Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part IFGOALS Components for CMIP5 -- 1 Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model Version 2 -- Abstract -- 1.1…Brief Introduction of SAMIL -- 1.2…Dynamical Core of SAMIL -- 1.2.1 Vertical Hybrid Coordinate -- 1.2.2 Standard Atmosphere Subtraction -- 1.3…Parameterization of SAMIL -- Acknowledgments -- 2 The Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG--Version 2: GAMIL2 -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 3 LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model Version 2: LICOM2 -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Model and Experiments -- 3.3…Results -- 3.3.1 Sea Surface Temperature -- 3.3.2 Zonal Mean Temperature -- 3.3.3 AMOC -- 3.4…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- 4 LASG/IAP Sea Ice Model -- 5 FGOALS-s2 Brief -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Model Description -- 5.2.1 Atmospheric and Land Components -- 5.2.2 Oceanic and Sea Ice Components -- 5.3…Stability -- 5.4…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 6 The Flexible Global Ocean--Atmosphere--Land System Model, Grid-Point Version 2: FGOALS-g2 -- Abstract -- 7 Terrestrial Carbon Cycle in FGOALS-s2 -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Dynamic Global Vegetation Model and Coupling Implementation -- Acknowledgments -- 8 Brief Overview of FGOALS CMIP5 Experiments -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Major Improvements of FGOALS Models Used in CMIP5 -- 8.3…Summary of FGOALS CMIP5 Experiments -- 8.4…Concluding Remarks -- Part IIModel Evaluation and Analyses -- 9 Overview of FGOALS Contribution to International Climate Modeling Community During Past Years -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…ENSO and Monsoon -- 9.3…Cold Biases in High Latitudes -- 9.4…Past and Future Climate Change -- 9.5…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 10 Long-Term Trends of Two Versions of FGOALS2 -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Model and Experiments -- 10.2.1 Model -- 10.2.2 Experiments. , 10.3…Results -- 10.3.1 SST -- 10.3.2 Sea Ice -- 10.3.3 Distribution of Zonal Mean Temperature and Salinity Trends -- 10.3.4 Comparison with Observations and Historical Runs -- 10.4…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- 11 Tropical Biases -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Models and Data -- 11.3…Results -- 11.4…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- 12 The Diurnal Rainfall Cycle in FGOALS -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Global Diurnal Rainfall Cycles -- 12.3…Diurnal Rainfall Variations Over China -- 12.3.1 Regional Average Diurnal Variations in Total Rainfall -- 12.3.2 Convective and Stratiform Rainfall -- 12.4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- 13 Monsoon Intra-Seasonal Variability in Boreal Summer -- Abstract -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…Simulation Results -- 13.2.1 Spatial Distribution of ISV Variance -- 13.2.2 Lead--Lag Correlation -- 13.2.3 30--80 Day Eastward ISV Mode -- 13.2.4 12--24 Day Westward ISV Mode -- 13.3…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- 14 ENSO and PDO in Two Versions of FGOALS -- Abstract -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…ENSO and its Physical Mechanism in FGOALS-s2 and FGOALS-g2 -- 14.3…Pacific Decadal Oscillation -- 14.4…Summary -- 15 Seasonal Evolution of the Subtropical Anticyclones Simulated in FGOALS-s2 -- Abstract -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.2…Seasonal Evolution of the Subtropical Anticyclone -- 15.2.1 South Asia Anticyclone -- 15.2.2 Subtropical Anticyclone Over the Western Pacific in the Middle Troposphere -- 15.2.3 Subtropical Anticyclone over the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic at the Surface -- 15.3…Summary and Discussion -- 16 Monsoon Regimes in FGOALS -- Abstract -- 16.1…Introduction -- 16.2…Asian Monsoon -- 16.3…African Monsoon -- 16.4…Global Monsoon -- 16.5…Conclusion -- 17 Stratospheric Circulation and its Changes in FGOALS-s2 -- Abstract -- 17.1…Introduction -- 17.2…Model and Data Description. , 17.2.1 FGOALS-s2 Climate System Model -- 17.2.2 Data -- 17.3…Winter Climatology and Seasonal Cycle -- 17.4…The Stratospheric Polar Vortex Oscillation in the SAMIL AGCM -- 17.5…Changes in Stratospheric Circulation in CMIP5 Scenarios Simulated by FGOALS-s2 -- 17.5.1 From the Past to the Present -- 17.5.2 Changes in the Future RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Scenarios -- 17.5.3 Changes in the Leading Oscillation Mode -- 17.6…Summary -- Acknowledgment -- 18 The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation in Three Climate System Models -- Abstract -- 18.1…Introduction -- 18.2…Data and Definitions of the Indices -- 18.3…Results -- 18.3.1 AMOC -- 18.3.2 NAO and its Correlation with AMOC -- 18.3.3 AMO and its Correlation with AMOC -- 18.4…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 19 Mascarene High, Australian High, and Antarctic Oscillation Simulated by FGOALS-s2 -- Abstract -- 19.1…Introduction -- 19.2…Model and Data -- 19.3…Results -- 19.3.1 The Climatological Mean States in the Southern Hemisphere -- 19.3.2 Changes in MH, AH, and AAO Under Various RCPs -- 19.4…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- 20 Spring Persistent Rainfall in a Grid-Point and a Spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Models -- Abstract -- 20.1…Introduction -- 20.2…Data -- 20.3…Results -- 20.4…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 21 The Silk Road Teleconnection Pattern in SAMIL2.0 -- Abstract -- 21.1…Introduction -- 21.2…Two Modes of the Silk Road Pattern -- 21.2.1 Methods -- 21.2.2 The Spatial Pattern of the Silk Road Pattern -- 21.2.3 Energetics of Two Modes of the Silk Road Pattern -- 21.2.4 The Interannual Variability of the Silk Road Pattern -- 21.3…Summary -- 22 The East Asian Subtropical Jet, East Asian Polarfront Jet, and Transient Activities in FGOALS -- Abstract -- 22.1…Introduction -- 22.2…EASJ, EAPJ, and STEA -- 22.2.1 Analysis Method. , 22.2.2 Climatology of the Jet Streams -- 22.2.2.1 The Dynamical and Thermal Feedbacks of the STEA on the Jet Streams -- 22.3…Discussion and Conclusions -- 23 Preliminary Evaluations of ENSO-Related Cloud and Water Vapor Feedbacks in FGOALS -- Abstract -- 23.1…Introduction -- 23.2…Data and Methodology -- 23.2.1 Model, Observational, and Reanalysis Datasets -- 23.2.2 Analysis Method -- 23.2.2.1 Feedbacks to El Niño Warming -- 23.2.2.2 Possible Causes for the Biases of the Feedbacks -- 23.3…Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- 24 The Twentieth Century Historical Climate Simulation of FGOALS -- Abstract -- 24.1…Introduction -- 24.2…Model, Data and Analysis Method -- 24.3…Results -- 24.4…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 25 Climate Extremes in FGOALS -- Abstract -- 25.1…Introduction -- 25.2…Observational Data and Indices -- 25.3…Results -- 25.3.1 June--July--August Mean Conditions -- 25.3.2 December--January--February Mean Conditions -- 25.4…Projected Changes in Extreme Precipitation Under RCP8.5 Scenario -- 25.5…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 26 Climate Sensitivity of the Flexible Global Ocean--Atmosphere--Land System Model -- Abstract -- 26.1…Introduction -- 26.2…ECS and Related Feedbacks -- 26.3…Summary and Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- 27 A Preliminary Diagnosis of High Climate Sensitivities simulated by FGOALS-s2 in CMIP5 Historical and RCP4.5 Scenarios -- Abstract -- 27.1…Introduction -- 27.2…Model Configuration -- 27.3…Positive Hydrological Feedbacks -- 27.4…Ocean Transport -- 27.5…Conclusions and Discussion -- 28 Decadal Climate Prediction of FGOALS -- Abstract -- 28.1…Experimental Design -- 28.2…Data -- 28.3…Preliminary Results -- 28.4…Conclusion -- 29 Last Millennial Climate Simulation of FGOALS -- Abstract -- 29.1…Introduction -- 29.2…Model, Numerical Experiments, and Data Description -- 29.2.1 Model Description. , 29.2.2 Experimental Design and Forcing Data -- 29.3…Results -- 29.3.1 Global Annual Mean SAT Changes During the Last Millennium -- 29.3.2 Detection and Attribution of Northern Hemisphere SAT Changes -- 29.3.3 Spatial Patterns of SAT -- 29.3.4 Centennial-Scale EASM Variations During the Last Millennium -- 29.4…Summary -- 30 Thermal Expansion-Induced Sea Level Increase Determined by Flexible Global Ocean--Atmosphere--Land System Model -- Abstract -- 30.1…Introduction -- 30.2…Analysis Method Description -- 30.3…Thermal Expansion-Induced Sea Level Increase Determined by FGOALS -- 30.3.1 Mean Dynamic Sea Level -- 30.3.1.1 Thermal Expansion-Induced Sea Level Changes Determined by Twentieth Century Historical Climate Simulation -- 30.3.1.2 Thermal Expansion-Induced Sea Level Changes Under IPCC-RCP8.5 Scenario Projection -- 30.4…Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- 31 Indian Ocean Warming During 1950--2005 Determined by Flexible Global Ocean--Atmosphere--Land System Model (FGOALS) -- Abstract -- 31.1…Introduction -- 31.2…Analysis Method Description -- 31.3…Results -- 31.3.1 Characteristics of Warming in the Indian Ocean -- 31.3.2 Mechanisms Responsible for Indian Ocean Warming in the Two FGOALS Models -- 31.4…Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- 32 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) Projection of Climate Change by FGOALS -- Abstract -- 32.1…Introduction -- 32.2…Model, Data, and Analysis Method -- 32.3…Results -- 32.4…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 33 Paleoclimate Simulations by FGOALS -- Abstract -- 33.1…Introduction -- 33.2…Model and Experiments -- 33.2.1 FGOALS -- 33.2.2 Experimental Protocols -- 33.3…Model Results -- 33.3.1 Mid-Holocene -- 33.3.2 LGM -- 33.4…Mid-Pliocene -- 33.5…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- 34 Simulation of Snow Cover Fraction Over Eurasia Determined by FGOALS -- Abstract -- 34.1…Introduction -- 34.2…Model. , 34.3…Data and Methods.