6765
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2002/426193
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2048409-4
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Periodontal Status and Quality of Life: Impact of Fear of Pain and Dental Fear
    Hindawi Limited ; 2017
    In:  Pain Research and Management Vol. 2017 ( 2017), p. 1-9
    Details
    In: Pain Research and Management, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2017 ( 2017), p. 1-9
    Abstract: Background . Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is impacted by periodontal disease and orofacial pain. There is a limited research examining the impact of avoidance of care or physiological arousal related to the fear of pain response on periodontal-related OHRQoL. Methods . Data are from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia family-based study focusing on 1,339 adults. Measures included a modified Periodontal Screening and Recording Index across sextants of dentition, dental fear survey, Fear of Pain Questionnaire-9, and Oral Health Impact Profile-14. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the effects of periodontal disease screening indicators on OHRQoL including the mediating role of dental fear while accounting for fear of pain. Results . A significant total effect was found for the mandibular anterior sextant, components of dental anxiety/fear, and indicators of OHRQoL (pain and discomfort, β = . 165 , p = . 001 ; psychosocial impact, β = . 199 , p 〈 . 001 ). The maxillary anterior region was significantly associated with pain discomfort ( β = . 116 , p = . 017 ) and functionality ( β = . 130 , p = . 011 ). Conclusions . Findings provide a granular perspective of periodontal disease indicators and OHRQoL. Dental avoidance/anticipatory fear and physiological arousal mediate OHRQoL in individuals who have indicators of periodontal disease in sextants that may be visible and susceptible to higher pain and psychosocial impact.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1203-6765 , 1918-1523
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2017/5491923
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2048409-4
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