Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why Statistical Downscaling? -- 1.2 Climate Models -- 1.3 Statistical Downscaling -- 1.4 Selection of Model Scheme -- 1.5 Structure of Chapters -- 1.6 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Statistical Background -- 2.1 Probability and Statistics -- 2.1.1 Probabilistic Theory -- 2.1.1.1 Probability Density Function and Cumulative Distribution Function -- 2.1.1.2 Descriptors of Random Variables -- 2.1.2 Discrete Probability Distributions -- 2.1.2.1 Bernoulli Distribution -- 2.1.2.2 Binomial Distribution -- 2.1.3 Continuous Probability Distributions -- 2.1.3.1 Normal Distribution and Lognormal Distributions -- 2.1.3.2 Exponential and Gamma Distributions -- 2.1.3.3 Generalized Extreme Value and Gumbel Distribution -- 2.1.4 Parameter Estimation for Probability Distributions -- 2.1.4.1 Method of Moments -- 2.1.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 2.1.5 Histogram and Empirical Distribution -- 2.2 Multivariate Random Variables -- 2.2.1 Multivariate Normal Distribution and Its Conditional Distribution -- 2.2.2 Covariance and Correlation -- 2.3 Random Simulation -- 2.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation and Uniform Random Number -- 2.3.2 Simulation of Probability Distributions -- 2.4 Metaheuristic Algorithm -- 2.4.1 Harmony Search -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Data and Format Description -- 3.1 GCM Data -- 3.2 Reanalysis Data -- 3.3 RCM Data -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Bias Correction -- 4.1 Why Bias Correction? -- 4.2 Occurrence Adjustment for Precipitation Data -- 4.3 Empirical Adjustment (Delta Method) -- 4.4 Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.1 General Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.2 Nonparametric Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.3 Quantile Delta Mapping -- 4.5 Summary and Comparison. , Chapter 5 Regression Downscalings -- 5.1 Linear Regression Based Downscaling -- 5.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 5.1.1.1 Significance Test -- 5.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 5.2 Predictor Selection -- 5.2.1 Stepwise Regression -- 5.2.2 Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator -- 5.3 Nonlinear Regression Modeling -- 5.3.1 Artificial Neural Network -- 5.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Weather Generator Downscaling -- 6.1 Mathematical Background -- 6.1.1 Autoregressive Models -- 6.1.2 Multivariate Autoregressive Model -- 6.1.3 Markov Chain -- 6.2 Weather Generator -- 6.2.1 Model Fitting -- 6.2.1.1 Precipitation -- 6.2.1.2 Weather Variables (T[sub(max)], T[sub(min)], SR) -- 6.2.2 Simulation of Weather Variables -- 6.2.2.1 Precipitation -- 6.2.2.2 Weather Variables (T[sub(max)], T[sub(min)], SR) -- 6.2.3 Implementation of Downscaling -- 6.3 Nonparametric Weather Generator -- 6.3.1 Simulation under Current Climate -- 6.3.2 Simulation under Future Climate Scenarios -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Weather-Type Downscaling -- 7.1 Classification of Weather Types -- 7.1.1 Empirical Weather Type -- 7.1.2 Objective Weather Type -- 7.2 Generation of Daily Rainfall Sequences -- 7.3 Future Climate with Weather-Type Downscaling -- 7.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Temporal Downscaling -- 8.1 Background -- 8.1.1 K-Nearest Neighbor Resampling -- 8.2 Daily to Hourly Downscaling -- 8.3 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Spatial Downscaling -- 9.1 Mathematical Background -- 9.1.1 Bilinear Interpolation -- 9.1.2 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation -- 9.2 Bias Correction and Spatial Downscaling -- 9.3 Bias Correction and Constructed Analogues -- 9.4 Bias Correction and Stochastic Analogue -- 9.5 Summary and Comparison -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Application of Plastics in Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.1 Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.2 Field Handling of Crops -- 1.3 Removal of Field Heat -- 1.4 Field Curing of Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops -- 1.5 Grading and Sorting -- 1.6 Conveying -- 1.7 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops -- 1.7.1 Classification of Packaging Systems -- 1.7.2 Plastic Bags -- 1.7.3 Shrink Wrap -- 1.7.4 Rigid Plastic Packages -- 1.7.5 Biodegradable Films -- 1.7.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging -- 1.8 Storage -- 1.9 Transportation of Crops -- 1.10 Drying of Crops -- 1.10.1 Open Sun Drying -- 1.10.2 Polyhouse Drying -- 1.10.3 Refractive Window Drying -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potassium-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Potassium in Soil -- 2.2.1 Potassium Fixation in Soil -- 2.3 K-Solubilizing Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of Potassium Solubilization -- 2.5 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer -- 2.6 Effect of KSMs on Plant Growth and Yield -- 2.7 Future Prospects -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Weed Control for Conservation Agriculture in Climate Change Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prospects of CA -- 3.3 Weed Management -- 3.3.1 Preventive Measures -- 3.3.2 Cultural Practices -- 3.3.3 Crop Residues -- 3.3.4 Intercropping -- 3.3.5 Crop Diversification -- 3.3.6 Chemical Weed Management -- 3.4 Limitations in Adoption of CA Systems -- 3.5 Climate Change and Weed Management -- 3.5.1 Challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation with Organic Mulching under Mid Hills of Meghalaya, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Seed Emergence. , 4.3.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.3.3 Tensiometer Observations -- 4.3.4 Crop Yield Parameters -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 High-Altitude Protected Vegetable Cultivation - A Way for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and Farming -- 5.3 High Altitudes and Protected Cultivation -- 5.3.1 Problems -- 5.3.2 Objectives -- 5.3.3 Protected Structures -- 5.4 Points to Be Considered for Cool Climate -- 5.5 Greenhouse Designing -- 5.5.1 Types of Plastic Coverings -- 5.6 Environmental Considerations in Greenhouse Cultivation -- 5.6.1 Temperature -- 5.6.2 Light -- 5.6.3 Relative Humidity -- 5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7 Planning of Protected Structures -- 5.7.1 Site Selection and Preparation -- 5.7.2 Orientation -- 5.7.3 Roads -- 5.7.4 Access to Utilities - Water -- 5.7.5 Light -- 5.7.6 Wind -- 5.8 Climate Regulation, Equipment, and Management -- 5.8.1 Temperature -- 5.8.2 Drainage of Rain Water -- 5.8.3 Lighting -- 5.8.4 Water and Nutrients -- 5.8.5 Pollination -- 5.9 Instruments Required for Polyhouse -- 5.9.1 Covering Material -- 5.9.2 Design of Load -- 5.9.3 Potential Crops -- 5.9.4 Limitations in Protected Cultivation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Applications of Remote Sensing in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.2.1 Cropping System Analysis -- 6.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone-Based Land Use Planning -- 6.3 Soil Erosion Inventory -- 6.4 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Land Productivity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 7 Flash Floods Cause and Remedial Measures for Their Control in Hilly Regions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of Flood -- 7.3 Flood Problems in India -- 7.3.1 Brahmaputra River Basin -- 7.3.2 Ganga River Basin -- 7.3.3 North-West River Basins. , 7.3.4 Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin -- 7.4 Flash Flood -- 7.4.1 Climate Change and Extreme Rain Events -- 7.4.2 Cloudbursts -- 7.4.3 Glacial Lakes -- 7.4.4 Landslide Lake Outburst Floods -- 7.5 Flood Management and Control in India -- 7.5.1 Non-Structural Measures -- 7.5.1.1 Flood Forecasting -- 7.5.1.2 Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.5.1.3 Decision Support System for Real-Time Flood Warning and Management -- 7.6 Who is Responsible? -- 7.7 Future Needs in Flood Management -- 7.7.1 Focused Approach -- 7.7.2 Legislation for Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.7.3 Inadequacy of Flood Cushion in Reservoirs -- 7.7.4 Flood Insurance -- 7.7.5 Flood Data Center -- 7.7.6 Research and Development -- 7.7.7 Community Participation -- 7.7.8 International Cooperation -- 7.7.9 Modernization of Flood Forecasting Services -- 7.8 Containing the Damage in the Hilly Basins -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Role of Crop Modeling in Mitigating Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Models -- 8.3 Climate Change and Crop Modeling -- 8.3.1 Climate Change -- 8.3.1.1 The Causes of Climate Change -- 8.3.1.2 Greenhouse Effect -- 8.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 8.4 Role of Crop Modeling in Agriculture on Climate Change -- 8.4.1 Applications and Uses of Crop Growth Models in Agriculture -- 8.4.1.1 On-Farm Decision-Making and Agronomic Management -- 8.4.2 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.4.3 Future Issues Related to Weather on Crop Modeling -- 8.4.4 Minimum Dataset Required for Crop Weather Relations and Crop Simulation Models-Rice -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Forestry and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Forests -- 9.2.1 Productive Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.2 Protective and Ameliorative Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.3 Recreation and Educational Functions of the Forests. , 9.2.4 Forests' Developmental Functions -- 9.3 Weather and Climate? -- 9.3.1 Climate Change -- 9.3.2 Evidences of Climate Change -- 9.4 Effects of Climate Change -- 9.5 Climate Change in Jammu and Kashmir -- 9.6 Climate Change and Forests -- 9.6.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Phenology -- 9.6.2 Impacts on Indian Forest Vegetation Types -- 9.7 Management Options -- 9.8 Agroforestry as an Alternate Land Use System -- 9.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry -- 9.9.1 Case Studies -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Agroforestry Role in Sustainable Management of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rehabilitation of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.2.1 Catchment Area -- 10.2.1.1 Upper Catchment -- 10.2.1.2 Second Tier/Intermediate Slopes -- 10.2.2 Command Area -- 10.2.3 Submergence Area -- References -- Chapter 11 Infiltration Studies of Major Soils under Selected Land Use Practices in Ranikhola Watershed of Sikkim, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area: Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.2.2 Study Area: Soil Types of Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Delineation of Watershed -- 11.3.2 Measurement of Infiltration -- 11.3.3 Infiltration Models -- 11.3.3.1 Horton's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.2 Philip's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.3 Kostiokov Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.4 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Comparison of Observed and Calculated Infiltration Rates or Accumulated Infiltration -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Toward Conservation Agriculture for Improving Soil Biodiversity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How Conservation Tillage and Residue Management Can Help in Improving Soil Properties and Ultimately Soil Quality -- 12.3 Impact of Conservation Tillage (CT) on Soil Biological Properties. , 12.4 The Economic Value of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.1 The Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.2 Microorganisms -- 12.4.3 Mesofauna -- 12.4.4 Macrofauna -- 12.4.5 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Biodiversity -- 12.5 Soil Biodiversity under Conventional and No Tillage Systems -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Point-Injection Nitrogen Application under Rice Residue Wheat for Resource Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Field Experimental Design -- 13.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Mulch Decomposition -- 13.3.1.1 Reduction in Straw Mulch Concentration -- 13.3.2 Rate of Decay of Standing Stubble -- 13.3.3 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Uptake -- 13.3.3.1 Plant N Concentration -- 13.3.4 Total Plant N Uptake -- 13.3.5 Nitrogen Accumulation in Straw Mulch -- 13.3.6 Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 The Importance of Water in Relation to Plant Growth -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Role of Water in Plant Growth -- 14.3 Effect of Moisture Stress on Crop Growth -- 14.4 Management of Water Stress -- 14.5 Soil Moisture Availability and Unavailability -- 14.6 Water Budgeting -- 14.7 Rooting Characteristics -- 14.8 Moisture Extraction Pattern -- 14.8.1 Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.2 Advantages of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.3 Limitations of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Various Phenological Stages of Temperate Fruits -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Drought -- 15.1.2 The Concept of Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.4 Partial Root-Zone Drying -- 15.1.5 Water Stress - Why and How? -- 15.1.6 Effects of Water Stress on Plants. , 15.1.6.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Spatial Distribution of a Daily, Monthly and Annual Precipitation Concentration Index -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 CI -- 1.2.2 PCI -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Results of Lake Urmia Basin PCI -- 1.3.2 A Study on CI of Precipitation Distribution in Lake Urmia -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Use of Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance to Assess the Effects of Soil Management on Soil Quality in Tropical Hill Slope Agro Eco-Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Site -- 2.3 Equipments and Procedures -- 2.3.1 HA Extraction and Fractionation Procedure -- 2.3.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis for DRIFT -- 2.3.3 Spectra Data Acquisition and Analysis -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 DRIFT Spectroscopy and Comparison of Peak Ratio (O/R Ratio) of HAs across Locations -- 2.4.1.1 Location 1 -- 2.4.1.2 Location 2 -- 2.4.1.3 Location 3 -- 2.4.1.4 Location 4 -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Climate Change and Production of Horticultural Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Causes of Climate Change -- 3.2.1 Challenges Due to Climate Change in Horticulture Production -- 3.3 Mitigation Strategies for Enhancing Horticultural Production -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Climate Change on Disease Scenario in Crops and Management Strategies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of Increased CO[sub(2)] Concentrations on Pathogens -- 4.3 Effect of Increase in Temperature on Pathogens -- 4.4 Effect of Changed Moisture Regime on the Disease Scenario -- 4.5 Effect of Climate Change on Plant Diseases -- 4.6 Changing Disease Scenario in Fruits and Vegetables -- 4.7 Initiatives to Mitigate the Effect of Climate Change on Crops -- 4.8 Need for Adoption of Novel Approaches. , References -- Chapter 5 Solar Thermal Modeling of Microclimatic Parameters of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1 Introduction to Modeling of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1.1 The Purpose of Modeling of Greenhouse Environment -- 5.1.2 The Components of Greenhouse Can Be Considered as -- 5.2 Steps of Greenhouse Modeling -- 5.2.1 Thermal Modeling -- 5.2.2 Some Basic Assumptions -- 5.3 Understand the Distribution of Solar Energy inside the Greenhouse (Tiwari, 2002 -- Taki et al., 2018) -- 5.4 Examples of Application of Greenhouse Model -- 5.4.1 A Greenhouse Attached with Ground Air Collector for Heating in the Winter (Jain and Tiwari, 2002, 2003) -- 5.4.2 A Greenhouse with Evaporative Cooling Pad for Cooling in the Summer (Jain and Tiwari, 2003) -- 5.4.3 Greenhouse Attached with Tray-Type Crop Drying System (Jain, 2005) -- 5.5 An Aquaculture Greenhouse System (Jain, 2007) -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Development of Agriculture under Climate and Environmental Changes in the Brazilian Semiarid -- 6.1 Characterization of the Brazilian Northeast Semiarid Region -- 6.2 Agriculture in the Brazilian Northeastern in Front of Climate Change and Soil Usage -- 6.2.1 Diagnosis of Agriculture in the Region and its Adversities -- 6.2.2 Future Scenarios -- 6.3 Family Farming and the Use of Techniques and Practices for Agroecological Development -- 6.3.1 Applications of Agroecological Techniques - Case Study -- References -- Chapter 7 Role of PGPR in Sustainable Agriculture under Changing Scenario of Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Background of PGPR -- 7.3 Mechanisms of Action -- 7.4 Characteristics of a Successful PGPR for Formulation Development -- 7.5 PGPR Application Methods -- 7.6 Constraints to Commercialization -- 7.7 Future Thrust -- References -- Chapter 8 Status and Prospect of Precision Farming in India -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Definition of PF -- 8.3 Rationale of PF in India -- 8.4 Need of PA -- 8.5 Precision in Water Management -- 8.6 Status of PF Globally -- 8.6.1 Water Savings through PF -- 8.6.2 Yield and Profit through Adoption of PF Technologies -- 8.7 Status of PF in India -- 8.8 Micro Irrigation Studies -- 8.8.1 Fertigation Studies -- 8.8.2 Protected Cultivation Studies -- 8.8.3 Automation of Micro Irrigation -- 8.8.4 Surface Irrigation Automation -- 8.9 Evaluation of PF -- 8.10 Benefits of PF -- 8.11 Drawbacks of PF -- 8.12 Opportunities and Challenges -- 8.13 Future Thrust Area for Research - Technology Gaps and Research Needs -- 8.13.1 Micro Irrigation -- 8.14 Protected Cultivation -- 8.15 Surface Irrigation Processes for Automation -- 8.16 The Policy Approach to Promote PF at Farm Level -- 8.17 Conclusions -- 8.18 Policy for Promotion of PF in India -- 8.19 Future of PF -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Low-Cost On-Farm Indigenous and Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Indigenous Technologies of SWC/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.2.1 Earthen Field Bunds -- 9.2.2 Stone Bunds -- 9.2.3 Stone Wall Terraces (SWT) -- 9.2.4 Rough Stone Slab Bunds -- 9.2.5 Rough Stone Bunds -- 9.2.6 Vegetative Peripheral Bunds/Barriers -- 9.2.7 Smaller Cross-Sectional Earthen Bunds Covered with Flat Stones or Pieces of Stone Slabs -- 9.2.8 Temporary Sediment Detention Dams (TSDD) -- 9.2.9 Diversion Ditches -- 9.2.10 Stone Wall for Nallah Bank Protection -- 9.2.11 Dhora Pali -- 9.2.12 Kana Bandi (Mulching) -- 9.2.13 Village Pond/Talab -- 9.2.14 Talai - A Small Water Harvesting Structure -- 9.2.15 Dry Stone Masonry Pond -- 9.2.16 Ponds (Nada) -- 9.2.17 Nadi (Semi-Arid/Aravali Region) -- 9.2.18 Nadi (Arid Regions) -- 9.2.19 Tanka -- 9.2.20 Khadin -- 9.3 Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.1 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting. , 9.3.2 Subsoiling -- 9.3.3 Chauka System -- 9.3.4 Double Wall Cement Masonry Structure -- 9.3.5 Plastic-Lined Farm Pond -- 9.3.6 Subsurface Barriers -- References -- Chapter 10 Impact of Climate Change on Food Safety -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Effect on Food Crops and Animals -- 10.1.2 Effect on Fisheries -- 10.1.3 Effect on Food Handling, Processing, and Trading -- 10.1.3.1 Sources and Modes of Transmission -- 10.1.3.2 Climatic Influences (e.g., Temperature, Humidity) on the Prevalence of Some Diseases -- 10.1.3.3 Effect of Climate Change on Zoonotic Disease -- 10.1.3.4 Transmission of Bacteria -- 10.1.3.5 Transmission of Protozoas -- 10.1.3.6 Transmission of Parasites -- 10.1.3.7 Climate Change Effects on BVP -- 10.1.4 Climate Change and its Influence on Mould and Mycotoxin Contamination -- 10.1.5 Influence of Climate Change on Post-Harvest Conditions -- 10.1.5.1 Effect on Post-Harvest Quality of Fruits and Vegetables -- 10.1.5.2 Effect of Temperature on Fruits/Vegetables -- 10.1.5.3 Effect of High Ozone Formation -- 10.1.6 Impacts of HABs -- 10.1.6.1 HAB is Because of: -- 10.1.7 Environmental Contaminants and Chemical Residues in the Food Chain -- 10.1.8 Contamination of Waters -- 10.1.9 The Effect of Climate Change on the Cold-Chain -- 10.2 Addressing Food Safety Implications of Climate Change -- 10.3 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Microbial Assisted Soil Reclamation for Sustainable Agriculture in Climate Change -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Soil Respiration: An Indicator of Soil Health and Climate Change -- 11.3 Exploiting Microbial EPS for Estimating their Role in Plant Growth Management and Combating Plant Pathogens -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Temperate Fruits in Jammu & -- Kashmir under Climate Change Scenario -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Cultivation of Old Degenerated Varieties -- 12.3 Poor-Quality Planting Material -- 12.4 Low-Density Plantings -- 12.5 Lack of Pollinizers and Pollinators -- 12.6 Poor Canopy Management -- 12.7 Poor Orchard and Fertilizer Management -- 12.8 Rainfed Orcharding -- 12.9 Old and Senile Orchards -- 12.10 Insect-Pests and Diseases -- 12.11 Lack of Grading, Storage & -- Processing Facilities -- 12.12 Dependence on Unskilled Labor -- 12.13 Likely Impact of Climate Change -- 12.14 Strategies for Optimizing Temperate Fruit Production under Changing Climate Scenario -- References -- Chapter 13 Impact of Climate Change on Quality Seed Production of Important Temperate Vegetable Crops -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principle of Greenhouse -- 13.2.1 Popularization of Off-Season Vegetable Production -- 13.2.2 Post-Harvest Management -- 13.2.3 Organic Farming -- 13.2.4 Micro-Irrigation -- 13.2.5 Biotechnology -- 13.3 Benefits of Greenhouse -- 13.3.1 Vegetable Forcing for Domestic Consumption and Export -- 13.3.2 Raising Off-Season Nurseries -- 13.3.3 Protective Structures for Seedling Production -- 13.3.4 Hot Beds -- 13.3.5 Cloches/Low Tunnels -- 13.3.6 Thatches -- 13.3.7 Seed Panes/Boxes -- 13.3.8 Polybag Nursery Raising -- 13.3.9 Polyhouse/Net House -- 13.3.10 Seedling Trays -- 13.4 Ingredients Used as a Media for Growing Transplants -- 13.4.1 Organic Products -- 13.4.2 Inorganic Products -- 13.5 Methods of Seedling Raising -- 13.5.1 Advantages of Seedlings Production in Tray -- 13.5.2 Vegetable Seed Production -- 13.5.3 Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.4 Maintenance and Multiplication of Self-Incompatible Line for Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.5 Polyhouse for Plant Propagation -- 13.5.6 Status -- 13.6 Types of Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.1 Low-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.2 Medium-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.3 High-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse. , 13.7 Other Plant-Protection Structures.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contributors -- Section 1: Preliminaries -- CHAPTER 1: Introduction -- CHAPTER 2: History and Evolution of Watershed Modeling Derived from the Stanford Watershed Model -- CHAPTER 3: Regional Calibration of Watershed Models -- Section 2: Large Watershed Models -- CHAPTER 4: Large-Scale Hybrid Watershed Modeling -- CHAPTER 5: Simulation of Water and Energy Budgets Using a Macroscale Hydrological Model for the Upper Mississippi River Basin -- Section 3: Streamflow Models -- CHAPTER 6: Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model: A Model for Simulating Diverse Streamflow-Producing Processes -- CHAPTER 7: USGS Modular Modeling System (MMS) - Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) -- CHAPTER 8: The Xin'anjiang Model on Digital Basin Platform -- Section 4: Streamflow and Water Quality Models -- CHAPTER 9: A First-Principle, Physics-Based Watershed Model: WASH123D -- CHAPTER 10: Flexible Integrated Watershed Modeling with MIKE SHE -- CHAPTER 11: Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) -- CHAPTER 12: MEFIDIS: A Physically Based, Spatially Distributed Runoff and Erosion Model for Extreme Rainfall Events -- CHAPTER 13: BAYMOD: Modeling Irrigated Catchments Using the Streamflow Integral Approach -- Section 5: Urban Watershed Models -- CHAPTER 14: EPA Storm Water Management Model, SWMM5 -- CHAPTER 15: IDEAL: Integrated Design and Evaluation Assessment of Loadings Model -- CHAPTER 16: SEDIMOT III Model -- Section 6: Agricultural Watershed Models -- CHAPTER 17: The SPAW Model for Agricultural Field and Pond Hydrologic Simulation -- CHAPTER 18: The APEX Model -- CHAPTER 19: GAMES: The Guelph Model for Evaluating the Effects of Agricultural Management Systems on Erosion and Sedimentation -- Section 7: Planning and Management Models. , CHAPTER 20: Use of Distributed Models for Watershed Management: Case Studies -- CHAPTER 21: RiverWare -- CHAPTER 22: A Parsimonious Watershed Model -- CHAPTER 23: MODSIM: River Basin Management Decision Support System -- CHAPTER 24: Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) Modeling System -- CHAPTER 25: Hydrological River Basin Environment Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) -- CHAPTER 26: State of Colorado's Stream Simulation Model (StateMod) -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editors' Biography -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Characterization and Mapping of Soils for Sustainable Management Using Geospatial Techniques -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Geology -- 1.2.3 Preparation of Base Maps -- 1.2.4 Ground-Truth Verification -- 1.2.5 Soil Sampling and Analysis -- 1.2.6 Soil Classification -- 1.2.7 Development of Soil Mapping Legend -- 1.2.8 Land Evaluation -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Landform Delineation -- 1.3.2 Land-Use/Land Cover -- 1.3.3 Landform and Landscape Ecological Units (LEUs) -- 1.3.4 Soil-Landform Relationship -- 1.3.5 Soil Mapping -- 1.3.6 Soil Survey Interpretation -- 1.3.7 Surface Texture -- 1.3.8 Drainage -- 1.3.9 Soil Reaction (pH) -- 1.3.10 Organic Carbon -- 1.3.11 Available Nitrogen -- 1.3.12 Available Phosphorous -- 1.4 Available Potassium -- 1.5 Land Capability Classification -- 1.6 Soil Suitability for Crops -- 1.7 Recommendation -- 1.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation in Tribal Area -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Tribes Role in Indigenous Botanical Knowledge (IBK) -- 2.3 Tribes Ethno Botany and Traditional Practices -- 2.4 Tribes Relationship with Flora Protection -- 2.5 Ethnic and Aboriginal Peoples' Role in Conservation -- 2.6 Tribal Relationship with Fauna -- 2.7 Tribes Role in Conservation of Insects -- 2.8 Tribes of Southern Indian -- 2.9 North Eastern Tribes -- 2.10 Tribes Association in Protecting Nature -- 2.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Soil Bioengineering Practices for Sustainable Ecosystem Restoration in Landslide-Affected Areas -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ecosystem Deterioration and Need to Replenish -- 3.2.1 Evaluating the Area. , 3.2.2 Identifying Project Goals -- 3.2.3 Identifying and Removing Sources of Disturbance -- 3.2.4 Restoring Technologies -- 3.2.5 Substrates Rehabilitation -- 3.2.6 Vegetation Restoration -- 3.2.7 Monitoring and Maintenance -- 3.3 Landslides and Ecology Deterioration -- 3.4 Landslide Restoration -- 3.5 Landslide Restoration: Losses Incurred Directly vs. Indirectly -- 3.6 Landslide-Associated Problems and Their Mitigation & -- Management Measures -- 3.7 Bioengineering Strategy in Landslide Risk Mitigation -- 3.8 Application -- 3.9 Participation of the Social Environment in the Application and Succession of Soil Bioengineering -- 3.9.1 Seedlings -- 3.9.2 Bare Root Planting -- 3.9.3 Live Stakes -- 3.9.4 Contour Wattling -- 3.9.5 Brush Layer -- 3.9.6 Trench Packing -- 3.9.7 Brush Matting -- 3.9.8 Live Cuttings -- 3.9.9 Coir Fascines -- 3.9.10 Pre-Vegetated Mats -- 3.10 Slope Stability and Ecosystem Restoration -- 3.11 Native Species in Ecosystem Regeneration -- 3.12 Barrier to Ecological Restoration of Landslides -- 3.13 Indigenous People and their Support -- 3.14 Indigenous Knowledge in Ecosystem Restoration -- 3.15 Selection of Potential Indigenous Plants Based on Their Soil Reinforcement and Anchoring Capabilities -- 3.16 Recommendations -- 3.17 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Sustainable Ecosystem Development and Landscaping for Urban and Peri-Urban Areas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Landscapes -- 4.2.1 Urban Landscape -- 4.2.2 Peri-Urban Landscape -- 4.3 Challenges -- 4.3.1 Role of Horticulture -- 4.3.2 Impact of Urbanization on Plant Life in Riparian Areas -- 4.3.3 Issues in Urban Ecology -- 4.3.4 Urban Ecology from a Landscape Perspective -- 4.3.5 Parks and Public Green Space -- 4.3.6 Multiple Benefits of Vegetated Land Cover to Health and Well-being -- 4.3.7 Plant Resources for Building the Urban Environments. , 4.3.8 Some of the Main Problems Confronting Urban Plants Include -- 4.3.9 Exotic Species in Urban/Peri-Urban Lanscaping -- 4.3.10 Role of Evergreen Plant in Urban/Peri-urban Landscaping -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Climate Change Impact of Fluoride Contamination on Human Health in Dry Zone of Sri Lanka -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Climate Change and Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater -- 5.4 Groundwater Resources and Climate Change in Sri Lanka -- 5.5 Fluoride Contamination & -- Health Issues in Dry Zone Sri Lanka -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Application of Geospatial Technology in Catchment Modeling Using SCS-CN Method for Estimating the Direct Runoff on Barakar River Basin, Jharkhand -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Data Sources -- 6.4 SCS-CN Method -- 6.4.1 Estimation of S -- 6.4.2 Determination of CN -- 6.4.3 Selection of CN -- 6.5 Methodology -- 6.6 Results and Discussion -- 6.6.1 Watershed Delineation -- 6.6.2 Landuse-Landcover Map -- 6.6.3 Soil Map -- 6.6.4 Soil Landuse Vegetation Complex (SLV) Map -- 6.6.5 Curve Number (CN) and Weighted Curve Number (WCN) Values -- 6.7 Antecedent Moisture Conditions, CN I and CN III Values -- 6.8 Potential Maximum Retention (S) and Runoff Depth (Q) -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Hydro-Geospatial Investigation to Propose Water Conservation Sites for Water Management in Limestone Terrain -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.2.1 Location -- 7.2.2 Climate -- 7.2.3 Geology -- 7.2.4 Lineament -- 7.2.5 Geomorphology -- 7.2.6 Drainage -- 7.2.7 Land use/Land Cover -- 7.2.8 Soils -- 7.2.9 Slope -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.5 Lithology -- 7.6 Lineament Density -- 7.7 Geomorphology -- 7.8 Drainage Density -- 7.9 Rainfall -- 7.10 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 7.11 Slope. , 7.12 Soil -- 7.13 Terrain Wetness Index (TWI) -- 7.14 Validation -- 7.15 Conclusion -- 7.15.1 Proposed Artificial Recharge Structure -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Rainfall Spatiotemporal Variability and Trends in the Semi-Arid Ecological Zone of Nigeria -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Sources -- 8.3.2 Trend and Variability Detection -- 8.3.3 Spatial Interpolation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Rainfall Characteristics -- 8.5.1 Statistical Overview of Rainfall Climatology -- 8.5.2 Rainfall Variability and Anomaly Patterns -- 8.6 Annual, Interannual, and Monthly Trends -- 8.7 Trends Detection Based on the WMO Standardized Period -- 8.8 Implications for Agriculture and Water Ecosystem Services -- 8.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Climate Change Awareness, Perception, and Adaptation Strategies for Small and Marginal Farmers in Yobe State, Nigeria -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.3 Study Area -- 9.4 Data Compilation Techniques -- 9.5 Sampling Procedures -- 9.6 Analysis of Data -- 9.7 Results and Discussion -- 9.7.1 The Socio-economic and Institutional Characteristics of Respondents -- 9.7.2 Farmers' Awareness of Changes in Climate Parameters -- 9.7.3 Climate Change Information for Farmers -- 9.8 Climate Change and Farmers' Perceptions -- 9.9 Factors that Influence Farmers' Perceptions of Climate Change -- 9.10 Farmers' Climate Change Adaptation -- 9.11 Constraints Facing Farmers as a Result of Climate Change -- 9.12 Conclusion and Recommendation -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10 Delineation of Groundwater Prospect Zones based on Earth Observation Data and AHP Modeling - A Study from Basaltic Rock Formation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area Description -- 10.3 Materials and Methods -- 10.3.1 Used Datasets. , 10.3.2 Methodology -- 10.3.3 AHP Method and Weight Normalization -- 10.3.4 Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) -- 10.3.5 Groundwater Fluctuation -- 10.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.4.1 LULC -- 10.4.2 Landforms and Geomorphological Features -- 10.4.3 Lineament Density -- 10.4.4 Drainage Map -- 10.4.5 Groundwater Fluctuation -- 10.4.6 Geology -- 10.4.7 Slope -- 10.4.8 Soil -- 10.4.9 Rainfall -- 10.5 Groundwater Prospective Zone Mapping -- 10.6 Validation -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 11 Hydro-geochemical Evaluation of Phreatic Groundwater for Assessing Drinking and Irrigation Appropriateness - A Case Study of Chandrapur Watershed -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fluorite (CaF2 ) Mineralization in Geological Environment -- 11.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Fluorite (CAF2 ) -- 11.2.2 High Concentration of F in Groundwater -- 11.2.3 Genesis of Fluorite (CaF2 ) Mineralization in Study Area -- 11.3 Study Area Details -- 11.4 Materials and Methods -- 11.5 Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater -- 11.5.1 Physical Parameters -- 11.5.2 Cation-Anion Chemistry -- 11.5.3 Rock-Water Interaction -- 11.6 Discussion on Groundwater Appropriateness -- 11.6.1 Drinking and General Domestic Use -- 11.6.2 Irrigation Use -- 11.7 F-Contents from Study Area -- 11.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Variability of Ground Water Quality in Quaternary Aquifers of the Cauvery and Vennar Sub-basins within the Cauvery Delta, Southern India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 12.2.3 Groundwater Sampling and Laboratory Analysis -- 12.2.4 Drinking Water Quality -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.4 Drinking Water Quality -- 12.4.1 pH -- 12.4.2 Electrical Conductivity -- 12.4.3 Total Dissolved Solids -- 12.4.4 Total Hardness. , 12.4.5 Calcium.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Groundwater Resources and Assessment -- 1: Coastal Groundwater Development: Challenges and Opportunities -- 2: Gangetic Alluvial Plains: Uniqueness of the Aquifer System for Food Security and for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -- 3: Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil: Current Status of Knowledge -- Section II: Exploration -- 4: An Overview of Six Decades of Research and Evolution in Resistivity Exploration for Groundwater in Hard-Rock Terrain of India -- 5: Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Delineation of Saltwater and Freshwater Transition Zone: A Case Study in West Coast of Maharashtra, India -- 6: GIS-Based Probabilistic Models as Spatial Prediction Tools for Mapping Regional Groundwater Potential -- 7: Hydraulic Fracturing from the Groundwater Perspective -- Section III: Flow Modeling -- 8: Significance of Dar Zarrouk Parameters in Groundwater Management and Aquifer Protection -- 9: Estimation of Stream Conductance -- 10: Conceptual Understanding and Computational Models of Groundwater Flow in the Indian Subcontinent -- 11: Simulation Optimization Models for Groundwater Management -- 12: A New Approach for Groundwater Modeling Based on Connections -- 13: Mathematical Modeling to Evolve Predevelopment Management Schemes: A Case Study in Boro River Valley, Okavango Delta, Botswana, Southern Africa -- 14: Tackling Heterogeneity in Groundwater Numerical Modeling: A Comparison of Linear and Inverse Geostatistical Approaches-Example of a Volcanic Aquifer in the East African Rift -- Section IV: Transport Modeling -- 15: Transform Techniques for Solute Transport in Ground Water. , 16: Precise Hydrogeological Facies Modeling for Vertical 2-D and 3-D Groundwater Flow, Mass Transport, and Heat Transport Simulation -- 17: Simulation of Flow and Transport in Fractured Rocks: An Approach for Practitioners -- 18: Modeling of Radionuclide Transport in Groundwater -- 19: Benchmarking Reactive Transport Codes for Subsurface Environmental Problems -- Section V: Pollution and Remediation -- 20: Toward Quantification of Ion Exchange in a Sandstone Aquifer -- 21: Evolution of Arsenic Contamination Process and Mobilization in Central Gangetic Plain Aquifer System and Its Remedial Measures -- 22: Fluoride in Groundwater: Mobilization, Trends, and Remediation -- 23: Compound Wells for Skimming Freshwater from Fresh Saline Aquifers -- 24: An Overview of Electrochemical Processes for Purification of Water Contaminated by Agricultural Activities -- 25: Fashionable Techniques for Assessment of Groundwater Potential, Pollution, Prevention, and Remedial Measures -- Section VI: Management of Water Resources and the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 26: Managing Groundwater Resources in a Complex Environment: Challenges and Opportunities -- 27: Water Availability and Food Security: Implication of People's Movement and Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) -- 28: Utilization of Groundwater for Agriculture with Reference to Indian Scenario -- 29: Groundwater Resource Management Using GIS Tools -- 30: Application of Natural and Artificial Isotopes in Groundwater Recharge Estimation -- 31: Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 32: Multimodeling Approach to Assess the Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Rice Productivity: A Case Study in Cauvery River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Understanding Drought: Definitions, Causes, Assessments, Forecasts, and Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Drought Definitions -- 1.2.1 Drought Types -- 1.2.1.1 Meteorological Drought -- 1.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought -- 1.2.1.3 Hydrological Drought -- 1.2.1.4 Groundwater Drought -- 1.2.1.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 1.3 Drought Assessment -- 1.3.1 Drought Characteristics -- 1.3.2 Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.1 Univariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.2 Multivariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.3 Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing -- 1.3.3.1 Remote Sensing of Hydroclimate Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.3.3.2 Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.4 Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1 Frequency Analysis -- 1.4.1.1 Multivariate Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1.2 Copula Joint Probability Models -- 1.4.1.3 Entropy-Based Probability Models -- 1.4.2 Reliability, Resilience, and Vulnerability Analysis -- 1.4.2.1 Reliability -- 1.4.2.2 Resilience -- 1.4.2.3 Vulnerability -- 1.5 Causes of Drought -- 1.5.1 Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.5.2 Land-Atmosphere Interaction -- 1.5.3 Internal Atmospheric Variability -- 1.6 Drought and Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Global Warming Impacts on Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.2 Global Warming Impacts on Land-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.3 Global Warming Impacts on Internal Atmospheric Teleconnection -- 1.7 Drought Forecasting -- 1.7.1 Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.1 Discrete Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.2 Continuous Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.2 Dynamical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.3 Hybrid Statistical-Dynamical Methods -- 1.8 Drought Impacts: Major Historical Droughts and Losses Caused by Them. , 1.8.1 The US -- 1.8.1.1 The 1930s Dust Bowl Drought -- 1.8.1.2 The 1950s Southwest Drought -- 1.8.1.3 The 1988-1989 North American Drought -- 1.8.1.4 The 2011-2017 California Drought -- 1.8.2 South America: The 2014-2017 Brazilian Drought -- 1.8.3 Europe: The 1992-1995 Spanish Drought -- 1.8.4 Africa: The Sahel Droughts, 1970s-1980s -- 1.8.5 Asia: The 2015-2016 Drought in the Mekong Delta -- 1.8.6 Oceania: The Millennium Drought in Southeast Australia during 2001-2009 -- 1.9 Drought Management -- 1.9.1 Water Conservation/Management -- 1.9.2 Soil Management -- 1.9.3 Diversification of Crops and Industries -- 1.9.4 Public Education and Risk-Sharing Systems -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Drought Concepts, Characterization, and Indicators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of Droughts -- 2.2.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.2.2 Agricultural Drought -- 2.2.3 Hydrological Drought -- 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3 Main Types of Drought Recognized in India -- 2.3.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.3.2 Hydrological Drought -- 2.3.2.1 Surface Water Drought -- 2.3.2.2 Groundwater Drought -- 2.3.3 Agricultural Drought -- 2.3.4 Soil Moisture Drought -- 2.3.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3.6 Famine -- 2.3.7 Ecological Drought -- 2.4 Impacts of Drought -- 2.4.1 Economic Impacts -- 2.4.2 Environmental Impacts -- 2.4.3 Social Impacts -- 2.5 Worst Droughts in History -- 2.6 Characterization of Droughts -- 2.7 Drought Indicators -- 2.7.1 Drought Characterization Using Drought Indices -- 2.7.2 Considerations for Drought Indicators -- 2.7.2.1 Suitability for Drought Types of Concern -- 2.7.2.2 Data Availability and Consistency -- 2.7.2.3 Clarity and Validity -- 2.7.2.4 Temporal and Spatial Sensitivity -- 2.7.2.5 Temporally and Spatially Specific -- 2.7.2.6 Drought Progression and Recession -- 2.7.2.7 Linked with Drought Management and Impact Reduction Goals. , 2.7.2.8 Explicit Combination Methods -- 2.7.2.9 Quantitative and Quantitative Indicators -- 2.8 Drought Indices -- 2.8.1 Percent of Normal -- 2.8.2 Deciles -- 2.8.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 2.8.4 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 2.8.5 US Drought Monitor (USDM) -- 2.8.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 2.8.7 Rainfall Departure -- 2.8.8 Statistical Z-Score (Z-Score) -- 2.8.9 Effective Drought Index (EDI) -- 2.8.10 China Z-Index (CZI) -- 2.8.11 Other Notable Drought Indices -- 2.9 Aggregation of Drought Indices -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Spatial Assessment of Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Northern India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Methodology -- 3.2.2.1 SPEI Calculation -- 3.2.2.2 NDVI Calculation -- 3.2.2.3 NDVI Deviation Estimation -- 3.2.2.4 VCI Estimation -- 3.2.2.5 Spatial Mapping of Agriculture Drought-Affected Regions -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)-Based Meteorological Drought Detection -- 3.3.2 Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Indicators of Agricultural Drought Detection -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessment of Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Brazil -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Standard Precipitation Index and Drought Assessment -- 4.2.1 Details of Rainfall Data -- 4.3 Drought Assessment -- 4.3.1 Polygons 1 and 2 -- 4.3.2 Polygons 3 and 4 -- 4.3.3 Polygons 5 and 6 -- 4.3.4 Polygon 7 -- 4.3.5 Polygon 8 -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Drought in Rio de Janeiro State, Southeast Brazil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.1.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 5.2.3 Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). , 5.2.4 Statistical Tests -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.3.2 SPI-Based Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.1 Temporal Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.2 Spatial Drought Analysis -- 5.3.3 Two Case Studies of Drought Assessment over the State of Rio de Janeiro -- 5.3.3.1 North and Northwest Regions -- 5.3.3.2 Middle Paraíba Region -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 The Mexican Drought (2011): Insight into the 29-Month Drought in Aguascalientes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Study Area and Data -- 6.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 6.2.3 Climate Indices -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Investigating the Relationship between the Temporal Distribution of Precipitation and Flow Shortness Volume over Lake Urmia Basin, Iran -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Case Study -- 7.2.2 Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) -- 7.2.3 Dryness Volume Shortage Index (DVSI) -- 7.2.3.1 Extracting the Flow Shortness Volume from Daily River Flow Rate -- 7.2.4 Trend Analysis -- 7.2.5 Sen's Slope Estimator -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Results of Evaluation of the PCI Data in LUB -- 7.3.2 Results of Investigating DVSI in LUB -- 7.3.3 Trend Analysis of Flow Shortness Volume and PCI Values Using Hydrological Sub-Basin -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Long-Term Drought Study in Algeria Based on Meteorological Data -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area Description -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Variation of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.1 Site-Dependent Annual Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.2 Site-Dependent Monthly Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.3 Annual Trends of Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Ambient Temperature -- 8.5.4 Annual Variability of Relative Humidity. , 8.5.5 Annual Total Precipitation Trends -- 8.5.6 Aridity Index -- 8.5.7 Annual Mean Wind Speed Trend Analysis -- 8.5.8 Atmospheric Pressure Variability -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Severe Droughts in India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Methodology -- 9.3 Droughts in the Indian Summer Monsoon -- 9.3.1 Hydrometeorological Variability -- 9.3.2 Variability of Large-Scale Circulation -- 9.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Comparison of Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: The Case of Okavango Delta, Botswana -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Data Description -- 10.2.2 Methods -- 10.2.2.1 Method for Computation of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.2.2.2 Method for Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) -- 10.3 Results of Analyses -- 10.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.3.2 Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) Analysis -- 10.3.3 Drought Map -- 10.3.4 Association between SPEI and BMDI -- 10.4 Discussion of Results -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Analysis of Drought Using a Modified Version of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 11.2.3 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Results of Extraction of Di Values and Fitness with Statistical Distributions -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluation of an Evapotranspiration Deficit-Based Drought Index and Its Impacts on Carbon Productivity in the Levant and Iraq -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Drought Definition and Characteristics -- 12.1.2 Drought Indices. , 12.1.3 Drought Impacts on Ecosystem Vegetation and Productivity.