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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the wave number spectrum of oceanic mesoscale variability observed by the SEASAT altimeter
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1983
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 88, No. C7 ( 1983-05-20), p. 4331-4341
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 88, No. C7 ( 1983-05-20), p. 4331-4341
    Abstract: Variations of sea surface height measured by the SEASAT altimeter in nearly repeat orbits during the last 24 days of the mission are used to compute the wave number spectrum of mesoscale variability in various parts of the oceans. The instrument noise level ( ∼150 cm 2 /cycles/km) has limited the resulting oceanic spectrum to wavelengths longer than 100 km. We found that the characteristics of the oceanic spectrum are dependent on the energy level of the mesoscale variability. In the high‐energy areas close to major current systems, most of the energy is contained at wavelengths longer than 250 km. At wavelengths shorter than 250 km the spectrum basically follows a k −5 ( k is wave number) dependence. In the low‐energy areas remote from major current systems the spectrum follows a k −1 dependence at wave‐lengths from 100 to 1000 km. Based on the assumption of horizontal isotropy of mesoscale variability, scalar‐wave number spectra of sea surface height and geostrophic kinetic energy are also presented. Dynamical implications of these spectra are discussed. The effects of residual geoid and atmospheric water vapor on the computed oceanic spectra have been rigorously examined; it was found that the general characteristics of the oceanic spectra were not significantly affected by them.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC088iC07p04331
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Internal waves in the Gulf of California: Observations from a spaceborne radar
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1984
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 89, No. C2 ( 1984-03-20), p. 2053-2060
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 89, No. C2 ( 1984-03-20), p. 2053-2060
    Abstract: Pronounced signatures of internal waves were detected repeatedly in the Gulf of California by the Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A series of nine images with exactly repeating ground coverage was used to study the temporal variability of the internal wave field in the area. It was found that the number of observed wave groups was highly correlated with the strength of the local tides: the maximum number occurred during spring tides and the minimum number occurred during neap tides, indicating that the internal waves were tidally forced. Most of the wave activity was found to the north of 28°N where the tides were the strongest in the Gulf. The application of a simple, nonlinear internal wave model to the observations indicated that the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the observed waves was about 50 m with an uncertainty of a factor of 2. The estimated upper bound for the rate of the loss of tidal energy to internal waves was about 5×10 15 erg/s, representing only 10% of the rate of the dissipation of the dominant M 2 tide in the Gulf.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC089iC02p02053
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1984
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Recent progress in the application of satellite altimetry to observing the mesoscale variability and general circulation of the oceans
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1983
    In:  Reviews of Geophysics Vol. 21, No. 8 ( 1983-11), p. 1657-1666
    Details
    In: Reviews of Geophysics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 21, No. 8 ( 1983-11), p. 1657-1666
    Abstract: Recent progress in the application of satellite altimetry from Seasat and GEOS 3 to the observation of the oceanic mesoscale variability and general circulation is reviewed. The lack of accurate geoid models has been the major obstacle in the study of the general ocean circulation from altimetry. The use of geoid‐independent methods that utilize the temporal differences in altimetric measurements taken at fixed locations, however, has made significant contributions to our knowledge of the mesoscale variability of the ocean. The mesoscale energies of the sea surface height and geostrophic current have been mapped on a global basis. Their distributions in wave number space have also been analyzed. Because of many of the deficiencies of existing altimeter data (short duration, inadequate orbit, poor accuracy, etc.) most of these results describe only a small portion of the frequency‐wave number spectrum of the variability, but they have nonetheless demonstrated the great value of an optimally designed altimetric mission in advancing our knowledge of the global mesoscale variability. The current technology allows satellite altimetry to detect oceanic variability at periods from a few days to 3–5 years, and wavelengths from 50 to 10,000 km. Determining the time‐averaged general ocean circulation from altimetry is more problematic because an accurate geoid is indispensable. The currently available global geoid models have useful accuracies only at wavelengths greater than about 7000 km. There have been several attempts at mapping the global ocean circulation at those scales using existing altimeter data and geoids. When these results are compared with hydrographic surveys, some qualitative agreement can be observed, but the quantitative differences are mostly inconclusive because of the geoid and orbit errors. It has been suggested, however, that an altimetric mission that is optimally designed with the current technology, when complemented by a state‐of‐the‐art gravimetric mission to map the earth's gravity field, is able to determine the ocean circulation quantitatively at scales from the ocean basin to about 200 km.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-1209 , 1944-9208
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/RG021i008p01657
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporal Variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Observed from Satellite Altimetry
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1984
    In:  Science Vol. 226, No. 4672 ( 1984-10-19), p. 343-346
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 226, No. 4672 ( 1984-10-19), p. 343-346
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.226.4672.343
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1984
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nonlinear energy and enstrophy transfers in a realistically stratified ocean
    Elsevier BV ; 1980
    In:  Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 1980-4), p. 219-246
    Details
    In: Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, Elsevier BV, Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 1980-4), p. 219-246
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0377-0265
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0377-0265(80)90029-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1980
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comments on “On the determination of absolute velocities in the ocean” by M. E. Fiadeiro and G. Veronis
    Journal of Marine Research/Yale ; 1984
    In:  Journal of Marine Research Vol. 42, No. 1 ( 1984-02-01), p. 259-262
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Research, Journal of Marine Research/Yale, Vol. 42, No. 1 ( 1984-02-01), p. 259-262
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-2402 , 1543-9542
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1357/002224084788506202
    Language: English
    Publisher: Journal of Marine Research/Yale
    Publication Date: 1984
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Some examples of detection of oceanic mesoscale eddies by the SEASAT synthetic‐aperture radar
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1983
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 88, No. C3 ( 1983-02-28), p. 1844-1852
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 88, No. C3 ( 1983-02-28), p. 1844-1852
    Abstract: This note presents images of three dynamically different regions in the ocean to demonstrate the variety of mesoscale variabilities detected by the SEASAT synthetic‐aperture radar (SAR). South of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, a cold eddy is observed to form as the result of the southward intrusion of Labrador Sea water, perhaps having led to the birth of a Gulf Stream extension ring. Off the northern coast of California, features resulting from the offshore intrusions of cold upwelling water are observed. Two topographically generated eddies are detected near Misteriosa Bank on the Cayman Ridge in the northwestern Caribbean. Comparisons are made with concurrent NOAA‐5 infrared images whenever the eddies have thermal signatures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JC088iC03p01844
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Observations and models of inertial waves in the deep ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1981
    In:  Reviews of Geophysics Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 1981-02), p. 141-170
    Details
    In: Reviews of Geophysics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 1981-02), p. 141-170
    Abstract: The structure of the inertial peak in deep ocean kinetic energy spectra is studied here. Records were obtained from Polymode arrays deployed in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (40°W to 70°W, 15°N to 42°N). The results are interpreted both in terms of local sources and of turning point effects on internal waves generated at lower latitudes. In most of the data, there is a prominent inertial peak slightly above f ; however, the peak height above the background continuum varies with depth and geographical environment. Three classes of environment and their corresponding spectra emerge from peak height variations: class 1 is the 1500‐m level near the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, with the greatest peak height of 18 dB; class 2 includes (a) the upper ocean (depth less than 2000 m), (b) the deep ocean (depth greater than 2000 m) over rough topography, and (c) the deep ocean underneath the Gulf Stream, with intermediate peak height of 11.5 dB; class 3 is the deep ocean over smooth topography, with the lowest peak height of 7.5 dB. Near f , the horizontal coherence scale is 0 (60 km) at depths from 200 m to 600 m, and the vertical coherence scale is 0 (200 m) in the lower part of the main thermocline and 0 (1000 m) in the deep water; the phase difference suggests a downward energy propagation in the lower thermocline and standing waves in the deep water. A one‐turning‐point model is developed to describe inertial waves at mid‐latitudes, based on the assumption that inertial waves are randomly generated at lower latitudes (global generation) where their frequency‐wave number spectrum is given by the model of Garrett and Munk (1972, 1975). Using the globally valid wave functions obtained by Munk and Phillips (1968), various frequency spectra near f are calculated numerically. The model yields a prominent inertial peak of 7 dB in the horizontal velocity spectrum but no peaks in the temperature spectrum. The model is latitudinally dependent: the frequency shift and bandwidth of the inertial peak decrease with latitude; energy level near f is minimum at about 30° and higher at low and high latitudes. The observations of class 3 can be well described by the model; a low zonal wave number cutoff is required to produce the observed frequency shift of the inertial peak. The differences between the global generation model and the observations of class 1 and class 2 are interpreted as the effects of local sources. A locally forced model is developed based on the latitudinal modal decomposition of a localized source function. Asymptotic eigensolutions of Laplace’s tidal equation are therefore derived and used as a set of expansion functions. The forcing is through a vertical velocity field specified at the top or bottom boundaries of the ocean. For white noise forcing, the horizontal velocity spectrum of the response has an inertial peak which diminishes in the far field. With the forcing located at either the surface or the bottom, several properties of the class 2 observations can be described qualitatively by a combination of the global and local models. The reflection of inertial waves from a turbulent benthic boundary layer is studied by a slab model of given depth. Frictional effects are confined to the boundary layer and modeled by a quadratic drag law. For given incident waves, reflection coefficients are found to be greater than 0.9 for the long waves which contain most of the energy. This result suggests that energy‐containing inertial waves can propagate over great distance as is required by the validity of the model of global generation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-1209 , 1944-9208
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/RG019i001p00141
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1981
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The General Circulation and Meridional Heat Transport of the Subtropical South Atlantic Determined by Inverse Methods
    American Meteorological Society ; 1981
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 1981-09), p. 1171-1193
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 1981-09), p. 1171-1193
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011〈1171:TGCAMH〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1981
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