Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- A History of Gas Hydrate Research -- 1 Gas Hydrate Research: From the Laboratory to the Pipeline -- Abstract -- 1.1 General Aspects -- 1.2 Experimental Hydrate Research -- 1.2.1 Multiscale Approach -- 1.2.2 Overview of Experimental Techniques -- 1.2.2.1 Small (Laboratory) Scale -- 1.2.2.2 Pilot Scale -- 1.3 Final Considerations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Shallow Gas Hydrates Near 64° N, Off Mid-Norway: Concerns Regarding Drilling and Production Technologies -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Nyegga Gas Hydrate Location -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 The BSR -- 2.2.2.1 BSR-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.2.3 Complex Pockmarks -- 2.2.4 Hydrate Pingoes -- 2.2.4.1 A Qualitative Model for Hydrate Pingo Formation -- 2.2.5 Carbonate Rubble -- 2.2.6 Pockmark-, Carbonate Rubble-, and Pingo-Related Engineering Concerns -- 2.2.7 Unique Fauna -- 2.2.8 Fauna-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.2.9 Gas Chimneys -- 2.2.10 Gas-Chimney Related Drilling, Production, and Engineering Concerns -- 2.3 Husmus Geological Setting -- 2.3.1 General -- 2.3.2 The Shallow BSR at Husmus -- 2.3.3 Husmus-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.4 Ormen Lange Gas Seeping Event -- 2.4.1 Gas Seepage-Related Drilling and Engineering Concerns -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Finding and Using the World's Gas Hydrates -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction-The Location of Gas Hydrates Beneath the Seabed -- 3.2 History of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Global Assessments of Distribution -- 3.3 The Importance of Natural Gas Hydrates -- 3.3.1 The Role of Gas Hydrates in Climate Change -- 3.3.2 Hydrates as a Control on Benthic Ecosystems -- 3.3.3 The Role of Gas Hydrates in Slope Stability -- 3.3.4 Hydrates as a Future Energy Source. , 3.3.5 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Gas Hydrate Reservoirs -- 3.4 Evidence of Submarine Gas Hydrates -- 3.4.1 Geophysical Evidence -- 3.4.2 Quantifying Hydrates Through Chemical Measurements of Cores -- 3.4.3 Borehole Logging -- 3.5 Gas Hydrates in the Solar System: Applying Lessons from Earth -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- Gas Hydrate Fundamentals -- 4 Seismic Rock Physics of Gas-Hydrate Bearing Sediments -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dry-Rock Moduli -- 4.2.1 Elastic Moduli from Theoretical Models -- 4.2.2 Dry-Rock Elastic Moduli from Calibration -- 4.3 Effective-Fluid Model for Partial Saturation -- 4.4 Permeability -- 4.5 Attenuation -- 4.6 Seismic Velocities -- 4.7 Estimation of the Seismic Velocities and Attenuation -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Estimation of Gas Hydrates in the Pore Space of Sediments Using Inversion Methods -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods, Physical Properties and Microstructures Used for Hydrate Quantification -- 5.3 Strategy for Gas Hydrate Exploration and Quantification -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Electromagnetic Applications in Methane Hydrate Reservoirs -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electrical Properties of Gas Hydrates -- 6.2.1 Saturation Estimates -- 6.3 Marine CSEM Principle -- 6.4 CSEM Data Interpretation -- 6.5 CSEM Instrumentation and Exploration History -- 6.5.1 Seafloor-Towed Systems -- 6.5.2 Deep-Towed Systems -- 6.5.3 Other Systems -- 6.6 Global Case Studies -- 6.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Gas Hydrate Drilling for Research and Natural Resources -- 7 Hydrate Ridge-A Gas Hydrate System in a Subduction Zone Setting -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tectonic Setting -- 7.3 Stratigraphy and Structure -- 7.4 The Bottom Simulating Reflection Across Hydrate Ridge -- 7.5 Hydrate Occurrence and Distribution Within Hydrate Ridge. , 7.5.1 Hydrate Concentrations from Drilling -- 7.5.2 Inferred Hydrates and Free Gas Regionally Across Hydrate Ridge -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Northern Cascadia Margin Gas Hydrates-Regional Geophysical Surveying, IODP Drilling Leg 311 and Cabled Observatory Monitoring -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Regional Occurrences of Gas Hydrate Inferred from Remote Sensing Data -- 8.3 The Gas Hydrate Petroleum System for the Northern Cascadia Margin -- 8.4 Gas Hydrate Saturation Estimates -- 8.5 Gas Vents, Focused Fluid Flow and Shallow Gas Hydrates -- 8.6 Long-Term Observations -- 8.6.1 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor -- 8.6.2 Controlled-Source EM and Seafloor Compliance -- 8.6.3 Borehole In Situ Monitoring -- 8.7 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Accretionary Wedge Tectonics and Gas Hydrate Distribution in the Cascadia Forearc -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Bottom Simulating Reflections Below the Blake Ridge, Western North Atlantic Margin -- Abstract -- 10.1 Geologic Setting -- 10.2 A Brief History of Blake Ridge Gas Hydrate Research -- 10.3 Blake Ridge BSR Distribution, Character and Dynamics -- 10.3.1 A Dynamic BSR on the Eastern Flank of Blake Ridge -- 10.3.2 Gas Chimneys Extending from BSRs -- 10.3.3 The Role of Sediment Waves in Gas Migration from the BSR -- 10.3.4 The Blake Ridge Diapir -- 10.4 Unanswered Questions and Future Research -- References -- 11 A Review of the Exploration, Discovery and Characterization of Highly Concentrated Gas Hydrate Accumulations in Coarse-Grained Reservoir Systems Along the Eastern Continental Margin of India -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 India National Gas Hydrate Program-Scientific Drilling Expeditions -- 11.3 Representative Gas Hydrate Systems-Krishna-Godavari Basin. , 11.3.1 Krishna-Godavari Basin Geologic Setting -- 11.3.2 NGHP-02 Area C Gas Hydrate System -- 11.3.3 NGHP-02 Area B Gas Hydrate System -- 11.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expeditions, Korea: Lithologic Characteristics of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Geological Setting of the Ulleung Basin -- 12.3 Overview of the First and Second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expeditions (UBGH1 and 2) -- 12.4 Lithologic Characteristics of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments in the Ulleung Basin -- 12.5 Summary -- References -- 13 Bottom Simulating Reflections in the South China Sea -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geological Setting and Gas Hydrate Drilling Expeditions -- 13.3 The Characteristics of BSRs Within Various Sediment Environments -- 13.3.1 BSR and Cold Seeps in Taixinan Basin -- 13.3.2 BSRs in the Pearl River Mouth Basin -- 13.3.3 BSRs in the Qiongdongnan Basin -- 13.4 Well Log Anomalies of Different Types of Gas Hydrate -- 13.5 BSR Dynamics and Response to Fluid Migration -- 13.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Gas Hydrate and Fluid-Related Seismic Indicators Across the Passive and Active Margins off SW Taiwan -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geological Setting -- 14.3 Seismic Observations -- 14.3.1 Gas Accumulation -- 14.3.2 Fluid Migration -- 14.3.3 Presence of Gas Hydrate -- 14.4 Distribution of the Seismic Indicators and Implications for Understanding the Hydrate System -- 14.5 Summary -- References -- 15 Gas Hydrate Drilling in the Nankai Trough, Japan -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Discovery of Gas Hydrates and Early Expeditions in the Nankai Trough Area -- 15.3 MITI Exploratory Test Well: Nankai Trough (1999-2000) -- 15.4 METI Multi-well Exploratory Drilling Campaign and Resource Assessments. , 15.4.1 Drilling Operations and Achievements -- 15.4.2 Discovery of the Methane Hydrate Concentration Zone and Resource Assessments -- 15.5 Tests for Gas Production Undertaken in 2013 and 2017 -- 15.5.1 Gas Production Techniques and Site Selection -- 15.5.2 Drilled Boreholes and Data/Sample Acquisitions -- 15.5.3 Production Test Results and Findings -- 15.6 Other Gas Hydrate Occurrences and Resource Evaluation Results -- 15.7 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Alaska North Slope Terrestrial Gas Hydrate Systems: Insights from Scientific Drilling -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Alaska North Slope Gas Hydrate Accumulations -- 16.3 Alaska North Slope Gas Hydrate Research Drilling Programs -- 16.3.1 Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well -- 16.3.2 Iġnik Sikumi Gas Hydrate Production Test Well -- 16.3.3 Hydrate-01 Stratigraphic Test Well -- 16.4 Alaska North Slope Gas Hydrate Energy Assessments -- 16.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Arctic -- 17 Gas Hydrates on Alaskan Marine Margins -- Abstract -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Southeastern Alaskan Margin -- 17.3 Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.1 Eastern Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.2 Central Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.3 Western Aleutian Arc -- 17.3.4 Bering Sea -- 17.4 US Beaufort Sea -- 17.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Gas Hydrate Related Bottom-Simulating Reflections Along the West-Svalbard Margin, Fram Strait -- Abstract -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Geological and Oceanographic Settings -- 18.2.1 Regional Tectonic Setting -- 18.2.2 Sedimentary Setting -- 18.2.3 Oceanographic Setting -- 18.3 BSR Distribution and Characteristics Within Various Sediment Types -- 18.3.1 Regional Extent of the BSRs -- 18.4 Evidence for Gas Migration from Deep and Shallow Sources -- 18.4.1 The Gas Sources -- 18.4.2 Vertical Fluid Migration Features -- 18.5 Inferred Gas Hydrate Distribution. , 18.6 BSR Dynamics and Response to Natural Changes in the Environment.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Physical Properties of Sediments -- Chapter 1: Weak Layers: Their Definition and Classification from a Geotechnical Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Weak Layer Definition -- 1.3 Weak Layer Observations -- 1.4 Classification System from a Geotechnical Approach -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Field Measurements to Investigate Submerged Slope Failures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Interpretation Methods of Field Measurements -- 2.2.1 Relative Density -- 2.2.2 State Parameter -- 2.3 Application on Test Locations -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Elemental Distribution and Microfabric Characterization Across a Buried Slump Scar: New Insights on the Long-Term Development and Reactivation of Scar Surfaces from a Microscopic Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological Setting -- 3.3 Investigation of Remineralization at the Unconformity -- 3.3.1 X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) -- 3.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) -- 3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) -- 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Evidence for Mass Transport Deposits at the IODP JFAST-Site in the Japan Trench -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Background and Geological Setting -- 4.3 Material and Methods -- 4.3.1 Bathymetric Mapping -- 4.3.2 Sediment Core -- 4.3.2.1 Physical Properties -- 4.3.2.2 Pore-Water Analyses -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Evidencing Mass Transport Deposits at the JFAST-Site -- 4.5.2 Estimating the Age of the MTD Formation -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Preliminary Investigations of Rheological Properties of Busan Clays and Possible Implications for DebrisFlow Modelling -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.3 Results. , 5.3.1 Rheological Behaviour of the Busan Clays -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Utilizing Cone Penetration Tests for Landslide Evaluation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Site Characterization -- 6.3 Methods -- 6.3.1 In-Situ CPT Measurements -- 6.3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Static CPT -- 6.4.2 Vibratory CPT -- 6.4.3 Dissipation Test -- 6.4.4 Liquefaction Analysis with CLiq Software -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Geomechanical Characterization of Submarine Volcano-Flank Sediments, Martinique, Lesser Antilles Arc -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geomechanical Characterization -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Summary of Hole Stratigraphy -- 7.3.2 Consolidation State -- 7.3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Part II Gas Hydrates and Role of Interstitial Fluids in Submarine Slope Failure -- Chapter 8: Interrelationship Between Sediment Fabric, Pore Volume Variations as Indicator for Pore Pressure Changes, and Sediment Shear Strength -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Method -- 8.3 Results -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.4.1 Interplay: Sediment Strength and Pore Volume Changes -- 8.4.1.1 Effect of Grain Shape Complexity -- 8.4.2 Local Pore Volume Changes -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Slope Instability of Glaciated Continental Margins: Constraints from Permeability-Compressibility Tests and Hydrogeological Modeling Off Storfjorden, NW Barents Sea -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Methods -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Baiyun Slide and Its Relation to Fluid Migration in the Northern Slope of Southern China Sea -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geological Setting -- 10.3 Data and Methods -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Morphology and Distribution of Baiyun Slide. , 10.4.2 Seismic Indications of Gas and Fluid Migration -- 10.4.2.1 Active Faults Related to Gas and Fluid Migration -- 10.4.2.2 Gas Chimneys -- 10.5 Discussion -- 10.5.1 Relationship Between Fluid Migration and Slope Stability -- 10.5.2 Possible Trigger Mechanisms -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Post-failure Processes on the Continental Slope of the Central Nile Deep-Sea Fan: Interactions Between Fluid Seepage, Sediment Deformation and Sediment-Wave Construction -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Architecture and Age of MTDs and Slope Deposits -- 11.3.2 Seabed Sediment Undulations -- 11.3.3 Sediment Pathways -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 End-Members: Sediment Waves Versus Deformation Structures -- 11.4.2 Post-failure Slope Evolution -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Fluid Seepage in Relation to Seabed Deformation on the Central Nile Deep-Sea Fan, Part 1: Evidence from Sidescan Sonar Data -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Erosional Furrows -- 12.3.2 Sediment Cracks -- 12.3.3 Carbonate Pavements -- 12.3.4 Hydroacoustic Flares -- 12.4 Discussion -- 12.4.1 Mid-slope Domain: Focused Fluid Flow Through MTDs -- 12.4.2 Western Undulations: Fluid Flow Along Faults Rooted in MTDs -- 12.4.3 Eastern Undulations: Exhumation of Fossil Carbonates -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Fluid Seepage in Relation to Seabed Deformation on the Central Nile Deep-Sea Fan, Part 2: Evidence from Multibeam and Sidescan Imagery -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methods -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Faults and Fluid Indicators on Sub-bottom Profiles -- 13.3.2 Seabed Backscatter Anomalies at Differing Frequencies -- 13.3.3 Water Column Gas Flares -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Growth and Burial of Carbonate Pavements -- 13.4.2 Fluid Migration Along Fault Planes -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References. , Part III Slope Stability and Risk Assessment -- Chapter 14: Advances in Offshore Seismic Slope Stability: A Case History -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geomorphological and Geotechnical Data -- 14.2.1 Site Investigations -- 14.2.2 Geomorphological Setting -- 14.2.3 Geotechnical and Geophysical Data Integration -- 14.2.4 Soil Sampling -- 14.2.5 Advanced Laboratory Testing -- 14.3 Stability Analyses -- 14.3.1 Conventional Approach -- 14.3.2 Dynamic Approach -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Size-Frequency Relationship of Submarine Landslides at Convergent Plate Margins: Implications for Hazard and Risk Assessment -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Tectonic Setting of the MA and CC Convergent Margins -- 15.3 MA and CC Slumps and Slides: Observations and Data -- 15.4 Size-Frequency Relationships -- 15.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: A Numerical Investigation of Sediment Destructuring as a Potential Globally Widespread Trigger for Large Submarine Landslides on Low Gradients -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Destructuring of Cemented Hemipelagic Clay as a Source of Overpressure -- 16.1.2 Aims and Approach -- 16.2 Methodology -- 16.2.1 Material Model -- 16.2.2 Model Description -- 16.2.3 Assumptions and Limitations -- 16.3 Results -- 16.4 Discussion -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: How Stable Is the Nice Slope? - An Analysis Based on Strength and Cohesion from Ring Shear Experiments -- 17.1 Introduction and Geological Setting -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Coring and Sedimentological Analysis -- 17.2.2 Shear Experiments with the Ring Shear Apparatus -- 17.2.3 Stability Assessment of the Nice Slope Sediments -- 17.3 Results -- 17.3.1 Sedimentological Analysis and Physical Properties -- 17.3.2 Frictional Behavior of the Nice Slope Sediments -- 17.3.3 Stability Assessment of the Nice Slope Sediments -- 17.4 Discussion. , References -- Chapter 18: Regional Slope Stability Assessment Along the Caucasian Shelf of the Black Sea -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Geological Engineering Conditions Along the Caucasian Shelf of the Black Sea -- 18.3 Methods -- 18.4 Regional Submarine Slope Stability Assessment Based on 1D Modelling -- 18.5 Local Submarine Slope Stability Assessment Based on 1D Modelling -- 18.5.1 Dzhubga -- 18.5.2 Novomikhailovsky -- 18.5.3 Tuapse -- 18.5.4 Ashe -- 18.5.5 Shahe -- 18.5.6 Dagomis -- 18.5.7 Kudepsta -- 18.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: A Semi-empirical Method to Assess Flow-Slide Probability -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Failure Mechanisms -- 19.2.1 Static Liquefaction -- 19.2.2 Breach Flow-Slide -- 19.3 Physical-Based Models -- 19.3.1 Static Liquefaction -- 19.3.2 Breach Flow-Slide -- 19.3.3 Applicability of Physical-Based Models -- 19.4 Empirical Method -- 19.4.1 Basic Information and Mean Flow-Slide Frequency -- 19.4.2 General Applicability to Other Regions in the Netherlands -- 19.4.3 Influence of Local Soil Characteristics and Slope Geometry -- 19.5 Semi-empirical Method -- 19.5.1 Determination of P(ZVliquefaction) -- 19.5.2 Determination of P(ZVbreachflow) -- 19.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 20: Submarine Slope Stability Assessment of the Central Mediterranean Continental Margin: The Gela Basin -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Geological Setting -- 20.3 Material and Methods -- 20.3.1 Shipboard and Laboratory Analysis -- 20.3.2 Overpressure Estimation -- 20.3.3 Slope Stability Analysis -- 20.4 Results -- 20.4.1 Physical and Geotechnical Properties -- 20.4.2 Slope Stability Analysis -- 20.5 Discussion -- 20.5.1 Preconditioning Factors -- 20.5.2 Triggering Factors -- 20.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Monitoring, Observation and Repeated Surveys of Active Slope Failure Processes. , Chapter 21: The 1930 Landslide in Orkdalsfjorden: Morphology and Failure Mechanism.