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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dimethyl(methansulfinyl)sulfoniumhexafluorometallate (CH3)2SS(O)CH3+MF6- (M = As, Sb) und Kristallstruktur von Methansulfinylchlorid [1]Professor Herbert Jacobs zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 889-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dimethyl(methanesulfinyl)sulfonium-Hexafluorometallates ; Vibrational-, NMR-, Mass-Spectra ; Crystal Structure of CH3S(O)Cl ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dimethyl(methanesulfinyl)sulfonium Hexafluorometallates (CH3)2SS(O)CH3+MF6- (M = As, Sb) and the Crystal Structure of Methanesulfinylchloride CH3S(O)Cl [1]The preparation of dimethyl(methanesulfinyl)sulfoniumhexafluorometallates (CH3)2SS(O)CH3+MF6- (M = As, Sb) and the spectroscopic characterization of the new thiosulfonium salts are described. Alternatively they can be obtained from methylmethanethiosulfinate by methylation. In addition the crystal structure of methanesulfinylchloride CH3S(O)Cl at 113 K is reported. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 528.2(1), b = 829.2(2), c = 880.9(2) pm, β = 90.48(2)° and Z = 4.
    Notes: Die Darstellung von Dimethyl(methansulfinyl)sulfoniumhexafluorometallaten (CH3)2SS(O)CH3+MF6- (M = As, Sb) aus Methansulfinylchlorid CH3S(O)Cl und Dimethylsulfoniumhexafluorometallaten (CH3)2SH+MF6- sowie die spektroskopische Charakterisierung der neuen Thiosulfoniumsalze wird beschrieben. Alternativ können diese auch durch Methylierung von Methylmethanthiosulfinat CH3SS(O)CH3 erhalten werden. Die Ergebnisse einer Einkristallröntgenstruktur-analyse von CH3S(O)Cl bei 113 K werden mitgeteilt. Das Sulfinylchlorid kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/n mit a = 528,2(1), b = 829,2(2), c = 880,9(2) pm, β = 90,48(2)°, Z = 4.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220524
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Darstellung von Di(i-propyl)thiosulfonium-Salzen (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 557-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Thiosulfonium salts ; preparation ; vibrational, NMR spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Preparation of Di(i-propyl)thiosulfonium Salts [1]The preparation of the mercaptosulfonium salts (i-C3H7)2SSX+SbCl6- (X = H, D) and of the chlorothiosulfonium salts (i-C3H7)2SSCl+MF6- (M = As, Sb) and (i-C3H7)2SSSCl+SbCl6- is reported. They are formed by reaction of chlorinated or protonated (i-C3H7)2S with excess H2S or SCl2 and S2Cl2. The thiosulfonium compounds are characterized by vibrational and NMR spectroscopic methods.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung der Mercaptosulfoniumsalze (i-C3H7)2SSX+SbCl6- (X = H, D) und der Chlorthiosulfoniumsalze (i-C3H7)2SSCl+MF6- (M = As, Sb) und (i-C3H7)2SSSCl+SbCl6- berichtet. Sie werden aus chloriertem oder protoniertem (i-C3H7)2S durch Kondensationsraktionen mit überschüssigem H2S oder SCl2 und S2Cl2 gebildet. Die Charakterisierung der Thiosulfoniumverbindungen erfolgt schwingungs- und NMR-spektroskopisch.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220328
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    The chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0 (2018)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development, 11 . pp. 1695-1723.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The chemistry–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ contains a detailed representation of tropospheric and stratospheric reactive chemistry and state-of-the-art parameterizations of aerosols using either a modal scheme (M7) or a bin scheme (SALSA). This article describes and evaluates the model version ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0 with a focus on the tropospheric gas-phase chemistry. A 10-year model simulation was performed to test the stability of the model and provide data for its evaluation. The comparison to observations concentrates on the year 2008 and includes total column observations of ozone and CO from IASI and OMI, Aura MLS observations of temperature, HNO3, ClO, and O3 for the evaluation of polar stratospheric processes, an ozonesonde climatology, surface ozone observations from the TOAR database, and surface CO data from the Global Atmosphere Watch network. Global budgets of ozone, OH, NOx, aerosols, clouds, and radiation are analyzed and compared to the literature. ECHAM-HAMMOZ performs well in many aspects. However, in the base simulation, lightning NOx emissions are very low, and the impact of the heterogeneous reaction of HNO3 on dust and sea salt aerosol is too strong. Sensitivity simulations with increased lightning NOx or modified heterogeneous chemistry deteriorate the comparison with observations and yield excessively large ozone budget terms and too much OH. We hypothesize that this is an impact of potential issues with tropical convection in the ECHAM model.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: archive
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1421-2018
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Anthropogenic aerosol forcing – insights from multiple estimates from aerosol-climate models with reduced complexity (2019)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-03
    Description: This study assesses the change in anthropogenic aerosol forcing from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s. Both decades had similar global-mean anthropogenic aerosol optical depths but substantially different global distributions. For both years, we quantify (i) the forcing spread due to model-internal variability and (ii) the forcing spread among models. Our assessment is based on new ensembles of atmosphere-only simulations with five state-of-the-art Earth system models. Four of these models will be used in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6; Eyring et al., 2016). Here, the complexity of the anthropogenic aerosol has been reduced in the participating models. In all our simulations, we prescribe the same patterns of the anthropogenic aerosol optical properties and associated effects on the cloud droplet number concentration. We calculate the instantaneous radiative forcing (RF) and the effective radiative forcing (ERF). Their difference defines the net contribution from rapid adjustments. Our simulations show a model spread in ERF from −0.4 to −0.9 W m−2. The standard deviation in annual ERF is 0.3 W m−2, based on 180 individual estimates from each participating model. This result implies that identifying the model spread in ERF due to systematic differences requires averaging over a sufficiently large number of years. Moreover, we find almost identical ERFs for the mid-1970s and mid-2000s for individual models, although there are major model differences in natural aerosols and clouds. The model-ensemble mean ERF is −0.54 W m−2 for the pre-industrial era to the mid-1970s and −0.59 W m−2 for the pre-industrial era to the mid-2000s. Our result suggests that comparing ERF changes between two observable periods rather than absolute magnitudes relative to a poorly constrained pre-industrial state might provide a better test for a model's ability to represent transient climate changes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds (2022)
    EGU
    In:  EPIC3Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, EGU, 22(23), pp. 15579-15601, ISSN: 1680-7316
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-26
    Description: The Arctic is very susceptible to climate change and thus is warming much faster than the rest of the world. Clouds influence terrestrial and solar radiative fluxes and thereby impact the amplified Arctic warming. The partitioning of thermodynamic phases (i.e., ice crystals and water droplets) within mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) especially influences their radiative properties. However, the processes responsible for ice crystal forma- tion remain only partially characterized. In particular, so-called secondary ice production (SIP) processes, which create supplementary ice crystals from primary ice crystals and the environmental conditions that they occur in, are poorly understood. The microphysical properties of Arctic MPCs were measured during the Ny-Ålesund AeroSol Cloud ExperimENT (NASCENT) campaign to obtain a better understanding of the atmospheric con- ditions favorable for the occurrence of SIP processes. To this aim, the in situ cloud microphysical properties retrieved by a holographic cloud imager mounted on a tethered balloon system were complemented by ground- based remote sensing and ice-nucleating particle measurements. During the 6 d investigated in this study, SIP occurred during about 40 % of the in-cloud measurements, and high SIP events with number concentrations larger than 10 L−1 of small pristine ice crystals occurred in 4 % of the in-cloud measurements. This demonstrates the role of SIP for Arctic MPCs. The highest concentrations of small pristine ice crystals were produced at temperatures between −5 and −3 ◦C and were related to the occurrence of supercooled large droplets freezing upon collision with ice crystals. This suggests that a large fraction of ice crystals in Arctic MPCs are produced via the droplet-shattering mechanism. From evaluating the ice crystal images, we could identify ice–ice collision as a second SIP mechanism that dominated when fragile ice crystals were observed. Moreover, SIP occurred over a large temperature range and was observed in up to 80 % of the measurements down to −24 ◦C due to the occurrence of ice–ice collisions. This emphasizes the importance of SIP at temperatures below −8 ◦C, which are currently not accounted for in most numerical weather models. Although ice-nucleating particles may be necessary for the initial freezing of water droplets, the ice crystal number concentration is frequently determined by secondary production mechanisms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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